Browsing by Author "Iyayi, E. A."

Now showing 1 - 4 of 4

Agro-Industrial by-products and farm wastes for poultry production in Nigeria: challenges and opportunities
(Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Univcrsity of Ibadan, 2011-06) Abu, O. A.; Iyayi, E. A.; Tewe, O. O.
The poultry industry in Nigeria requires up Io ninety per cent of the total commercially produced feeds in Nigeria. Conventionally, maize is the major source of energy in poultry feeds in Nigeria, while soybean, groundnut cake and fish meal are sources of protein. Poultry farmers often use alternative feed ingredients whenever the prices of the conventional feed ingredients increase beyond realization of profit. Agro-industrial by-products (AlBs) are mostly cereal and oil seed processing by-products but when poorly stored agro-industrial by-products often go mouldy necessitating the use of toxin binders. The substituability of cassava for maize is almost unity but for the additional processing effort that is required for cassava. Hatchety wastes (eggshell, culled eggs, poorly formed chicks) and slaughter houses (blood, bones, rumen scrapping, and feathers) are of animal origin potentially available for inclusion in feed. The use of animal by-products for componding feeds is however becoming less acceptable. Crop wastes that have potential for use in poultry feeding are cassava leaves and also leaves from other crops. The leaves can be good sources of leaf protein when harnessed. Exogenous enzymes results in cost reduction and improved animal performance. Whereas several of these by-products are available for inclusion in poultry feeds either as energy or protein alternatives, wide Variation in their nutritional compositions and lower quality compared to the conventional feedstuffs create a Situation of challenge in their use. Nevertheless, their potential can be harnessed by guided inclusion levels, further processing, supplementation with exogenous enzymes or a combination of all three factors. In conclusion, to complementing the use of alternatives feed ingredients, the poultry farmer should also be encouraged to increase the efficiency of production by considering proper manipulation of feed, application of appropriate housing System, the use of feed additives among others.
Changes in the protein and fibre components in cassava and yam peels after solid state fermentation by aspergillus niger and rhizopus sp.
(2002) Iyayi, E. A.; Abu, O. A.; Afolabi, K. D.
Dried, milled cassava and yam peels were inoculated separately with A. niger and Rhizopus sp in solid state. The changes in crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and hemiccllulose were evaluated at 0. 4. 8, and 10 days after moculation. At the end of the 10th day of fermentation with A. niger the crude protein of cassava peel meal (CPM) increased from 3.5% to 7.0% while that inoculated with Rhizopus sp increased to 5.25%. Crude protein of yam peel meal increased from 4.38% to 6.38% 10 days after inoculation with A. niger and to 7.58% with Rhizopus sp. However, the dry matter, crude fibre, NDF, ADF and hemiccllulose of both meals decreased. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the degradation of CF, NDF and hemicellulose of both cassava and yam peel meals. The interaction of treatments and days had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on the level of crude protein, and degradation of CF, NDF and hemiccllulose for cassava peel meal (CPM) and yam peel meal (YPM) on inoculation with the two fungi. The pH value also decreased, with increase in the inoculation period. Simultaneous decrease in the NDF. ADF, hemiccllulose and DM with an increase in percentage crude protein content was attributed to the degradation of CF into carbon compounds (possibly simple sugar monomers) by enzymes produced by the fungi, and the utilization of these carbon compounds to build mycelial protein in the substrates. Titus the value of cassava and yam peels which are waste products of yam and cassava processing can be enhanced for livestock feeding through fungal fermentation in solid slate.
Effect of three sources of fibre and period of feeding on the performance, carcass measures, organ relative weight and meat quality in broilers
(Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2005) Iyayi, E. A.; Ogunsola, O.; Ijaya, R.
One hundred and fifty male broilers were used in a 3 x 3 factorial design to evaluate the effect of 3 periods (4, 8 and 12 weeks) and 3 fibre sources namely; brewer’s dried grain (BDG), palm kernel meal (PKM) and corn bran (CB) in place of maize on the performance, carcase measures and meat quality in the birds. A sensory evaluation to determine the overall acceptability of the meat was also carried out. Four diets were formulated consisting of a basal diet containing none of the test fibre ingredients. In the remaining 3 diets, either of BDG, CB or PKM was used to replace 40% of the maize. A separate balance study was also carried out to determine the digestibility of nutrients in the birds. BDG, CB and PKM significantly (p<0.01) reduced the weight and feed conversion in the birds but period of feeding resulted in increased body weights of the birds. BDG, CB and PKM significantly (p<0.01) reduced the eviscerated weights and the weights of carcase parts but period significantly (p<0.01) increased them. Dietary treatment, period and their interaction significantly (p<0.01) reduced the abdominal fat in the birds and caused a significant (p<0.05) increase in the lengths of the duodenum, ileum, caecum and colon as well as the weight of the intestines. Digestibility of nutrients was significantly (p<0.1) reduced in birds on the fibre diets. The shear force values in carcase parts were significantly increased in the BDG, CB and PKM diets while the cooking loss was significantly (p<0.05) reduced in these diets. Period and interaction with dietary treatment also caused a significant (p<0.01) reduction in cooking loss. Tenderness, flavour and juiciness were significantly (p<0.01) influenced by period and not treatment but overall acceptability of the meat was significantly (p<0.05) increased by both factors. Results of the study suggest 1) 40% BDG, CB and PKM replacement of maize has a negative effect on the weight gain and feed conversion of broilers, 2) 40 % level of BDG, CB and PKM caused an increase in the weights and lengths of the visceral organs and reduced carcase weight in broilers, 3) production of broilers up 10-12 weeks on 40% BDG, CB or PKM diet resulted in creased flavour, juiciness, higher shear force, reduced tenderness, reduced cooking loss but increased general acceptability of broiler meat.
Growth haematology and organ histopathology in broilers fed raw and processed velvet bean-based diets
(2006-10) Iyayi, E. A.; Ososanya, T. O.; Taiwo, V. O.; Adeniji, O. A.
Velvet beans (Mucuna pruriens) is currently being promoted as food for man and feed for animals in Nigeria. Its potential and implication as alternative plant protein was studied with one hundred and eight l-d-old Anak broiler chicks. Raw and heated Mucuna bean meals (RMBM & HMBM respectively) were used to replace soybean meal (SBM) and to assess the effect on performance, hislopathological changes and haematology in broiler starters and finishers. Three diets were formulated. Diet I was the basal diet and contained 120g kg-1 SBM while diets 2 and 3 contained 120 g kg 1 HMBM and RMBM respectively in place of SBM. Each diet had 3 groups of 12 birds each. Feed intake, FCR and weight gain in birds on the RMBM and HMBM diets were significantly (p < 0.05) depressed compared to birds on the SBM diet at the starter phase but not at the finisher phase for the HMBM diet but on both phases forr the RMBM diet. The packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell count (RBC) and while blood cells (WBC) were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in the RMBM diets compared to the other 2 diets. Histopathological results showed that birds on the RMBM diet showed severe and widespread vacuolar degeneration and necrosis of the hepatocytes interstitial congestion, tubular degenerations and necrosis in the kidneys. The hearts in birds on the RMBM diet had degeneration and fragmentation of their myofibrils and lymphoid depopulation in the spleen. These results suggest the possibility if utilising Mucuna bean meal to replace soybean meal in broiler feeding at both starter and finisher phases only when subjected to heat treatment. Thus, in spite of its present promotion as food for man and feed for animals in the country, the bean should be subjected to appropriate processing to overcome its depressive effects on feed intake, growth and degenerative syndromes in organs.