Browsing by Author "Fawole, O. I."

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The 5ws: the epidemiologist's quest
(Ibadan University Press, 2017) Fawole, O. I.
Case management of childhood fever by traditional healers in Southwest Nigeria: Identification of training and collaborative needs
(Baywood Publishing Co., inc, 2008) Fawole, O. I.; Akinboye, D. O.; Falade, C. O.; Arulogun, O. S.; Adeniyi, J. D.
Traditional healers play an important role in the provision of healthcare in many communities in Africa. This study aimed to improve home management of malaria in children by assessing the healer's knowledge and practice. A semi-structured questionnaire interview of 127 traditional healers selected by proportionate sampling technique from two rural and two urban local government areas (LGAs) of southwestern Nigeria was followed by a training program. Malaria ranked first (87%) among the illnesses managed by the healers. Diagnosis of fever was often (72%) based on client history, physical examination (24.4%), consulting oracles (18.9%), and interpretation of dreams (3.1%). Treatment of malaria was with boiled herbs ("agbo"; 72%), ground herbs ("agunmu"; 14%), and incisions and scarifications (3%). Forty-one (32.5%) healers had referred febrile children to a health facility. Younger healers and those who had at least a secondary education were more likely to refer patients (p < 0.05 in both cases). Thirty-six healers (28.4%) had previous formal training on management of fevers, most of whom were the younger (p < 0.(5), educated healers (p> 0.05), with fewer years of practice (p> 0.05). Research into traditional herbs (48%), better acknowledgment by government (23.6%); and collaboration with other health sectors were suggestions to improve practice. Traditional healers, especially the older, less-educated, and long-practicing healers, urgently require formal training and collaboration with other healthcare providers to improve knowledge and promote early referral of children with fever.
Common forms of strabismus in a tertiary eye clinic in Southwest Nigeria
(Wolters Kluwer - Medknow, 2019-12) Olusanya, B. A.; Ugalahi, M. O.; Ayeni, O.; Fawole, O. I.; Baiyeroju, A. M.
Background: Strabismus occurs worldwide and is associated with undesirable psychosocial impact and negative social prejudice. However, there is a dearth of information on the different subtypes of strabismus in Nigerian patients. The aim of this study is to describe the common forms of strabismus among patients of an eye clinic in southwestern Nigeria. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed all new patients seen at the eye clinic of our hospital between January 1999 and December 2008. Patients with a diagnosis of strabismus were identified from the clinic registers and their case records were reviewed. Information on age, gender, cause, and type of squint as well as associated ocular/systemic disease was retrieved from the case records. Results: A total of 240 patients had strabismus, giving a relative frequency of 1.2%. Mean age of patients with strabismus was 19.8 (±19.7) years while male-to-female ratio was 0.98:1. Esotropia (53.8%) was more common than exotropia (44.2%). The mean age of patients with esotropia was 12.8 years compared with 27.9 years for patients with exotropia (P < 0.001). Sensory strabismus was the most common form of strabismus, occurring in 83 (34.5%) patients, while accommodative esotropia was found in only 5.8% patients. Conclusion: The relative frequency of strabismus in this study is fairly similar to other reports from Nigeria and Africa. Secondary strabismus was quite common whereas primary forms of strabismus such as accommodative esotropia appear to occur less frequently among our patients in comparison to Caucasian populations.
Efficacy of herbal remedies used by herbalists in Oyo State Nigeria for treatment of Plasmodium falciparum infections a survey and an observation
(2004) Ajaiyeoba, E. O.; Falade, C. O.; Fawole, O. I.; Akinboye, D. O.; Gbotosho, G. O.; Bolaji, O. M.; Ashidi, J. S.; Abiodun, O. O.; Osowole, O. S.; Itiola, O. A.|; Oladepo, O.; Sowunmi, A.; Oduola, A. M. J.
