Browsing by Author "Fadina, O.O"

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Allelopathic potential of some biocontrol agents for the control of fungal rot of yellow yam (Dioscorea cayenensis Lam)
(2015) Dania, V. O; Fadina, O.O; Ayodele, M..; Kumar, P. L.
The adverse effects of synthetic pesticides on human health and natural ecosystem necessitate the need to explore natural mechanisms of disease control in plants. This study evaluated the allelopathic potential of five biocontrol agents: Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Trichoderma asperellum, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas fluorescens in the control of six fungal pathogens associated with tuber rot of Dioscorea cayenensis. Rotten tuber samples were randomly collected across three agro-ecological zones (AEZs): humid rainforest (HF), derived savanna (DS), and southern Guinea savanna (SGS) in Nigeria. Biocontrol agents were isolated from the yam rhizosphere using the serial dilution method; the agar paring method was used for the in vivo trials. The destruction sampling method was used to evaluate rot control by the antagonists in vivo. Aspergillus niger had the highest incidence of 64.71% across the HF, 52.08% across the DS, and 41.98% across the SGS. B. subtilis had the highest inhibitory zone of 16.7+0.05% when paired with A. niger, 15.4+ 0.01% with Lasiodiplodia theobromate, 14.0 + 0.33% with Penicillium oxalicum, 7.1 + 0.14% when paired with Rhizoctonia solani: 17.1 + 0.11% with Sclerotium rolfisii, and 10.3 + 0.94% with Fusarium oxysporum. All biocontrol agents significantly (P=0.05) reduced rot development of the test pathogens relative to the control in the in vivo experiment. The establishment of a distant zone of inhibition, especially by the bacterial antagonist attests to the fact that they produced allelochemical substances. Therefore, further research is recommended to evaluate the biochemical composition of these microbial metabolites, their level of toxicity, and fate in the environment
The Antifungal and nematicidal potentials of vernonia amygdalina on cowpea (vigna unguiculata (l.) walp)
(2013) Onoja, C.U; Fadina, O.O
Vernonia amygdalina is a herbaceous plant that grows in the wild and is widely cultivated as food crop in sub-Saharan Africa. The study evaluated its fungicidal and nematicidal Potentials. Isolates of Macrophomina phaseolina were obtained from germinating cowpea variety IT845-2246-4 growing on natural infested soil at screen house in International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria (70 261 N, 50 541 E) and then subcultured to achieve pure culture, while inculum of the root knot nematode, Meloidogyne sp. was obtained from infested Celosia sp. plants through Standard pathological and hematological procedures. Aqueous and ethanol extracts of V. amygdalina at various concentrations of 2.5%, 5% and 10% were prepared and tested in-vitro against Macrophomina phaseolina and the root knot nematode Meloidogyne sp. At incubation of 27.50C-30C for 7-days, radial growth of the plated M. phaseolina was measured at 24-hour intervals and percentage fungitoxicity calculated, while Meloidogyne sp. egg hatch and Td juvenile stage mortality were observed at 24-hour intervals for a 10- day period. Fungitoxicity tests showed aqueous extracts of 5% and 10% concentration significant/y inhibited mycelia growth (32.08% and 34.77%, respectively) when compared with the control Ethanol extracts exhibited 100% fungicidal activity. Furthermore, egg hatch by Meloidogyne sp. was completely inhibited by both extracts preparation at 2.5% and 5% concentrations while 100% mortality of Meloidogyne sp. juveniles was observed on the fifth day post-treatment. Vernonia amygdalina was identified as a natural, readily available and cheap source of fungicide and nematicide. It is recommended for control of charcoal rot infection and Meloidogyne sp. infestation of cowpea.
