Browsing by Author "Emikpe, B. O."

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Attitude of poultry farmers towards vaccination against newcastle disease and avian influenza in Ibadan, Nigeria
(2012) Oluwole, O..A.; Emikpe, B. O.; Olugasa, B. O.
Newcastle disease (ND) and Avian Influenza (AI) are among the important viral diseases of poultry with very high economic implications. ND is enzootic in most parts of the world while Highly Pathogenic AI (HPAI) is an emerging zoonosis in Nigeria. This study was carried out to assess the perception and attitude of poultry farmers in the selected Local Government Areas in Ibadan towards vaccination of birds against these diseases, and to find out the types of vaccines that were available for the control of the two diseases. A total of 84 respondents out of 100 (84%) completed and returned the questionnaires administered. The results indicated that all farmers vaccinated their birds against ND. The regime for ND vaccination was not the same across the local government areas. Some 32 (38.1%) farmers operated vaccination schedules provided by hatchery technicians, while 43 (51.2%) farmers vaccinated their birds at about 4-6 weeks interval. Nine (10.7%) farmers combined hatchery and laboratory evaluation to determine schedule. Thirty nine farmers (46.4%) indicated that they were aware of national policy of non-vaccination against AI. However, 14 out of 84 farmers (16.7%) vaccinated their birds against HPAI. There is a need to continue the national policy of slaughter of HPAI infected poultry birds and compensation of farmers, albeit allowing strategic use of vaccine to effectively control HPAI outbreaks in south-western part of Nigeria.
The body weight changes and gut merphometry of clarias gariepinus juveniles on feeds supplemented with walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum) leaf and onions (allium cepa) bulb residues
(2012) Bello, O. S.; Emikpe, B. O.; olaifa, F. E.
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of walnut (T. conophorum) leaf and onion (A. cepa) bulb on the gut morphometry of Clarias gariepinus towards elucidating its mechanism of growth promotion. Twenty Clarias gariepinus juveniles (7.390.29g/ fish) were allocated to nine treatments, with three replicates each. Nine experimental diets were formulated at 40% crude protein representing different level of walnut leaf and onion bulb (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0%) respectively and the control diet was free from walnut leaf and onion bulb and were fed twice daily at 3 % body weight for 12 weeks. Growth indices like Mean Weight Gain (MWG), Specific Growth Rate (SGR), Feed Intake (FI) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) were measured. Gut morphormetry such as villi length, villi width and cryptal depth were investigated. Data were analyzed using linear regression, descriptive statistics and ANOVA at p= 0.05. Results showed that weight gain and specific growth rate of Clarias gariepinus increased with increasing level of walnut leaf and onion bulb residues. The highest weight gain (53.815.85), specific growth rate (1.090.11), feed conversion ratio (2.160.02) was observed with 1.5% inclusions of walnut leaf residue diets. Although, FCR and SGR were not significantly different (p>0.05) among the treatments, the treated groups had better area of absorption and cryptal depth compared to the control. Treatment with 1.5% inclusion of walnut leaf residue recorded highest villi length and villi width and treatment with 1.5% inclusion of onion bulb recorded highest cryptal depth (30.000.00). These results indicate that using walnut leaf and onion bulb as a supplement in plant –based diets may be useful in improving feed acceptability and growth performance of cultured C. gariepinus fed low cost, plant – based diets and it was concluded that walnut (T. conophorum) leaf at 1.5% inclusion in the diet of Clarias gariepinus improved body weight gain, feed conversion ratio by increasing the absorptive capacity through increased villi length, villi width and cryptal depth
Concurent fatal helm1nthosis and balantidos1s in red monkey (Erythrocebuspatas) in Ibadan, Nigeria
(Nigerian Veterinary Journal, 2002) Adedokun, O. A.; Adedokun, R. A. M.; Emikpe, B. O.; Ohore, O. G.; Oluwayelu, D.O; Ajayi, O.L.
Fresh fecal specimen from a moribund red monkey (Erythrocebuspatas) from the zoological garden, University of Ibadan with a history of dysentery was examined. Ova of Triclmris spp., Enterobius spp, Ancylostoma spp. and Strongyloides spp., as well as Balantidium spp oocysts were found. Post mortem, findings revealed the large intestine heavily infected with worms especially Trichuris spp., Ancylostoma spp. and Trichostronglus spp. which were enmeshed in a thick layer of mucous and blood on the mucosa. The public health importance is discussed.