In the course of evaluating the contribution of phytomedicine to possible drug discovery of antimalarial drugs, an ethnomedical survey of specialized children traditional clinics was done. In the observational multi center study, efficacy of eight different herbal remedies, each consisting of 3-8 ingredients and administered by herbalists were investigated in clients enrolled in the six traditional clinics in Oyo (urban center) and Otu (rural center) of Oyo State, Nigeria. The clients, aged between six months and fifteen years with clinical symptoms of malaria were enrolled in the clinics of the herbalists, as their usual practice. Oral informed consents were obtained from their parents or guardians. Microscopic diagnosis of malaria infection was used, to evaluate parasitaemia and validate efficacy of herbal remedies. Results of the analyzed shows that, of the 163 clients of the herbalists, only 62 (30 Oyo, 32 from Otu) had microscopically confirmed P. falciparum infection. Only results from 54 clients (29/30 (Oyo) and 25/32 (Otu) with P. falciparurn infection could be evaluated. Plasmodium falciparum infection in 88% (23/29) of clients from Oyo responded to treatment with the herbal remedies while cure rate in clients from Otu was 42% (13/25). Parasite densities ranged from 171 to 53,613 parasites/ul blood and 87 to 36,209 parasites/ul blood in patients from Oyo and Otu respectively. The herbalists administered the remedies and Gossypium arboreum, Anarcudium occidentalis, Citrus medica, Phyllanthus amarus and Lippia multiflora were the main ingredients in the efficacious remedies. The herbalists gave detailed descriptions of each of the 8 herbal remedies proffered. The results confirm the efficacy of two of the eight herbal remedies, thereby validating the role of ethnomedicine as a possible source for the discovery of new cherno-therapeutic agents in the treatment of P. falciparum malaria.
Eye diseases among drivers In the University College Hospital and College of Medicine, University of lbadan, Nigeria.
(2009-07) Bekibele, C. O.; Fawole, O. I.; Adekunle, L. V.; Bamboye, A. E.; Ajayi, R.; Baiyeroju A.M.
Objective of this study is to determine the pattern of eye diseases amongst drivers of College of Medicine, University of Ibadan (UI) and the University College Hospital (UCH) Ibadan. Cross sectional study of (99) drivers employed by the two institutions using a semi structured questionnaire and through eye examination at the eye clinic of UCH. Our results show that age range of respondents was from 39-60 years , mean 50.1+/- 4.78 years. Driving experience ranged from 5 to 43 years, mean 27.9years. +/- 6.24. Causes of ocular morbidity were pterygium 14.1 %, pingueculum 8 %, optic atrophy 8%, glaucoma 4%, and pathological myopia 1%. Risk of developing anterior segment disease increased with number of years spent driving. (OR2.4, 95% C! 1.1-6.2; P=O.05). We conclude that periodic eye examination of drivers can help to identify potential blinding eye diseases such as glaucoma and cataract and allow prompt treatment to prevent blindness and ensure safe driving. Drivers may be redeployed to an administrative job after a prolonged period of driving and when visual impairment ensures.
Gender differentials in the timing and prognostic factors of pubarche in Nigeria
(Public Library of Science, 2022) Fagbamigbe, A. F.; Obiyan, M.; Fawole, O. I.
Paucity of data exists on the timing of puberty, particularly the pubarche, in developing coun tries, which has hitherto limited the knowledge of the timing of pubarche, and assistance offered by physicians to anxious young people in Nigeria. Factors associated with the timings of puberty and pubarche are not well documented in Nigeria. We hypothesized that the timing of pubarche in Nigeria differs by geographical regions and other characteristics. We assessed the timing of pubarche among adolescents and young adults in Nigeria and identified prognostic factors of the timing by obtaining information on youths’ sexual and reproductive developments in a population survey among in-school and out-of-school youths aged 15 to 24 years in Nigeria. A total of 1174 boys and 1004 girls provided valid information on pubarche. Results of time-to-event analysis of the data showed that mean age at pubarche among males aged 15 to 19 years and 20 to 24 years was 13.5 (SD = 1.63 years) and 14.2 (SD = 2.18 years) (respectively) compared with 13.0 (SD = 1.57 years) and 13.5 (SD = 2.06 years) among females of the same age. Median time to pubarche was 14 (Interquartile range (IQR) = 3) years and 13 (IQR = 3) years among the males and females, respectively. Cumulatively, 37% of the males had attained pubarche by age 13 years versus 53% among females, 57% vs 72% at age 14, and 73% vs 81% at age 15. The likelihood of pubarche among males was delayed by 5% compared with females (Time Ratio (TR) = 1.05: 95% CI = 1.03–1.05). Every additional one-year in the ages of both males and females increases the risk of pubarche by 1%. Similar to the females, males residents in Northeast (aTR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.07–1.21), in the Northwest (aTR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.13–1.27) and in the Southwest (aTR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.11–1.26) had delayed pubarche than males from the South East. Yoruba males had delayed pubarche than Ibo males (aTR = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.01–1.12). Age at pubarche among adolescents and young adults in Nigeria differed among males and females with earlier onset among females. Pubarche timing varied mainly by ethnicity, region, and location of residence. Our findings will aid medical practitioners in providing appropriate advice and support on pubarche-related issues among adolescents in Nigeria as it could help douse pubarche anxiousness in relation to request for medical assistance.
