Browsing by Author "Odeku, O. A."

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Application of the Gurnham equation in characterizing the compressibility of fonio and sweet potato starches and their paracetamol tablet formulations
(Nigeria Association of Pharmacists in Academia, 2018-02) Akin-Ajani, O. D.; Itiola, O. A.; Odeku, O. A.
Background: A number of empirical relationships have been proposed to describe the compaction of pharmaceutical materials, among them are the Heckel, Kawakita and Gurnham equations. Objective: To characterize the compressibility of fonio, sweet potato and corn starches and their paracetamol formulations using the Gurnham and Kawakita equations, and to determine the complementarity of these equations. Materials and Methods: Starches were extracted from fonio (Digitaria exilis) grains and sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) tubers and modified by acid hydrolysis for 96 h. Paracetamol formulations containing 2.5–10.0 %w/w starch binders were prepared by wet granulation. Packing and compaction properties of native and modified starches and their formulations were determined using tapping procedures. The data obtained was analyzed using the Gurnham and Kawakita equations. Results: The ranking for Gurnham compressibility, c, for the starches was sweet potatocornfonio, which was inversely related to the ranking for Kawakita maximum volume reduction, a and angle of internal flow, θ. There was no clear-cut pattern in the Gurnham compressibility of paracetamol formulation probably due to its multicomponent nature. There was correlation between c, a and θ for all the starches with the modified starches exhibiting higher compressibility than native starches. There appeared to be no correlation between c and Kawakita compressibility index, b. Conclusion: The Gurnham equation appeared useful in characterising compressibility in single component systems and could be used along with Kawakita functions, to gain a better understanding of the deformation of powdered materials under pressure.
Comparative evaluation of starches obtained from dioscore species as intragranular tablet disintegrant
(Editions de Sante, 2008) Okunlola, A.; Odeku, O. A.
Starches from four Dioscorea species namely Dioscorea dumetorum (bitter yam), D. oppositifolia (Chinese yam), D. alata (water yam) and D. rotundata (white yam) have been evaluated as disintegrants in chloroquine phosphate tablet formulations in comparison with official corn starch. The mechanical and drug release properties of the tablets were assessed. The results showed that the ranking of the effectiveness of the starches as intragranular disintegrant was water > white > corn > Chinese> bitter. The disintegrant concentration had significant (p < 0.001) effects on the disintegrant efficiency. The four experimental starches compared favorably and in some cases showed better efficiency as intragranular disintegrant than corn starch and could be further developed for use in commercial tablet formulation.
Comparative Evaluation of the Disintegrant Properties of Starches from Three Cultivars of Dioscorea rotundata (Poir)
(University of Huddersfield Press, 2022) Akin-Ajani, O. D.; Agbomeji, O. I.; Odeku, O. A.; Ahmadu, U.
Dioscorea rotundata Poir starches from three cultivars (Lagos, Giwa, and Sule) were evaluated as exo-disintegrants (5 and 10%w/w) in paracetamol tablet formulations to determine whether the similarity in their physicochemical and material properties translates to performance in tablet formulation. The tablets were prepared by wet granulation and were evaluated for compressional properties (Heckel equation), mechanical strength (crushing strength and friability), and drug release (disintegration and dissolution times). Plastic deformation occurred in all tablets with rank order for the onset of plastic deformation Lagos>Giwa>Sule. An increase in the concentration of disintegrants in the tablets led to a decrease in mean yield pressure, total relative precompression density, and relative density at low pressure, but an increase in relative density at zero pressure. The crushing strength and disintegration times of the tablets were dependent on the disintegrants' concentration. All tablets passed the disintegration test (≤15min) with tablets containing the Sule cultivar producing the fastest disintegration (p<0.05). Tablets containing 10% of the Sule cultivar had the fastest release of paracetamol (t80=32.1min), though it failed the compendial standard for immediate release tablets (t80≤30min). Starches from the three cultivars despite their similar physicochemical and material properties exhibited different disintegrant properties and could find different applications as excipients in tablet formulations.
