Browsing by Author "Japhet, M. O."

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Hepatitis B Core IgM antibody (anti-HBcIgM) among Hepatitis B Surface antigen (HBsAg) negative blood donors in Nigeria
(Springer Nature, 2011) Japhet, M. O.; Adesina, O. A.; Donbraye, E.; Adewumi, M. O.
Background: Transfusion associated Hepatitis B virus (TAHBV) continues to be a major problem despite mandatory screening for Hepatitis B surface Antigen (HBsAg). Presence of HBsAg is the common method for detecting hepatitis B infection. Unfortunately, this marker is not detected during the window period of the infection. Nigeria being a developing country cannot afford DNA testing of all collected units of blood which serve as the only possibility of achieving zero risk of transfusion associated HBV. Five different serological makers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection were therefore assessed to evaluate the reliability of using HBsAg marker alone in diagnosis of HBV infection among blood donors and to detect the serological evidence of the infection at the window period. This will preclude the possibility of transmitting hepatitis B through transfusion of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) negative blood in Nigeria. Methods: Between July and August 2009, 92 blood donors were enrolled for the study. The prevalence of 5 different markers of Hepatitis B virus infection was detected using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Demographic factors were assessed during the study.Results: HBsAg and its antibody (anti-HBs) was detected in 18 (19.6%) and 14(15.2%) of the 92 blood donors respectively. Anti-HBc IgM was found in 12(13.0%) of the 92 blood donors while Hepatitis B envelope antigen (HBeAg) and its antibody (anti-HBe) were detected in 4(8.9%) and 12(26.7%) respectively from 45 donors sampled. HBeAg is a marker of high infectivity and appears after HBsAg. At least one serological marker was detected in 30(32.6%) of the blood donors. Five (5.4%) of the 92 donors had anti-HBc IgM as the only serological evidence of hepatitis B virus infection. Conclusions: The result of this study shows that five donors have anti-HBcIgM as the only serological evidence of HBV infection. Inclusion of anti-HBcIgM in routine screening of blood donors in Nigeria should be encouraged. This is the first study to assess anti-HBcIgM in the country.
Hepatitis B virus infection in low and middle – income Countries: combined serological markers for efficient diagnosis
(Nigerian Society for Microbiology, 2020) Japhet, M. O.; Adesina, O. O.; Olateru-Olugbegi, O.; Adewumi, M. O.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global problem with Asia and sub-Saharan Africa mostly affected. Unfortunately, residual risk of transfusion associated HBV (TAHBV) is greater in low- and middle-income countries where virus prevalence is higher and implementation of Nucleic Acid Testing (NAT) and/or anti-HBc testing remain high-priced due to cost and loss of donors/blood products. There is therefore the need for cheaper and practical alternatives to reducing TAHBV. For this study, blood samples were collected from 273 consenting blood donors, aged 18-60 years. Five HBV serological markers: HBV surface and envelope antigens (HBsAg, HBeAg), and HBV core, surface and envelope antibodies (anti-HBc,anti-HBs, HBeAb) were detected using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assays. A high anti-HBs prevalence of 37.7% was detected among the donors while HBsAg prevalence was 5.1%, a rate lower than 8% value for high endemic regions to which Nigeria is classified. Among the donors HBcIgM prevalence was 4.8% (13/273), with twelve donors (4.4%; 12/13) having anti-HBc IgM as the only detectable marker of HBV infection. Anti-HBs presence of 200 mIU/mL or more has been reported safe as a transfusion component in anti-HBc-positive blood. A high anti-HBs observed among blood donors in this study could be explored in routine HBV screening of anti-HBc-positive blood donors. Including anti-HBs screening and anti-HBc IgM found as the only HBV infection marker in 12 (4.4%) donors could reduce TAHBV in Nigeria where HBV NAT screening is not affordable and discarding anti-HBc IgG-positive blood not feasible because blood transfusion is critical to treatment of diverse pathologies.