Nigerian antimalarial ethnomedicine 2: Ethnobotanica surveys of herbal remedies used in the treatment of febrile illnesses in the middle belt of Nigeria
(2002) Ajaiyeoba, E. O.; Osowole, O. S.; Oduola, O .O.; Ashidi, J. S.; Akinboye, D. O.; Gbotosho, G. O.; Falade, C. O.; Ogundahunsi, O. A. T.; Fawole, O. I.; Bolaji, O. M.; Falade, M. O.; Oladepo, O. O.; Itiola, O. A.; Oduola, A. M. J.
An ethnobotanical survey was conducted among residents of Gboko (urban) and Katsina Ala ( rural) local government areas in Benue state located in the middle belt of Nigeria. The Katsina-Ala and Gboko communities belong to the Tiv ethnic group. Documentation of the use of herbs as alternative in the treatment of fevers and identification of potential phytomedicines against malaria was done. Semi-structured questionnaires and focus group discussion guides were used to obtain information on description of febrile illness and utilization of herbal remedies for prevention and treatment. A total of 499 respondents comprising of mothers, fathers, community leaders/elders, herbs sellers and traditional healers were interviewed in the study. In the study, 9 types of febrile illnesses were proffered. The five most common type of febrile illnesses described were malaria (37.3%), yellow (28.8%), typhoid (27.3%), high fever (3.4%) and ordinary fever (0.5%). Perceived causes of febrile illness included mosquito bites, contamination of water and food, among others. Headache, general weakness, yellow coloration of eyes/uririe, elevated body temperature and diarrhoea, were the most common symptoms associated with febrile illnesses outlined by the respondents. Furthermore, malaria (81.5%) and high fever (57%) were reported to be common during the rainy season while typhoid (52%) is common during the dry season. Yellow fever was said to be non-dependent on season. Respondents believed children were more at risk of malaria compared with the other types of febrile illnesses mentioned. The respondents indicated that herbal recipes were effective treatment for Febrile illness. From the 105 recipes compiled, Azadirachto indica, Ficus thonningii, Annona senegalensis and Cymbopogon citratus were the most frequent herbs mentioned. Leaf (60.4%), was the most common part of plants used while boiling (92.5%), was frequently mentioned as method of herbal remedy preparation. The main route of administration of remedies mentioned was oral administration (97.9%). The study confirms the potential contribution of Phytomedicine to management of febrile illnesses, including malaria in the Tiv ethnomedicine.
Parametric survival analysis of menarche onset timing among Nigerian girls
(Elsevier Ltd., 2018) Fagbamigbe, A. F.; Obiyan, M. O.; Fawole, O. I.
Background: This study was a response to the dearth of information on the timing of menarche in low-income countries, and the need to update knowledge on the condition. It thereby enables the provision of adequate support to young girls during menarche. The study determined the timing and range of onset of menarche and identified the factors influencing the timing. Methods: We used data on girls’ sexual and reproductive processes from a nationally representative population survey of girls aged 15e24 years in Nigeria. Descriptive statistics, and survival analysis techniques were used for data analysis at p ¼ 0$05. Finding: A quarter of the respondents (26%) had commenced menstruation by age 12. Almost all, (90%) had experienced menstruation by age 17. Girls aged 20e24 years reported later menarche (time ratio 1$066, 95% CI: 1$045-1$087) compared to those aged 15e19 years. An increase of respondents age by one year resulted in 0$8% delay in onset timing. Significant differences were also found in the zone of residence among the sampled population. Compared with girls from the South East, the timing of menstruation was generally delayed among the girls from South-South by 5%, North Central by 9%, South West by 10%, North East by 16% and 17% among girls from the North West. Interpretation: There was a wide range in menarcheal age in Nigerian girls with a peak at 13e14 years and the possibility of a secular trend in the timing of onset. Early family life education is recommended.
Prevalence of refractive error and attitude to spectacle use among drivers of public institutions in Ibadan, Nigeria
(2007) Bekibele, C. O.; Fawole, O. I.; Bamboye, A. E.; Adekunle, L. V.; Ajayi, R.; Baiyeroju A.M.