Design of cissus–alginate microbeads revealing mucoprotection properties in anti-inflammatory therapy
(Elsevier B.V., 2015) Okunlola, A.; Odeku, O. A.; Lamprech, A.; Oyagbemi, A. A.; Oridupa, O. A.; Aina, O. O.
Cissus gum has been employed as polymer with sodium alginate in the formulation of diclofenac microbeads and the in vivo mucoprotective properties of the polymer in anti-inflammatory therapy assessed in rats with carrageenan-induced paw edema in comparison to diclofenac powder and commercial diclofenac tablet. A full 23 factorial experimental design has been used to investigate the influence of concentration of cissus gum (X1); concentration of calcium acetate (X2) and stirring speed (X3) on properties of the microbeads. Optimized small discrete microbeads with size of 1.22 ± 0.10 mm, entrapment efficiency of 84.6% and t80 of 15.2 ± 3.5 h were obtained at ratio of cissus gum:alginate (1:1), low concentration of calcium acetate (5% w/v) and high stirring speed (400 rpm). In vivo studies showed that the ranking of percent inhibition of inflammation after 3 h was diclofenac powder > commercial tablet = cissus > alginate. Histological damage score and parietal cell density were lower while crypt depthand mucosal width were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the groups administered with the diclofenac microbeads than those administered with diclofenac powder and commercial tablet, suggesting the mucoprotective property of the gum. Thus, cissus gum could be suitable as polymer in the formulation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ensuring sustained release while reducing gastric side effects.
Effects of water yam and corn starches on the interacting variables influencing the disintegration of chloroquine phosphate tablets
(Medwell Journals, 2010) Okunlola, A.; Odeku, O. A.
The individual and interaction effects of nature (X) and concentration (Y) of disintegrant and the relative density (Z) on the mechanical and release properties of chlor-oquine phosphate tablets were studied using a 23 factorial experiment design. Water yam starch (low level) and corn starch (high level) were used as disintegrants at concentrations of 5.0 and 20.0% w/w .The mechanical properties were assessed using the Crushing Strength (CS) and Friability (F) and the release properties by the Disintegration Time (DT) and dissolution time (t80). Increasing the concentration of disintegrants and the relative density of tablets resulted in increase in CS but decrease in F, DT and t80. The ranking of the individual coefficient values was Z>X>Y for CS, Z>X>Y for F and DT and Y>X>Z for t80, while that for the interaction coefficient was X-Z>Y-Z>X-Y for CS, Y-Z>X-Z>X-Y for F, Y-Z>X-Y>X-Z for DT and t80. Changing the disintegrant from corn starch to water yam starch resulted in decrease in CS, DT and t80 but increase in F. The results show considerable interaction between the variables employed and suggest that water yam could be an alternative disintegrant to corn starch particularly where with faster disintegration and release are required.
Evaluation of freeze-dried pregelatinized Chinese yam (Dioscorea oppositifolia) starch as a polymer in floating gastroretenive metformin microbeads.
(2010) Okunlola, A.; Patel, R. P.; Odeku, O. A.
Pregelatinized Chinese yam (Dioscorea oppositifolia) starch has been evaluated as a polymer for the formulation of floating gastroretentive beads for the controlled delivery of metformin hydrochloride. Floating microbeads were prepared by the ionotropic gelation method using a blend of modified Chinese yam starch and sodium alginate at different ratios. Sodium bicarbonate was added as a gas-generating agent. The floating microbeads were characterized by SEM, DSC, FTIR analyses and the drug entrapment efficiency and floating ability was evaluated. Drug release was investigated using in vitro dissolution test and the results were fitted to various kinetic models to determine the mechanism(s) of release. Spherical, discrete and free flowing microbeads were obtained from the modified starch-alginate blends. Minimum lag time (< 20 s) was observed for the floating microbeads containing starch and buoyancy was maintained for 12 h. The release of MET from the floating microbeads appeared to be controlled by varying the starch to alginate polymer ratio. In general, the formulations followed diffusion and erosion mechanisms of drug release. The results suggest that modified Chinese yam starch-sodium alginate blend can be useful for the formulation of floating gastroretentive system for metformin hydrochloride
Evaluation of pharmaceutical and microbial qualities of some herbal medicinal products in South Western Nigeria
(Pharmacotherapy group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, 2007-03) Okunlola, A.; Adewoyin, B. A; Odeku, O. A.