Diazinon-induced clastogenity and pathological changes in ovaries and testes of clarias gariepinus
(Scientific Research Publishing, 2014) Ola-Davies, O. E; Fagbohun, A. F.; Emikpe, B. O.; Adeyemo, O. K.
In most tropical developing countries, one of the problems facing aquaculture industry is the pollution of ponds and rivers with pesticides. Chemicals such as diazinon, an organophosphate pesticide, originating from agricultural activity enter the aquatic environment through atmospheric deposition, surface run-off or leaching. Pollutants enter the food chain through accumulation in soft bottom sediment and aquatic organisms. However, information on how these pesticides affect inhabiting organisms is often not available. In a triplicate experimental set-up, seventy-two (72) apparently healthy catfish comprising adult and juvenile of both sexes were therefore exposed to a previously determined no effect concentration (0.405 ppm) of diazinon. Another set of fish was exposed to 0.0625 μg sodium arsenite, a known clastogen, which was used as the positive control, while another set of catfish exposed to the culture water alone was the negative control. Adults and juveniles were exposed separately to avoid cannibalism. After 48 hours of exposure, micronuclei induction was determined in subsets of experimental groups, while exposure continued for 28days. Catfish organs were harvested on days 21 and 28 to determine the effect of long-term exposure to diazinon on histology. Water quality was also monitored before and during exposure in the experimental groups. The result established a significantly high mean micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (15.00) in catfish exposed to diazinon suggesting genetic damage (normal is ≤4). The MPE in sodium arsenite exposed fish was 28, while that of the control group was below 4. Effect of sex and age on micronuclei induction was not significant. Histological alteration observed in the ovary and testis was distorted matured cells and extensive testicular degeneration, respectively. The results show that diazinon has clastogenic effect, and may have endocrine disrupting properties because of the histological changes induced in the ovaries and testis.
The effect of walnut (tetracarpidium conophorum) leaf and onion (allium cepa) bulb residues on the growth performance and nutrient utlization of clarias gariepinus juveniles
(Canadian Center of Science and Education, 2012) Bello, O. S.; Olaifa, F. E.; Emikpe, B. O.; Ogunbanwo, S. T.
Feeding trial were conducted in experimental tanks (50 x 34 x 27 cm) to assess the growth responses and nutrient utilization of Walnut Leaf (WL) and Onion Bulb (OB) residues in Clarias gariepinus. Nine experimental diets: control (0%), OB2 (0.5%), OB3 (1.0%), OB4 (1.5%), OB5 (2.0%), WL6 (0.5%), WL7 (1.0%), WL8 (1.5%) and WL9 (2.0%) were formulated and replicated thrice at 40% crude protein. Fish (mean weight 7.39±0.02 g and length 10.37±1.24 cm) were fed twice daily at 3% body weight for 12 weeks. Mean Weight Gain (MWG), Specific Growth Rate (SGR) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) were measured. Temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH were determined using standard methods and economic analysis was investigated. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at p=0.05. Results showed that the Fish on OB and WL residue- based diets had higher growth than those on control diet but C. gariepinus fed WL8 had significantly higher MWG, SGR and FCR of 53.81±1.20 g, 1.09±0.11 g and 2.16±0.01 respectively of all treatments. The values of temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH were closely related and were still within the range for fish culture in the tropics. WL8 had higher profit index (1.40) and incidence of cost (0.032) and the least in OB5 (1.18) (0.039) respectively. These suggest that walnut leaf residue at 1.5% inclusion could be a potential, less expensive and promising dietary supplementation than onion bulb residue and control that would positively affect growth and water quality of Clarias gariepinus in aquaculture
The effect of walnut (tetracarpidium conophorum) leaf and onion (allium cepa) bulb residues on the tissue bacteriological changes of clarias gariepinus juveniles
(2012) Bello, O. S.; Olaifa, F. E.; Emikpe, B. O.; Ogunbanwo, S. T.