Comparative assessment of three sources of crude cassava water extract as bio-herbicide
(2013) Fayinminu, O. O.; Fadina, O.O; Olabiyi, T. I
Two experiments were conducted at Owode- Ijako in Ogun State, Nigeria between September 2006 and April 2007 to investigate the efficacy of three sources of Crude Cassava Water Extract (CCWE) as post emergence herbicide on weeds of cowpea. The trials were arranged in randomized complete block design and replicated three times. The treatments were 25% and 50% of Bulk sample, MS6 and TMS extracts respectively, and two controls; unweeded and handweeded in each trial. Herbicidal efficacies of CCWE in controlling cowpea weeds were evaluated using phytotoxicity, weed biomass and density. The results showed that spraying CCWE of Bulk and MS6 at 50% on cowpea weed caused 40 and 50% phytotoxicity respectively. There was no significant difference in weed biomass (65.3% and 74.5%) and weed density (79.92 and 80.33) of CCWE of bulk sample and MS6 respectively. Whereas handweeded achieved 98.68% and 96.65% weed biomass and density respectively. The growth attributes such as plant height, number of leaves and leaf area differed significantly due to different treatments. Grain yield and yield components of cowpea were significantly influenced by the application of CCWE from the three sources. Highest grain yield (540kg/ha) was recorded in handweeded plots but was comparable to plots sprayed with 50% CCWE of bulk samples (450kg/ha) and MS6 (430kg/ha) while least grain yield was recorded in unweeded plots.
Comparative Effects of Neem (Azadirachta Indica) Extracts and Karate (Lambdacyhalothrin) in the Control of the Root Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne Incognita) on Celosia Argentea
(2013) Okafor, S. A.; Fadina, O.O
In order to compare the effects of lambdacyhalothrin, a synthetic pyrethriods and neem (Azadirachta indica) extracts in the control of the root knot nematode of Celosia argentea, two weeks old plants of C.argentea were inoculated with 7,000 eggs of Meloidogyne incognita. Seven days after inoculation, the plants were treated with two concentrations of lambdacyhalothrin at 6,000ppm and 3,000ppm and neem oil extract at 2.14 ml/kg and 4.28ml/kg of soil. Untreated nematode-inoculated C.argentea plants served as negative control while uninoculated C. argentea plants served as positive control. Three weeks after inoculated and subsequently till the 8th week, data were collected on growth parameters such as stem height, number of leaves and yield parameters such as fresh shoot weight, fresh root weight, and root galling indices. There were significant differences between the untreated-nematode inoculated plants, had the lowest values. There were also no significant differences between Lambdacyhalothrin-treated plants at both 6000ppm and 3000ppm for all the parameters considered. Thus, neem oil at 2.14 ml/kg of soil is recommended as an alternative for Lambdacyhalothrin at 6000ppm and 3000ppm concentrations in the control of root knot nematode of C.argentea since the leaf is the most important part and in view of its environment friendliness
Effect of Spent Lubricating Oil on Some Growth Parameters of Two Varieties (TGXl485 - ID and TGXl448 - 2E) of Soybeans, (Glyzine max. merril)
(2002) Mbong, G. A; Fadina, O.O; Focho, B. A,; Azo, W. M; Seino, R. A.
The effects of spent lubricating oil on the growth of two varieties of soybean (TG x 1485-ID; (V1)) and (TG x 1448-2E; (V2)) were investigated in the laboratory and greenhouse experiments. In all the plants treated with spent lubricating oil, germination was delayed when compared with the Controls. Also results from growth parameters such as stem height/plant, number of leaves/plants, - number of nodes/plants and number of branches/plant indicated that spent lubricating oil had some adverse effects on the growth of soybeans. However, V1 seems to be more tolerant to contamination by spent lubricating oil in terms of growth indices than V2, which suffered most. Generally, while V2 produced a net higher dry pod weight/plant, V1 produced less dry weight/plant. It was generally observed in the study that with increasing level of oil contamination, the toxicity of the oil was more pronounced
Effects of dichlorvos (DDV P) on the haematological properties of wistar rats
(2015) Olaoye, S. O; Fadina, O.O; Fayinminnu, O. O.; Adedire, O. M.; Ogundipe, W. F; Fajobi, A. K.; Farinu, A. O
The potential sub-chronic toxicological effects of oral administration of Dichlorvos (DDVP) on wistar rats was investigated for a period of 6 weeks. Thirty-two (32) wistar rats (equal number of both sexes) were uniformly divided into two groups while each comprised of 4 divisions with four rats each, At the end of experiment, animals were sacrificed and heamatogical test was carried out to investigate the possible toxicological effects of the oral administration of the pesticide on the rats. Results generally showed a dose-pendant response with PCV, Kb, RBC and Plan values that are significantly different from each (P<0.05) among the male rats while PCV and RBC values are significantly different from each other (P<0.05) while all other heamatological parameters in both sexes showed no significantly difference from each other at P<0.05. This result suggests that ingestion of the pesticides (Dichlorvos) may not be toxic at the doses investigated
Effects of lead on performance and nutrient quality of two cowpea varieties
(2003) Fadina, O.O; Opeolu, B. O
The effects of lead on plant growth, yield and nutrient quality of two cowpea varieties (IT94K-4403 and IT93KZ-8-21-23-3) were studied. Soil and seeds analyses for lead before planting and after harvest revealed variable decreases in lead levels in contaminated soil after harvest. While lead was not detectable in the planted and harvested seeds. There were no significant differences in the various lead contamination levels with respect to germination days and maturation days. Lead contamination was found to have adverse effects on the yield of cowpea. The variety IT94K-4403 showed no variation in protein after harvest with the different levels of lead contamination, IT93KZ-8-21-23-3 on the other hand showed variable deceases in protein content.