Purpose: The aim of the present study was to investigate the pharmaceutical and microbial qualities of 21 different (of various dosage forms) Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPs) sourced from some traditional medicine sales outlets and retail pharmacy outlets in south western Nigeria. Method: The pharmaceutical qualities evaluated include tablet crushing strength, friability, disintegration time; density of the solutions and suspensions; particle size and angle of repose of the powders. Phytochemical tests were carried out to assess the class of compounds present in the formulations and the microbial quality of the products was also evaluated. Results: The results show that twelve (57.1 %) of the products had their manufacturing and expiry dates stated, nine (42.9%) products have been registered by NAFDAC and ten (47.6%) did not have their content stated but had their therapeutic claims indicated on the container. The tablet formulation (Product A) showed acceptable crushing strength and friability but failed the test for disintegration time. The angle of repose of the powder dosage forms were considerably high showing that the powders were highly cohesive and not free flowing. The microbial load of the products varied considerably. Ten (47.6%) of the samples were contaminated by E. coli, seven (33%) were contaminated by Salmonella, fifteen (71.4%) were contaminated by Staphylococcus aureus and twelve (57.1%) were contaminated by fungi. Conclusion: There is need for constant monitoring and control of the standards of herbal medicines available in the Nigerian market.
Evaluation of starches obtained from four dioscorea species as binding agent in chloroquine phosphate tablet formulations
(Elsevier, 2011-01) Okunlola, A.; Odeku, O. A.
Starches obtained from four Dioscorea species namely Dioscorea dumetorum (Bitter), Dioscorea oppositifolia (Chinese), Dioscorea alata (Water), and Dioscorea rotundata (White) have been evaluated as binding agents in chloroquine phosphate tablet formulations in comparison with official corn starch. The compressional properties of the formulations were analyzed using density measurements and the Heckel and Kawakita equations. The mechanical properties of the tablets were assessed using tensile strength, brittle fracture index (BFI), and friability tests while the drug release properties of the tablets were assessed using disintegration and dissolution times. The results indicate that the four starches vary considerably in their physicochemical properties. The ranking for the tensile strength and the disintegration and dissolution times for the formulations was Chinese> Bitter > Corn> White > Water while the ranking was reversed for BFI and friability. The results suggest that Water, White, and Corn could be useful when faster disintegration time of tablets is desired while Chinese and Bitter could be more useful when bond strength is of concern and in minimizing the problems of lamination and capping in tablet formulation
Evaluation of the mechanical and release properties of lactose and microcrystalline cellulose and their binary mixtures as directly compressible excipients in paracetamol tablets
(International Pharmaceutical Excipients Council (IPEC), 2020-06) Akin-Ajani, O. D.; Odeku, O. A.; Olumakinde-Oni, O
Binary mixtures of microcrystalline cellulose MCC (A), and lactose (L) in ratios at 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75% respectively were prepared. The binary mixtures were subjected to microscopical analysis and density measurements. The mechanical properties of paracetamol tablets formulated with the above excipients were assessed for tensile strength, bonding capacity (using the Ryshkewitch-Duckworth relation) and friability, while drug release properties were assessed for disintegration and dissolution times. The dissolution profiles were fitted into dissolution model equations to determine release mechanism and similarity of release. Microscopic analysis showed that the lactose particles were large, crystalline, and acicular in shape whereas the MCC particles were smaller and irregularly shaped. The binary mixtures had particle shape and sizes in between the parent compounds. The particle size of A25:L75 however, was larger than that of the proprietary brand, Microcelac®. Bulk and tapped densities increased with increasing amounts of MCC in the binary mixtures while particle density had an inverse relationship. Tablets containing A75:L25 had the highest tensile strength and bonding capacity and lowest friability in comparison to other binary mixtures and Microcelac®. However, tablets containing A75:L25 did not show superiority to Microcelac® in terms of paracetamol release. Its release, however, followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas model indicating a super case II transport mechanism. Only comparisons of tablet combinations of Lactose: A25:L75 and MCC: A50:L50 had a similarity factor, f2 >50. Tablets made of A75:L25 exhibited the highest mechanical and release properties of the binary mixtures, as directly compressible excipient in comparison to the parent compounds and Microcelac®. This mixture, A75:L25 therefore, could be developed for commercial use in tablet formulations.