High Prevalence of Anti-HCV Antibodies Among Pregnant Women in Southwestern Nigeria
(IISTE, 2017) Japhet, M. O.; Donbraye, E.; Adesina, O. A.; Adewumi, M. O.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the most common cause of cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and liver transplantation. While universal screening for other blood-borne viruses (BBVs) such as HIV and HBV among pregnant women is recommended in Nigeria, no such recommendation exist for HCV in the country. Despite recently developed direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) to cure HCV at high rates and at very high cost, the absence of an HCV vaccine or approved therapy during pregnancy makes prevention of vertical transmission impossible at the moment. Using a commercially available enzyme linked immunoassay technique, prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) was determined among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Southwestern Nigeria. Of the 273 serum samples obtained from the pregnant women 9.5% was positive for anti-HCV antibody. There were differences in anti-HCV prevalence by age and locality. Results of the study confirm endemicity of HCV among pregnant women in the country, consequently, we advocate free screening, among other essential measures for HCV intervention in Nigeria.
High prevalence of HIV p24 antigen among HIV antibody negative prospective blood donors in Ile Ife, Nigeria
(Taylor & Francis, 2016) Japhet, M. O.; Adewumi, M. O.; Adesina, O. A.; Donbraye, E.
Blood transfusion service centers in Nigeria screen donated blood for markers of HIV infection using antibody- (Ab) based rapid test and in some centers, positives are re-tested using Ab-based ELISA. Paucity of data exists on p24 antigen prevalence among HIV Ab-negative donors in Nigeria. This study aims at detecting HIV p24 antigen among prospective blood donors in Osun State, Nigeria. Prospective blood donors negative for HIV antibodies using Determine test kit were re-tested using BIORAD GENSCREEN Ultra Ag-Ab ELISA kit, a fourth-generation ELISA kit that detects HIV antibodies/p24 antigen. Of the 169 HIV Abnegative prospective donors, 10 (5.9%) were positive for HIV antigen and 70% (7/10) of them were in the age range 18–30 years. Results of this study show that blood transfusion is still one of the major routes of HIV transmission in Nigeria and a higher proportion is among youth. Inclusion of p24 antigen testing into the blood donor screening will help reduce transfusion associated HIV in Nigeria if Nucleic Acid Testing (NAT) of all blood donor samples is not affordable; also, HIV enlightenment programs tailored toward youth may help reduce this rate among donors since more young people donate blood in low/middle income countries than in high-income countries.
Non-polio enteroviruses in faeces of children diagnosed with acute flaccid paralysis in Nigeria
(Springer Nature, 2017) Faleye, T. O. C.; Adewumi, M. O.; Japhet, M. O.; David, O. M.; Oluyege, A. O.; Adeniji, J. A.; Famurewa, O.
The need to investigate the contribution of non-polio enteroviruses to acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cannot be over emphasized as we move towards a poliovirus free world. Hence, we aim to identify non-polio enteroviruses recovered from the faeces of children diagnosed with AFP in Nigeria.Ninety-six isolates, (95 unidentified and one previously confirmed Sabin poliovirus 3) recovered on RDcell culture from the stool of children <15 years old diagnosed with AFP in 2014 were analyzed. All isolates were subjected to RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis and three different PCR reactions (one panenterovirus 5′-UTR and two different VP1 amplification assays). VP1 amplicons were then sequenced and isolates identified. Results: 92.71% (89/96) of the isolates were detected by at least one of the three assays as an enterovirus. Precisely, 79.17% (76/96), 6.25% (6/96), 7.30% (7/96) and 7.30% (7/96) of the isolates were positive for both, positive and negative, negative and positive, as well as negative for both the 5′-UTR and VP1 assays, respectively. In this study, sixty-nine (69) of the 83 VP1 amplicons sequenced were identified as 27 different enterovirus types. The most commonly detected were CV-B3 (10 isolates) and EV-B75 (5 isolates). Specifically, one, twenty-four and two of the enterovirus types identified in this study belong to EV-A, EV-B and EV-C respectively. This study reports the circulating strains of 27 non-polio enterovirus types in Nigerian children with AFP in 2014 and Nigerian strains of CV-B2, CV-B4, E17, EV-B80, EV-B73, EV-B97, EV-B93, EV-C99 and EV-A120 were reported for the first time. Furthermore, it shows that being positive for the 5′-UTR assay should not be the basis for subjecting isolates to the VP1 assays.