Browsing by Author "Itiola, O. A."

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Application of the Gurnham equation in characterizing the compressibility of fonio and sweet potato starches and their paracetamol tablet formulations
(Nigeria Association of Pharmacists in Academia, 2018-02) Akin-Ajani, O. D.; Itiola, O. A.; Odeku, O. A.
Background: A number of empirical relationships have been proposed to describe the compaction of pharmaceutical materials, among them are the Heckel, Kawakita and Gurnham equations. Objective: To characterize the compressibility of fonio, sweet potato and corn starches and their paracetamol formulations using the Gurnham and Kawakita equations, and to determine the complementarity of these equations. Materials and Methods: Starches were extracted from fonio (Digitaria exilis) grains and sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) tubers and modified by acid hydrolysis for 96 h. Paracetamol formulations containing 2.5–10.0 %w/w starch binders were prepared by wet granulation. Packing and compaction properties of native and modified starches and their formulations were determined using tapping procedures. The data obtained was analyzed using the Gurnham and Kawakita equations. Results: The ranking for Gurnham compressibility, c, for the starches was sweet potatocornfonio, which was inversely related to the ranking for Kawakita maximum volume reduction, a and angle of internal flow, θ. There was no clear-cut pattern in the Gurnham compressibility of paracetamol formulation probably due to its multicomponent nature. There was correlation between c, a and θ for all the starches with the modified starches exhibiting higher compressibility than native starches. There appeared to be no correlation between c and Kawakita compressibility index, b. Conclusion: The Gurnham equation appeared useful in characterising compressibility in single component systems and could be used along with Kawakita functions, to gain a better understanding of the deformation of powdered materials under pressure.
Cultural categorization of febrile illnesses in correlation with herbal remedies used for treatment in Southwestern Nigeria
(Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd, 2003) Ajaiyeoba, E. O.; Oladepo, O.; Fawole, O. l.; Bolaji, A. M.; Akinboye, D. O.; Ogundahunsi, O. A. T.; Falade, C. O.; Gbotosho, G. O.; Itiola, O. A.; Happi, T. C.; Ebong, O. O.; Ononiwu, I. M.; Osowole, O. S.; Oduola, O. O.; Ashidi, J. S.; Oduola, A. M. J.
The ethnographic study was conducted in two communities in Oyo state in Southwestern Nigeria. The study sites consisted of a rural and an urban local government area located in the tropical rain forest zone of Nigeria. The study was designed to obtain information on febrile illnesses and herbal remedies for treatment with the aim of identifying potential antimalarial drugs. The study revealed that fever is a general term for describing illnesses associated with elevated body temperature. The indigenous Yoruba ethnic population has categorized fever based on symptoms and causes. The present communication is the result of focus group discussion and semi-structured questionnaire administered to traditional healers, herb sellers, elders and mothers. This was on types of fevers, symptoms and causes of febrile illnesses. The investigation also included use of traditional herbs in the prevention and treatment of the illnesses in the two communities. A total 514 respondents were interviewed. This was made up of 266 (51.8%) from Atiba local government area (LGA), an urban centre while 248 (48.2%) respondents were interviewed from Itesiwaju LGA, a rural community. The LGAs are located in Oyo State of Nigeria. The respondents proffered 12 types of febrile illnesses in a multiple response answering system in Yoruba language. The most common ones (direct translation into English) were: yellow fever (39.1%), typhoid (34.8%), ordinary (28.8%), rainy season (20.8%) and headache (10.5%) fevers respectively. Perceived causes each of the febrile illnesses included stress, mosquito bites, unclean water, rains and over exposure to the sun. Methods of fever prevention were mainly with the use of herbal decoctions, powdered herbs, orthodox medications and maintenance of proper hygiene. Of a total or 112 different herbal remedies used in the treatment or the febrile illnesses compiled from the study, 25 recipes are presented. Recipes consisted of 2-7 ingredients. Oral decoctions (84%), oral powders (63%). use as soaps and creams (40%) in a multiple response system, were the most prevalent routes of administration of prepared herbs used in the treatment of the fevers. Boiling in water or alcohol was the most common method used in the preparation of the remedies. The four most frequently mentioned (multiple response system) plants in the Southwest ethnobotany for fevers were Azadirachta indica (87.5%). Mangifera indica (75.0%), Morinda lucida (68.8%) and Citrus medica (68.8%).