In this study, the effect of walnut leaf (WL) and onion bulb (OB) residues on tissue bacteriology of Clarias gariepinus juveniles by dietary intake was investigated. Nine experimental diets: control (0%), OB2 (0.5%), OB3 (1.0%), OB4 (1.5%), OB5 (2.0%), WL6 (0.5%), WL7 (1.0%), WL8 (1.5%) and WL9 (2.0%) were formulated and replicated thrice at 40% crude protein. Fish (mean weight 7.4±0.02g) were fed twice daily at 3% body weight for 12 weeks. Microbiological analyses of water and fish (skin, gill, intestine and liver) and organ index (liver, spleen, kidney and heart) were investigated. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at p=0.05. Results of enterobacteriacea and total viable count from this study revealed that bacterial loads on the water and fish of the experimental tanks were more affected by A. cepa and T. conophorum than the control for 4, 8 and 12 weeks and were significantly different (P<0.05) from the control. The values decreased in treated groups as the levels of inclusion (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0%) increased and as the months increased. Also, organ index showed that the liver, heart, kidney and spleen were not significantly increased in all the treated groups and the control. The results suggest that walnut leaf and onion bulb residues inclusion in the diet of Clarias gariepinus could be a potential, less expensive and promising dietary supplementation that would positively influence growth, reduce and prevent bacterial infections in fish culture.
Enhanced electroscalpel incisional wound healing potential of honey in Wistar rats
(Elsevier, 2017) Eyarefe, D. O.; Kuforiji, D. I.; Jarikre, T. A.; Emikpe, B. O.
Electrosurgery reduces surgical bleeding, and delays wound healing. This study evaluates incisional wound healing potential of honey in wounds created with electroscalpel and cold scalpel. The study used twelve (12) adult male albino rats (130 ± 20 g), randomly grouped into Electro-cautery (n = 6) and Cold scalpel (n = 6). Each rat had three full thickness (6 mm diameter) skin wounds (a, b and c) created on its dorsum with either Electroscalpel (ES) or Cold blade scalpel (CS), and treated topically with Silver sulphadiazine (SSD, wound a), untreated (control, wound b) and Bee honey (H, wound c). The wounds were evaluated for gross (exudation, edema, hyperemia, contraction), histologic (granulation, angiogenesis, fibroplasia, epithelialization) and immunologic healing indices using standard techniques. Data were analyzed with Chi-square, Two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Duncan Multiple Range tests (DMRT) at a = 0.05. Wound hyperemia and edge edema were prominent in the ES group from day 4 to 6 (P = .000). Percentage wound contraction was higher in the CS than ES group from days 5 to 7 (P = .006) and in the CS treated with honey than ES treated with honey from days 7 to 14 (P = .000). Granulation tissue reduced in ES group treated with SSD than in honey and control wounds. Fibroelastic tissue increased in SSD and honey treated wounds of ES group, and higher in honey treated wounds of CS group (P < .05). Fibroplasia was sustained in honey and SSD treated wounds than control. Honey can be applied to electroscalpel surgical wound to facilitate rapid healing during surgical management of tumours having vascular network
Intersex piglet with bilobed urinary bladder in Kumasi, Ghana: a case report
(2017) Eyarefe, O. D.; Atawalna, J.; Emikpe, B. O.; Folitse, R.; Dei, D.; Duduyemi, B.; Okungbowa, S.; Okai, D.
This paper reports a case of a true intersex in a pig in Kumasi, Ghana. The diagnosis was based on gross and histomorphological assessment of the genital organs which consist of a left ovary, two uterine horns and body of uterus, along with a right testis without an epididymis. Vagina and vulva were also absent. A perineal scrotal pouch and a tubular tract connection with an intra-abdominal urinary bladder conducting urine through a miniature paraphimotic sigmoid shaped penis were observed. A rectal prolapse was consequent to rectal compression by the inadequately voided urinary bladder. Gonadal hormonal profiles were analysed and compared in the true intersex and those of the males and female siblings using standard techniques. The embryologic, reproductive, and swine production cost implications of intersex were discussed
Investigation into the healing properties of walnut (tetracarpidium conophorum) leaf and onion (allium cepa) bulb residues in clarias gariepinus
(2013-05) Bello, O. S.; Emikpe, B. O.; olaifa, F. E.