The Effects of Single and Combined Repetitive Oral Administration of Common Pesticides and Alcohol on Rabbits
(1999) Fadina, O.O; Taiwo, V.O; Ogunsunmi, A.O
The toxicological effects of repetitive single or combined oral administration of a synthetic pyrethroid pesticide (KarateR), nicotine and alcohol (ethanol) in rabbits were studied. Rabbits given daily oral doses of either KarateR, nicotine or ethanol and a combination of either KarateR and nicotine or alcohol exhibited various forms and severities of nervous signs, haematological and serum biochemical alterations, and lungs, liver, heart, kidney and brain damage. Single repetitive nicotine consumption proved most fatal with 75% mortality rate recorded within eight weeks, while combined KarateR and alcohol consumption caused 100% mortality within ten weeks. Severe anaemia, panleucopenia, significant increase in serum gammaglutamyl transferase and hypocholesterolaemia were the hallmarks of severe toxicity with these agents. This study highlights the possible long-term effects of the indiscriminate use of pesticides, and some common environmental pollutants like alcohol on rabbits. This very serious threat to biodiversity Conservation efforts in our environment that may result from this is discussed.
The efficacy of karate (lambdacyhalothrin) in controlling heloidogyne incognita (kofoid and white) on soybeans (glycine max. L. Merril.)
(1997) Fadina, O.O; Adesiyan, S.O.
The nematicidal properties of a synthetic pyrethriod (Karate) was investigated. In laboratory experiments, Karate at different concentrations (4,000ppm, 6,000ppm and 8,000pm against Meloidogyne incognita (kofoid and white) prevented egg- hatch and accentuated the death of the infective second stage juveniles. In green-house experiments, as little as 4,000ppm of Karate reduced both the number of galls and the population of juveniles in soils when compare with the Control plants. However, Karate applied as soil-drench resulted in wilting of plants at all concentrations
Efficacy of Oryza sativa husk and Quercus phillyraeoides extracts for the in vitro and in vivo control of fungal rot disease of white yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir)
(Springer Plus, 2014) Dania, V. O; Fadina, O.O; Ayodele, M; Kumar, P L
Tuber rot disease is a major constraint to white yam (Dioscorea rotundata) production, accounting for 50-60% of annual yield losses in Nigeria. The main method of control using synthetic fungicides is being discouraged due to human and environmental health hazards. The potential of Oryza sativa husk (OSH) and Quercus phillyraeoides (QP) extracts for the in vitro and in vivo control of six virulent rot-causing fungal pathogens, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Aspergillus niger, Rhizoctonia solani, Penicillium oxalicum, Sclerotium rolfsii, and Fusarium oxysporum was evaluated, using five different extract concentrations of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.5%, and 3.5% w/v. These fungi were isolated from rotted tubers of D. rotundata, across three agroecological zones in Nigeria—the Humid rainforest, Derived savanna, and southern Guinea savanna. All treatments were subjected to three methods of inoculation 48 hours before the application of both extracts and stored at 28 ± 2°C for 6 months. Radial mycelial growth of the test pathogens was effectively inhibited at concentrations < 3.5% w/v in vitro for both OSH and QP extracts. Rotting was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) to between 0 to 18.8% and 0% to 20.9% for OSH and QP extracts respectively. The extracts significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited percent rot of the test pathogens at 3.5% concentration w/v in vivo. Rot incidence was, however, lower in replicate tubers that were inoculated, treated with extracts and exposed than treatments that were covered. Phytochemical analysis of OSH and QP extracts revealed the presence of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, ferulic acid, phlobatanins, Terpenoids, phenols, anthraquinone and pyroligneous acid. The efficacy of both extracts in reducing rot in this study recommends their development as prospective biopesticide formulation and use in the management of post-harvest rot of yam tubers.
