Browsing by Author "Nyong, E. E."

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Antifungal evaluation of formulated ointment from sphenocentrum jollyanum root extract
(Natural Product Research group, University of Benin, 2020) Ajayi, T. O.; Nyong, E. E.; Odeniyi, M. A.; Moody, J. O.
In the light of high cost and frequent reoccurrence of current antifungal drugs, there is a need to explore the natural product resources in managing fungal infection, candidiasis, in which Candida albicans is the causative agent. This study is aimed at evaluating the in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of Sphenocentrum jollyanum in view of the folkloric use in dressing chronic wounds. The ethylacetate fraction of 70% w/v methanol extract of S. jollyanum root (SJRME) was assessed for in vitro anticandidal activity using agar dilution method. Five groups of Candida albicans infected albino rats were treated with graded concentrations of ethylacetate fraction formulated ointment (50 - 200 mg/mL), with tioconazole cream 1% and normal saline as controls. Skin swabs were taken on days 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 and placed on tryptone soya broth for three days. Serial dilution of the skin swabs was carried out and fungal loads determined using colony counter. The physical properties of the ointment formulated were evaluated. The ethylacetate fraction of SJRME was found to be active at tested concentrations against Candida albicans with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 12.5 mg/mL. Significant activity was also observed against other species of Candida and plant fungi. The formulated ointment had moderate viscosity, smooth texture, bland odour and bright yellow color. Treatment groups showed a significant reduction in fungal loads of skin swabs and ethylacetate fraction of SJRME possess antifungal activity and may therefore be potent templates in antifungal drug development.
Safety of artemisinin-based combination therapies in Nigeria: a cohort event monitoring study
(Springer, 2013) Bassi, P. U.; Osakwe, A. I.; Isah, A.; Suku, C.; Kalat, M.; Jalo, I.; Wammanda, R. D.; Ugochukwu, C.; Adesina, O.; Nyong, E. E.; Osungwu, F.; Pal, S.; Nwoasu, S. C.; Wallberg, M.; Coulter, D.
Background: A pilot programme of Cohort Event Monitoring (CEM) was conducted across the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria on patients treated for uncomplicated malaria with artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT). The emergence and spread of malaria parasites resistant to commonly available antimalarial drugs necessitated a shift in policy for malaria treatment by the Federal Government from the use of chloroquine and sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) as first-line treatments to ACTs. Initial reports following deployment of ACTs in clinical settings raised safety concerns regarding their use. Although artemisinin and its derivatives are generally thought to be safe, there are currently few or no data on their safety among populations in Nigeria. Objectives: The main objectives of the CEM programme were to proactively determine the adverse event (AE) profile of artesunate/amodiaquine (AA) and artemether/ lumefantrine (AL) in real-life settings and to find out the factors predisposing to AEs. Methods: The CEM study was observational, longitudinal, prospective, and inceptional. Patients were observed in real-life situations. It was conducted in six public health facilities in Nigeria on patients with a clinical diagnosis of uncomplicated malaria treated with ACTs. Patients were prescribed one of the ACTs on an alternate basis as they enrolled into the programme. Follow-up reviews were undertaken on days 3 and 7 following commencement of ACT treatment. At follow-up, patients were evaluated for any clinical event that they might have experienced following the use of the ACTs. We report the result of this initial pilot in which 3,010 patients treated for uncomplicated malaria with AA or AL were enrolled. Results: The seven most common AEs seen were general body weakness 25.0/36.6 % (AL/AA); dizziness 11.9/17.2 % (AL/AA); vomiting 8.0/10.2 % (AL/AA); abdominal pain 8.5/7.2 % (AL/AA); insomnia 6.3/5.9 % (AL/AA); body pains 3.4/5.2 (AL/AA) %; anorexia 8.5/4.6 % (AL/AA). Most adverse events occurred from day 1 and peaked by day 2 and 3 of medication with the mean duration of events being 3 days. By the end of the followup visit on day 7, the AEs had resolved in the majority of patients. Adverse events were more common in the AA group than AL revealing a better safety profile for AL (p< 0.001). Both ACTs demonstrated good ability to resolve the clinical symptoms of uncomplicated malaria. Conclusion: In conclusion, this pilot CEM programme suggests that adverse events with ACTs were common. However, serious life-threatening events were not common. It appears that ACTs have a tolerable safety profile among Nigerians.
Two New phytoecdysteroids from sphenocentrum jollyanum pierre root
(Elsevier Inc., 2019) Ajayi, T. O.; Srivedavyasasri, R.; Nyong, E. E.; Odeniyi, M. A.; Moody, J. O.; Ross, S. A.
The crude methanol extract of Sphenocentrum jollyanum root exhibited 98% and 80% antimicrobial activity against Aspergillus fumigatus Pinh and Vancomycin resistant enterococcus (VRE) at a concentration of 200 μg/mL, with ICso 11.45 and 12.95 μg/mL, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction of methanol extract showed in-vitro antimicrobial activity against A. fumigatus Pinh at 83% with ICso of <8 μg/mL. The phytochemical investigation of ethyl acetate fraction yielded six compounds, which were identified by their NMR, IR and MS spectral analyses as two new phytoecdysteroidal glycosides Sphenocentroside A (1), and NUSART Sphenocentroside B (2), and four known phytoecdysteroids: polypodoaurein (3), polypodine B (4), ecdysterone (5), and 20, 26-dihydroxyecdysone (6).