Effect of acid modification on the material and compaction properties of fonio and sweet potato starches
(Wiley Online Library, 2014-03) Akin-Ajani, O. D.; Itiola, O. A.; Odeku, O. A
Starches obtained from the grains of white fonio (Digitaria exilis) and tubers of sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) have been modified by acid hydrolysis at different steeping times – (0, 24 and 96 h) and the physicochemical, material and compaction properties of the modified starches have been evaluated in comparison with official corn starch. The effect of acid modification on the compaction properties of the starches were evaluated with the aim of determining their usefulness as excipients in direct compression. The results showed that the physicochemical and material properties of the starches varied considerably depending on their botanical source. Acid modification led to an increase in solubility and relative crystallinity but decrease in swelling and viscosity of the starches. The effects were found to depend on the steeping time during acid hydrolysis. The results of the compressional properties indicated that the starches formed intact tablets at relatively low compression pressure with acid modified starches forming tablets with higher tensile strength than the natural starches. The results indicate that the physicochemical and compaction properties of white fonio and sweet potato starches were improved by acidmodification yielding starches that could be suitable as directly compressible excipient.
Effects of pigeon pea and plantain starches on the compressional, mechanical and disintegration properties of paracetamol tablets
(Taylor & Francis Group, 2006-09) Dare, K.; Akin-Ajani, D. O; Odeku, O. A; Odusote, O. M; Itiola, O. A.
A study has been made of the effects of pigeon pea starch obtained from the plant Cajanus cajan (L) Millisp. (family Fabaceae) and plantain starch obtained from the unripe fruit of Musa paradisiaca L. (family Musaceae) on the compressional, mechanical, and disintegration properties of paracetamol tablets in comparison with official corn starch BP. Analysis of compressional properties was done by using density measurements, and the Heckel and Kawakita equations, whereas the mechanical properties of the tablets were evaluated by using tensile strength (T-a measure of bond strength) and brittle fracture index (BFI-a measure of lamination tendency). The ranking for the mean yield pressure, Py, for the formulations containing the different starches was generally corn < pigeon pea < plantain starch while the ranking for Pk, an inverse measure of the amount of plasticity, was pigeon pea < plantain < corn starch, which indicated that formulations containing corn starch generally exhibited the fastest onset of plastic deformation, whereas those formulations containing pigeon pea starch exhibited the highest amount of plastic deformation during tableting. The tensile strength of the tablets increased with increase in concentration of the starches while the Brittle Fracture Index decreased. The ranking for T was pigeon pea > plantain > corn starch while the ranking for BFI was corn > plantain > pigeon pea starch. The bonding capacity of the formulations was in general agreement with the tensile strength results. The disintegration time (DT) of the formulation increased with concentration of plantain and corn starches but decreased with concentration of pigeon pea starch. The general ranking of DT values was plantain < pigeon pea < corn starch. Notably, formulations containing pigeon pea starch exhibited the highest bond strength and lowest brittleness, suggesting the usefulness of pigeon pea starch in producing strong tablets with minimal lamination tendency. Plantain starch, on the other hand, would be more useful where faster disintegration of tablet is desired. The results show that the starches could be useful in various formulations depending on the intended use of the tablets with the implication that the experimental starches can be developed for commercial purposes
Evaluation of the disintegrant properties of native and modified forms of fonio and sweet potato starches
(Wiley Online Library, 2016-10) Akin-Ajani, O. D.; Itiola, O. A.; Odeku, O A
The effects of acid modification on the disintegrant properties of two native starches obtained from Digitaria exilis (white fonio) and Ipomea batatas (sweet potato) were evaluated in comparison with official corn starch in paracetamol tablet formulations. The starches were extracted from grains of white fonio and tubers of sweet potato, and modified by acid hydrolysis using 6% w/w hydrochloric acid for 48 h. The native and modified forms of the starches were employed as exo-disintegrants in paracetamol tablet formulations at concentrations of 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0% w/w. The disintegrant properties were assessed using crushing strength (Cs), friability (Fr), disintegration time (DT), disintegrant efficiency ratio (DER), and the dimensionless quantity DERc. The results showed that crushing strength and friability of the tablets appeared to depend on the type, concentration, and nature of disintegrant used. Disintegration time generally decreased with increase in disintegrant concentration and the values complied with the pharmacopoeial standard for uncoated tablets (_15 min). Tablets containing acid modified starches showed longer disintegration times than those containing the native starches although there were no significant differences (p>0.05) in the values. Acid modification generally increased the disintegration efficiency ratio (DER) of the formulations while the values of DERc indicated that sweet potato starch would be the most efficient disintegrant with greater ability to enhance the balance between the mechanical and disintegration properties of the tablet. Thus, the experimental starches compared well with corn starch as disintegrants and could be useful for commercial tablet formulations.
Evaluation of valuation of toxicity profile of an alkaloidal fraction of the stem bark of picralima nitida (fam. apocynaceae)
(The Haworth Press, Inc., 2004) Fakeye, T. O.; Awe, S. O.; Odelola, H. A.; Ola-Davies, O. E.; Itiola, O. A.; Obajuluwa, T.