Efficacy Study of Bulksource of Crude Cassava Water Extract as A Post Emergence Herbicide in Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata (L) Walp) Production
(2013) Fayinminu, O. O.; Fadina, O.O; Adedapo, A. A
Weed interference remains a major cause of low productivity of cowpea oral concern over synthetic herbicides has led to an increased interest in natural crop protection, in Order to achieve more environmentally safe methods of reducing weed pests damage in cowpea production in Nigeria. Two field trials were conducted in 2006and2007at Ijako -Owode in Ogun State, Nigeria The treatments were Bulk crude cassava water extract (CCWE from different cassava varieties) at the rates of 25 and 50% parquet at 0.50 and 1.00kg ai/ha and two controls: handweeded and unweeded The experiments were laid out in a randomized complete block, design (RCBD) with three replications. Data collected were analyzed and significant means were separated using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan multiple range test (DMRT) at p< 0.05. At commencement of the trial, the relative abundance of weed species was 81% broadleafed and 19% grasses. Results showed that Bulk CCWE at 50% showed significant difference (p<0.05) from paraquat at 1.00kgai/ha on phytotaxicity effects, while weed biomass and density recorded no significant difference (p>0.05). Higher leaf area (LA) vice recorded from Bulk CCWE with a significant difference (P<0. 05) from LA paraquat. However, all the yield component: number of pods, pod weight, seeds/pod and grain yield of Bulk CCWE were significantly higher (p<0.05) front paraquat treatments and comparable to handweeded while the least were obtained with unweeded Attributes of Bulk CCWE as a post- emergence herbicide candidate are discussed
Food Security And Safety In Nigeria The Impact Of Enviromental Pollution On Livestock Production Systems
(2001) Taiwo, V.O; Fadina, O.O
Health risk of heavy metals in celosia argentea L. Grown on municipal Waste soils in Ibadan, Nigeria
(2017) Fadina, O.O; Ibrahim, M. A; Fayinminnu, O. O; Bulama-Modu, M.M; Gangpete, S.I
This paper assessed the appropriateness of dumpsites in Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture (UPA). The bioaccumulation and potential heavy metal-toxicity risk of consuming Celosia argentea L. grown on four different dumpsites soils (Ajibode, Sasa, Moniya and Akinyele) and reference soil from University of Ibadan Training and Research Farm was also evaluated. The soil samples were analysed for Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). None of the heavy metals was above European Union (EU) guidelines for safe limits of soil heavy metals in agricultural soils. The Pollution Load Indices (PLIs) were mostly>l, which indicated the deterioration of the sites quality in relation to specific heavy metal(s); ranging between 0.92-13.1. The daily intake of heavy metals (DIMs) and Health Risk Indices (HRIs) were evaluated based on the maximum recommended limit (MRL) by WHO/FAO standard. Most of the heavy metals were significantly low, but lead (Pb) was above the MRL. HRIs were between 0.02-0.03, 0.070.11, 0.61-4.43 and 0.03-0.04 for Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn respectively, Ni was found to have insignificant level (<0.0001). Only lead (Pb) has potential health risk (HRI>1) in all the sites except Moniya (0.61; HRI<1, safe) which might be as a result of vehicular exhaust and type of waste disposed. Soil test to ascertain the pollution status and crop type to produce should precede cropping have been recommended
In Vitro toxicity of oil extracted from neem seeds collected from different locations across savanna agro-ecological zones of Nigeria on seed and soil-borne pathogens of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp)
(2010) Peluola, C. O; Fadina, O.O; Emechebe
Graded extracts of neem seed oil extracted across the savanna agro-ecological zones (AEZs) of Nigeria were tested on mycelial growth of Colletotrichum capsici and Macrophomina phaseolina of cowpea in Nigeria. Minimum inhibition concentrations (MIC) and effectiveness levels of oil from AEZs were determined. Data were subject to ANOVA. Biplot was employed to access variation and interactions among the AEZs. Across the AEZs, fungitoxicity, MIC and effectiveness level varies; concentrations of 0.1 and 1.0% reduced the growth of C. capsici, while M. phaseolina was reduced at 10% concentration. On M. phaseolina, neem oil extracted from Ilorin, Ogbomosho (derived savanna) and Mokwa (southern guinea savanna) performed similarly, while a strong positive association existed between Ogbomosho (derived savanna) and Hadejia (Sahel savanna) samples. On C. capsici, samples from Bida (southern guinea savanna) and Ilorin (Derived savanna) were similar. This result could be a possible link between ecology, biodiversity and toxic principles in plant materials.