The study evaluated the effect of dietary inclusion levels of walnut leaf (WL) and onion bulb (OB) residues on dermal wound healing of Clarias gariepinus. The experiment was carried out in 9 experimental tanks (1.8 m x 2 m x 1.2 m) for 14 days. Nine experimental diets were formulated at 40% crude protein representing the following inclusion levels: Control (0%), OB2 (0.5%), OB3 (1.0%), OB4 (1.5%), OB5 (2.0%), WL6 (0.5%), WL7 (1.0%), WL8 (1.5%) and WL9 (2.0%). Fish (mean weight of 1kg) were fed twice daily at 3% body weight. Percentage healing and daily healing rate on lateral and caudal parts of the male and female Clarias gariepinus were investigated at 0, 7 and 14 days. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at P < 0.05. The results demonstrated that the fish fed with walnut leaf and onion bulb residues showed better performance than the control. Dermal wound healing of Clarias gariepinus was better on lateral and caudal parts (100%, 14.29; 100%, 14.29) in WL 8 compared to the control (98%, 14.00; 80%, 11.43) respectively. The results obtained showed that the male Clarias gariepinus had better healing compared to the female (100%, 14.29; 82%, 11.71), respectively. Diets with walnut leaf and onion bulb residues had wound healing properties and they could be use in fish farming. Also, the inclusion of 1.5% of walnut leaf residue in fish feed promotes wound healing in Clarias gariepinus
Pathological and immunohistochemical evaluation of wound healing potential of Nigerian bee propolis in albino rats
(Springer-Verlag London, 2018) Eyarefe, O. D.; Ozota, C. A.; Jarikre, T. A.; Emikpe, B. O.
This study evaluated the efficacy of the Nigerian bee propolis as a wound healing agent, on full thickness skin wounds of healthy adult male (150.0 ± 0.5 g) albino rats randomly divided into three treated groups (propolis extract (PE), propylene glycol (PG), silver sulfadiazine) and an untreated group. Each rat had three circular full thickness skin wounds created on the cranial, middle, and caudal surface of the rat’s dorsum. The wounds in each group were topically treated with bee propolis extract (PE, 0.1 ml), propylene glycol (PG, 0.1 ml) and silver sulfadiazine (SS, 0.1 ml) twice daily for 21 days, except the untreated group (UT). The wounds were evaluated for gross (exudation, edema, hyperemia, wound contraction), histologic (granulation, angiogenesis, fibroplasia, epithelialization), and expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) using standard techniques. Data was descriptively summarized as percentages, mean and analyzed using Chi-square and analysis of variance at α = 0.05.Wound edge edema (WEE), hyperemia, and exudation were prominent in all the groups between days 0–2.WEE was significantly less on day 3 in the PE (14%) and SS (14%) groups, compared with the PG (35%) and UT (66%) groups. Wounds treated with PG and UT were significantly more hyperemic than those with PE and SS. Wound contraction was significantly less on day 2 in the UT wounds when compared to the treated wounds (PE = 12.63%, SS = 2.22%, PG = 4.94%, and UT = − 2.82%). The wound contraction was remarkable between days 4–8 in the PE- and SS-treated wounds (PE > SS > PG > UT). The microscopic changes at days 4, 8, 12, 16, and 21 showed significant evidence of epithelial proliferation, improved angiogenesis, granulation, and fibrous connective tissue in the PE- and SS-treated rats compared with the negative controls. The inflammatory response showed that the PE group had the highest amount of macrophages and leucocytes on day 4 with the trend being PE > SS > PG > UT. Neutrophils regressed in the treated wounds on day 8 but were consistently high in the untreated group from days 4–16. The immunohistochemical evaluation showed that the intensity of EGF was consistently high in the SS- and PE-treated wounds. Nigerian bee propolis extract accelerated wound healing similar to that of silver sulfadiazine based on wound healing indices and is therefore recommended for the management of wounds especially in low-income communities where propolis is available and affordable
Potentials of walnut (tetracarpidium conophorum Mull. Arg) leaf and onions (allium cepa linn) bulb extracts as antimicrobial agents for fish
(Academic Journals, 2013-05) Bello, O. S.; Olaifa, F. E.; Emikpe, B. O.; Ogunbanwo, S. T.
The zone of inhibition varied with the bacteria and type of extract. The average diameter of inhibition zones was 10 ± 0.00 and 9 ± 0.02 mm for methanolic and ethanolic extracts of walnut leaves and onion bulbs, respectively. Staphylococcus aureus, B. subtilis and P. aeruginosa were most sensitive to the extracts. However, S. aureus was more sensitive to the extracts of walnut leaves and S. typhi was the least sensitive. Bacillus subtilis was more sensitive to the extracts of onion compared to E. coli which was the least sensitive. Minimum inhibitory concentration of walnut leaves and onion bulbs extracts on the bacteria tested were both 500 ìg/ml. The results indicated that walnut leaves and onion bulbs had antibacterial activity on the tested organisms and showed their prospects for their use in the treatment of fish diseases
The protective effect of walnut (tetracarpidium conophorum) leaf and onion (allium cepa) bulb residues on the experimental pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in clarias gariepinus juveniles
(African Union, 2012) Bello, O. S.; Emikpe, B. O.; olaifa, F. E.