Dermal and acute toxicity evaluation of the basic alkaloidal fraction of the stem bark of Picralima nitida, which has been shown to have pronounced activity against causative organisms of dermatomycosis in man, was carried out in animals. Acute intraperitoneal toxicity tests showed a dose-dependent toxicity. There was inflammation and necrosis of liver hepatocytes accompanied by reduction in neutrophilic count and a corresponding increase in lymphocytic count. There was no sign of reddening or irritation when applied into the eye conjunctiva. Dermal tests also showed that the fraction caused no sensitization, inflammation or death in the animal models used.
Nigerian antimalarial ethnomedicine 2: Ethnobotanica surveys of herbal remedies used in the treatment of febrile illnesses in the middle belt of Nigeria
(2002) Ajaiyeoba, E. O.; Osowole, O. S.; Oduola, O .O.; Ashidi, J. S.; Akinboye, D. O.; Gbotosho, G. O.; Falade, C. O.; Ogundahunsi, O. A. T.; Fawole, O. I.; Bolaji, O. M.; Falade, M. O.; Oladepo, O. O.; Itiola, O. A.; Oduola, A. M. J.
An ethnobotanical survey was conducted among residents of Gboko (urban) and Katsina Ala ( rural) local government areas in Benue state located in the middle belt of Nigeria. The Katsina-Ala and Gboko communities belong to the Tiv ethnic group. Documentation of the use of herbs as alternative in the treatment of fevers and identification of potential phytomedicines against malaria was done. Semi-structured questionnaires and focus group discussion guides were used to obtain information on description of febrile illness and utilization of herbal remedies for prevention and treatment. A total of 499 respondents comprising of mothers, fathers, community leaders/elders, herbs sellers and traditional healers were interviewed in the study. In the study, 9 types of febrile illnesses were proffered. The five most common type of febrile illnesses described were malaria (37.3%), yellow (28.8%), typhoid (27.3%), high fever (3.4%) and ordinary fever (0.5%). Perceived causes of febrile illness included mosquito bites, contamination of water and food, among others. Headache, general weakness, yellow coloration of eyes/uririe, elevated body temperature and diarrhoea, were the most common symptoms associated with febrile illnesses outlined by the respondents. Furthermore, malaria (81.5%) and high fever (57%) were reported to be common during the rainy season while typhoid (52%) is common during the dry season. Yellow fever was said to be non-dependent on season. Respondents believed children were more at risk of malaria compared with the other types of febrile illnesses mentioned. The respondents indicated that herbal recipes were effective treatment for Febrile illness. From the 105 recipes compiled, Azadirachto indica, Ficus thonningii, Annona senegalensis and Cymbopogon citratus were the most frequent herbs mentioned. Leaf (60.4%), was the most common part of plants used while boiling (92.5%), was frequently mentioned as method of herbal remedy preparation. The main route of administration of remedies mentioned was oral administration (97.9%). The study confirms the potential contribution of Phytomedicine to management of febrile illnesses, including malaria in the Tiv ethnomedicine.
Preliminary investigation on industrial properties of the olode-falansa pegmatite, southwestern Nigeria
(Bachudo science, 2004) Elueze, A.A.; Itiola, O. A.; Nton, M.E.
In olode-falansa area, which is part of the southwestern basement complex of Nigeria near Ibadan, the major rock types are granite gneiss, quartzite, mediun-grained granite and pegmatite. In particular, the pegmatites which occur as low-lying bodies, with a mineralogy dominated by pinkish-white microcline perthite, quartz, muscovite and plagioclase plus accessory constituents of garnet, beryl and tourmaline have been investigated for their distribution, physical, chemical and mineralogical characteristics in order to evaluate their industrial qualities. Chemical analysis shows variations in the major elements contents of the main minerals. In particular, quarta samples have 64.02 to 97.30% SiO2; 0.86 to 2.60% Ai2O3, 0.05 to 1.02% K2O and 0.13 to 1.29% Fe2O3 while the feldspar samples are61.37 to 67.83% SiO2; 16.85 to 18.40% AI2O; 11.35 to 14.32% K2O and 0.04 to 0.11% Fe2O3 respectively. The total alkalis (Na2O+k2O) indicate k-feldspar composition. The specific gravity for quartz ranges from 2.60-2.63, while that of feldspar is from 2.55-2.58. Water absorption capacity is higher for quartz (25.10-27.10%) than feldspar (4.61-5.80%). Compressive strength of selected pegmatite minerals indidcates values from 133.24 to 223.84MN/m2. The investigation shows that the pegmatites have good potential for industrial uses. They can be used directly as raw materials or after beneficiation. In particular, the quartz and feldspar can find application in the refractory, glass, ceramic and abrasive industries. They can also be found useful in minor construction works especially in homes and offices. Muscovite can be used as thermal and electrical insulators while the beryl can be useful as ornaments. The associated rocks such as gneisses, quartzites and granites can be useful in interior and exterior decorations as well as tiles manufacturing.