Management of foliar and soilborne pathogens of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. walp) with two garlic varities (Allium Sativum A.Linn)
(Academic Journals, 2014) Peluola, C. O; Fadina, O.O
White and pink garlic extracts were tested for their antifungal potentials on mycelial radial growth, spores and sclerotial production of Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid, Colletotrichum destructivum O gara and Colletotrichum capsici (Syd) Butter and Bisby pathogens of cowpea in vitro. Water or ethanol extracts of common pink and common white garlic varieties were tested at a concentration of 250 ppm while sterile distilled water served as control. In vivo study was based on white garlic extracted alone at 0.50 and 100% concentrations on M.phaseolina and C.capsici. Data were subjected to ANOVA and means was separated at P=0.05. Water extracted white garlic gave over 90% inhibitions of mycelial growth of M. Phaseolina and gave higher inhibitions than water or ethanolic pink garlic extracts on all the three pathogens. It is not significantly lower P=0.05 than conventional fungicide benomyl at 0.05 gai/kg. However, in vivo result was phytotoxic to cowpea seeds at 100% concentration and pathogrn control at 50% garlic extract. In contrast, cowpea variety IT84S-2246-4 seed germination was 77% when treated with M.phaseolina and 100% with C.capsici but reduced pathogen control at 50% garlic extract
Reduced Morphological Root Features of Anthracnose Infected Cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata (I.) Walp)
(2002) Ajari, I. O.; Fadina, O.O
ln a green house experiment to determine the effects of anthracnose disease caused by collectricum lindemuthianum on cowpea, sterilized siols in planting pots were used for planning two susceptible cowpea varieties (Ife Brown and 1782-60). The seedlings were inoculated with the inoculum meal of the pathogen after 3 weeks of planting. The results obtained show that characteristics tan to brown anthracnose symptoms had appeared on the leaves of both varieties after 3 weeks of inoculation, while the roots of the infected cowpeas were observed to be morphologically different from the roots of the uninfected plants. Similarly, infected plants were smaller in size and a marked reduction in their yield IT82f 60 (35%) versus Ife Brown (19%). The reduction of the plant structures and yield of the infected plants was suspected to have been as a result of the anthracnose disease
Screening of Chemical Composition of Crude Water Extract of Different Cassava Varieties
(2013) Fayinminu, O. O.; Fadina, O.O; Adedapo, A. A
Chemical composition of three sources of crude cassava water extract (CCWE) was evaluated in different varieties of cassava (MS6 Manihot Selection (local variety), TMS 30555 Tropical Manihot Selection (Improved variety) and Bulk (crude cassava water front cassava processing site). Crude cassava water extract front the pulp of cassava fresh roots was prepared and the Chemical composition was determined in the analytical laboratory. The result of the analysis showed that, hydrocyanic acid (HCN) and with elements such as Calcium (Ca), Sodium (Na). Magnesium (Mg). Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Sulphur (S), Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn). Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P) and Potassium (K) were found in the extract. The study showed that due to the presence of hydrocyanic acid in the extract, this waste found around the cassava Processing sites possesses phytotoxic effects on weeds/vegetation in form of leaf discoloration (yellowing), wilting and eventually death. Crude cassava water extract showed a probable natural herbicide which can be used by the peasant farmers because it is environmental friendly and easily biodegradable into harmless compounds in the environment
Some Nematological Investigations Snake Tomatoes (Trichosanthes Cucucumerina)
(2002) Fadina, O.O
Sub-chronic toxicity study of synthetic Pyrethroids (Lambda-cyhalothrin) on reproductive organs of male Wistar rats
(2016) Oshoke, F. I; Fadina, O.O; Fayinminnu, O. O.