The study assessed the effect of Walnut Leaf (WL) and Onion Bulb (OB) residues on disease resistance of Clarias gariepinus juveniles against infection with the bacteria pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clarias gariepinus juveniles were fed with diets containing 0 (control), OB2 (0.5%), OB3 (1.0%), OB4 (1.5%), OB5 (2.0%), WL6 (0.5%), WL7 (1.0%), WL8 (1.5%) and WL9 (2.0%). Biochemical (serum total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin: globulin ratio) and haematological indices of the fish were investigated. Fish were exposed to 0.5ml of 107 Pseudomonas aeruginosa of 24h old culture with the percentage mortality and relative level of protection recorded for 4 weeks post – infection. The results demonstrated that the fish fed with treated diets showed increased in biochemical and haematological indices (P<0.05) compared with the control. The challenge infection showed an improvement from treated groups with percentage mortalities and relative level of protection highest in WL8 (3.33%, 90%) and OB2 (3.33%, 90%) and least (33.33%, 0%) in control respectively. The results suggest that walnut leaf residue at 1.5% inclusion for one month could be a potential, less expensive and promising dietary supplement that would positively affect growth, haematology and make C. gariepinus more resistant to Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Small bowel responses to enteral honey and glutamine administration following massive small bowel resection in rabbit
(2008) Eyarefe, O.D.; Emikpe, B. O.; Arowolo, O. A.
The trophic effects of honey and glutamine in the healing and adaptation of the small bowel following intestinal resection were studied in some Nigerian non-descript breeds of rabbits. Nine rabbits of mixed sexes with mean body weight of 1.45 ±0.55kg were used. They were randomised into three treatment groups following 50% small bowel resection. Group A rabbits were placed on oral honey treatment. Group B on oral glutamine and group C on normal saline (control). All groups exhibited signs of small bowel adaptation (glutamine(B) honey (A) control (C) at the end of the experiment (4 weeks) with oral glutamine showing the best overall effects on intestinal mucosal growth and adaptation evidenced by significant increase (P<0.05) in residual bow'el length (37.3%), villi width (20.0%), crypt depth (113.3%) and a non significant increase in villus height (33.3%) and cellular mass (10.2%). Honey showed a better effect than control with a significant increase (P<0.05) in villi width (18.2%), crypts depth (66.7%) and cellular mass (33.9%) and a non significant increase in gross residual bow'el length (24.6%), and villus height (30.5%). Our result shows that honey and glutamine have trophic effects on bowel mucosa healing and hyperplasia and have potential therapeutic effects on massive bowel resection in humans
Spermiogram and testicular morphological studies of the buck after treatment with ethanol leaf extract of spondias mombin
(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto-Nigeria, 2017-04) Oloye, A. A.; Ola-Davies, O. E.; Ajayi, O. L.; Oyeyemi, M. O.; Olurode, S. A.; Emikpe, B. O.
Twelve sexually matured West African Dwarf bucks from were used for the experiment. Plant extraction was by cold extraction method using hexane and ethanol as solvents. All the goats had bilaterally well descended free testicles. They were kept in standard goat pen, were served water ad libitum, centrosema plant and ration. They were stabilised for two weeks after which pre-treatment spermiogram was done followed by 14 days of oral administration of 800mg/kg ethanol leaf extract of Spondias mombin. Spermiogram was repeated after treatment. Two randomly selected goats were then castrated through a midline pre-scrotal incision for morphological study and histology of the testes and epididymides. Total spermatozoa morphological abnormalities in pre-treatment of 17.1% was significantly (p≤0.05) higher than the 10% recorded for post-treatment. Curved mid-piece (1.8%) and bent tail (1.8%) constituted the highest abnormalities post-treatment while curved tail (3.5%) was highest pre-treatment. Mean values of progressive motility and percentage liveability were significantly higher (p≤0.05) in post- treatment (96.17±3.10% and 98.25±1.36% respectively) compared to pre-treatment (80.83±11.84% and 78.75±9.56% respectively). Post-treatment sperm concentration (2.50±0.32 x109 cells/ml) compared with pre-treatment (2.32±0.36 x109 cells/ml) was not significantly different. Post-treatment gross and histological features of the bucks’ testes and epididymis were normal. The work revealed that Spondias mombin at 800mg/kgBW improved semen quality in bucks indicating its usefulness as a potential profertility agent.