Background: High rate of motor vehicle accidents have been associated with poor vision. Studies on drivers from elsewhere other than health institutions have found abnormal visual acuities. The aim of this study is to determine prevalence of refractive errors and the attitude to spectacle wear among drivers of public institutions studied. Methods: A cross sectional population study of all 99 motor vehicle drivers from the College of Medicine, University of Ibadan and University College Hospital (UCH) Ibadan between December 2003 and January 2004. Results: The ninety-nine motor vehicle drivers in the study comprised of 67 (67.7%) from the College of Medicine, and 32 (32.3%) from the UCH. All were males, aged 38 to 60 years, mean 50.1 ± (SD= 4.8 years). Proportion of drivers with refractive errors was 16.7% (95% CI, 16.6-16.8) but only 56.3% of these wear glasses while driving (others did not including 3 out 4 who were bilaterally visually impaired without glasses). Relative frequency of RTA among drivers was 16.2%, the risk was marginally higher among drivers with refractive error (OR 1.2, 95% Cl: 0.4-3.7). The commonest refractive error was simple hypermetropia present in 15 eyes. Hypermetropia was associated with increasing age of drivers (p<0.05). Majority (97.7%) of the drivers were presbyopic but only 32 (32.3%) were current wearers of spectacles. Conclusion: Refractive errors were present in 16.7% of drivers studied. But 43.8% of these (3 out 4 of whom were bilaterally visually impaired without glasses) do not wear corrective lenses while driving. There is need for periodic visual screening exercise and eye health education on drivers.
Risk factors for road traffic accidents among drivers of public institutions in Ibadan, Nigeria
(2007) Bekibele, C. O.; Fawole, O. I.; Bamboye, A. E.; Adekunle, L. V.; Ajayi, R.; Baiyeroju A.M.
Recent studies have shown an increase in the rate of road traffic accident (RTA). Identifying the risk factors for this problem may provide a clue to possible effective intervention. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors for self reported RTA among drivers of educational institutions and make suggestions to promote safer driving. A cross sectional population study of motor vehicle drivers from the College of Medicine, University of Ibadan and University College Hospital (UCH) Ibadan was undertaken between December 2003 and January 2004. The study comprised of 99 motor vehicle drivers. 67 (67.7%) were from the College of Medicine, and 32 (32,3%) from the UCH. Response rate was 97,1 %. All were males, aged 38 to 60 years, mean 50.1 ± (SD= 4.8 years). The prevalence of self reported RTA was 16.2%. The cause of road traffic accidents included, mechanical fault (50%), bad road (12.5%). RTA prevalence was higher among older drivers (OR=1.7, 95%CI=0.5-5.9; P>0.05), drivers who had part time jobs (Odds ratio 2.6, 95% CI 1.1-6.3; X2 =4.5, P=O.03), and drivers with visual impairment (OR=1.6, 95% CI=0.9, X2 0.49, P > 0.05). The prevalence of RTA was lower amongst drivers who did not take alcohol, cola nut and other CNS stimulants while driving (OR 0.9, 95% CI=0.3-2.3, P >0.05). Regular maintenance of official vehicles and examination of drivers' eyes are recommended. Drivers should be discouraged from drugs and part jobs so as to ensure that they have enough time to rest and therefore prevent fatigue related RTA.
Survivorship of patients with head and neck cancer receiving care in a tertiary health facility in Nigeria
(Dove Medical Press, 2017) Okwor, V. C.; Fagbamigbe, A. F.; Fawole, O. I.
Background: Head and neck cancer (HNC) is a major clinical and public health concern worldwide which impairs the vital functions of life. The treatment of metastatic HNCs is mainly palliative. This study examined the survival patterns and treatment outcomes in patients with HNCs in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. Materials and methods: A review of the case files and treatment cards of patients with histological diagnosis of HNCs seen between January 2002 and December 2011 at the Radiotherapy Department, University College Hospital, Ibadan, was conducted. A total of 494 cases were identified, of which 481 had valid records. Analyses were done using Kaplan–Meier survival function and Cox proportional hazard regression techniques at 5% significance level. Results: The median age of patients was 42 years with a male-to-female ratio of 2:1. Most patients presented at stages 3 (50.7%) and 4 (36.8%). Nasopharyngeal carcinoma was the most common (42.6%) HNC, followed by paranasal sinus (17.7%) and laryngeal cancer (11.6%). The lung was the most common site of metastasis (25.5%). Patients who presented at stages 1 and 4 diseases had a median survival of 7.8 years and 1.9 years, respectively. Patients treated with a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy had a median survival of 8.0 years compared with those who had a single modality of treatment (~6.3 years). Conclusion: Patient survival was inversely proportional to the stage of the disease. To encourage the early presentation of HNC cases, health education of the population on routine medical check-ups and on the symptoms suggestive of HNC is recommended. Health care providers should be trained to refer suspected cases promptly to tertiary health facilities for management.