Pesticides constitute the most widespread environmental contaminants due to their ubiquitous use in all aspect of human endeavors. Lambda-cyhalothrin (LTC), a synthetic pyrethroid has widely been used for pest control. Human and animals are occasionally and unintentionally exposed to lethal and sub-lethal doses of pesticides stemming from its various uses to control pests both in agriculture and public health. The objective of the study was to evaluate the toxicity of LTC in male reproductivity through testicular tests. The study also investigated the haematological, serum biochemistry and histological effects of sub-chronic concentrations of LTC on male rats. Twenty-five 7-weeks-old male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were randomly assigned to five groups. Group 1 was the control group, which received distilled water. Experimental groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 received by gavage 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg LTC body weight, respectively, of LTC over a period of five weeks. Histopathological studies were carried out on the testes and seminal vesicles at the end of the experiment. A significant decrease in the absolute weight of testes and seminal vesicles, sperm count, sperm motility and L-D ratio was observed. The results obtained also show marked degeneration of spermatogenic cells associated with interstitial necrosis and congestion with interstitial diffuse edema in the testis of the rat treated with LTC. A typical dose-dependent hyperplasia and degeneration of the seminal vesicles was found in all LTC treated rats with 100 mg/kg body weight and 25 mg/kg body weight having the highest and lowest toxicity level respectively, when compared with that of Group 1. It can be concluded that LTC is highly toxic and may induce poor fertility, cell damage and anaemic conditions in exposed rats.
Toxicity assessment of sub lethal doses of chlorpyrifos on the kidney and liver organs of male wistar rats
(2017) Fayinminu, O. O.; Tijani, S. O; Fadina, O.O
Chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate pesticide is an important neurotoxic and tissue damage agent. It is one of the most heavily used pesticides in domestic and agricultural applications globally. Repeated doses of chlorpyrifos have been able to cause significant disturbances on the biochemical and physiological functions of the blood, and histological abnormalities in livers and kidneys exposed to this insecticide. The toxicities of sub lethal oral administration of chlorpyrifos daily for 28 days were assessed using a completely randomized design. Twenty-five albino Wistar rats weighing between 150-200 g divided into five groups containing five rats each were housed in the Central Animal house of College of Medicine, University of Ibadan. Chlorpyrifos at 0 (control), 18.9, 25.9, 32.2 and 39.2 mg/kg were orally administered to male rats, respectively for four weeks, between the months of May and June, 2014. At the end of the experimental period, the toxicities of chlorpyrifos were assessed in rats using haematology, serum liver enzymes and histopathological assays. Results revealed significant reduction in body weights compared to control. The packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb) and lymphocytes (Lymp) also showed significant reduction at 39.2, 25.9 and 32.2 mg/kg (39.33, 45.40 and 44.80%), respectively compared to control (49.67%). Insecticide administration to rats resulted in significant elevation of serum transaminases (AST and ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) from 32.2, 39.2 and 25.9 mg/kg dosages, (ranged from 294.94-542.00 u/L for AST and from 96.25-130.77 u/L for ALT), respectively. Also, experimental treated groups exhibited marked of total protein and altered albumin and globulin contents compared to control. Studies revealed dose dependent increase of histopathological alterations. The livers showed moderate vacuolar change of hepatocytes, having a finely reticulated cytoplasmic and congestion of central veins. The kidneys showed mild focal sloughing off of tubular epithelium of renal cortex, fluid in tubular lumen, tubules appearing dilated and cystic (nephrosis) and proteinaeceous fluid in Bowman's capsule and compressing the glomerulus tufts (Esinophilic). Different concentrations of chlorpyrifos including the lowest tested dose produced marked alterations in the exposed animals in this study and thereby affecting the overall performance in terms of health and wellbeing. Thus, this could cause similar health and environmental risks to humans even at the lowest dose