Formulation and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Isopropyl Hand Sanitizer using Co-processed Excipients
(African Journals OnLine, 2020-02) Akin-Ajani, O. D.; Odeku, O. A.; Olumakinde-Oni, O
Background: In response to the Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa in the year 2014, which caused the Ebola haemorrhagic fever, the WHO alcohol-based hand rub formulation was adopted in addition to regular hand washing to prevent the spread. However, other formulation factors rather than alcohol concentration alone can greatly influence the overall antimicrobial efficacy of hand disinfectants. Objective: To formulate an antimicrobial hand sanitizer using co-processed carriers. Methodology: Carbopol (F), HPMC (G) and co-processed forms of both polymers in batches- 1:1(A), 1:2(B), 1:4(C), 2:1(D) and 4:1(E) respectively were used. The polymers were characterized, and used as carriers in formulating hand sanitizers (A to G). The formulated hand sanitizers were evaluated for physical appearance, pH, clarity, viscosity, drying time and antimicrobial activity, in comparison to a commercially available hand sanitizer (CAHS). Results: Co-processing significantly (p0.05) improved both hydration capacity of carbopol and viscosity of HPMC. The physical appearance, pH and opacity were maintained throughout the study. All the formulations showed dilatant rheological behaviour while the CAHS exhibited plastic flow. The drying times for the formulated hand sanitizers were comparable to CAHS but longer than isopropyl alcohol implying prolonged action at application site. The antimicrobial activity of the formulations was of the rank order isopropyl alcohol>B>F>CAHS>D>E>C>G>A. Conclusion: Co-processing of excipients improved the pharmaceutical properties of the hand sanitizers with antimicrobial activity that was comparable to CAHS but lower than isopropyl alcohol. The hand sanitizer formulated with polymer batch B, demonstrated optimum antimicrobial and pharmaceutical properties and may be developed for commercial use.
Formulation of metronidazole tablets using hydroxypropylated white yam (dioscorea rotundata) starch as the binding agent
(IPEC-Americas Inc, 2017) Okunlola, A.; Alade, O. O.; Odeku, O. A.
White yam starch obtained from the tubers of Dioscorea rotundata Poir was modified by hydroxypropylation and used as a binding agent in a metronidazole tablet formulation and compared with corn starch BP. The quantitative effects of the novel starch binder on the mechanical (tensile strength and friability) and release properties (disintegration and dissolution times) of the metronidazole tablet was analyzed using a full 23 factorial experimental design. The individual and interaction effects of type of starch binder (X1), concentration of binder (X2) and relative density (X3) on tensile strength, friability, disintegration time and dissolution time (t90) were determined. The ranking of the coefficients was X3 > X2 > X1 on T, X1 > X3 > X2 on F and X3 > X1 > X2 on DT and t90 (time for 90% drug release) indicating that the formulation variables influence the properties of metronidazole tablets to varying degrees. This indicates that the type and concentration of starch binder as well as the compression pressure employed in table formulation need to be carefully selected to obtain tablets with the desired mechanical and drug release properties. Hydroxypropyl white yam starch could be more useful as a binder especially when tablets require high mechanical strength and faster drug release are desired.
Gastrointestinal Bioadhesive Drug Delivery Systems and their Applications
(Scrivener Publishing LLC, MA, USA, 2020) Akin-Ajani, O. D.; Odeku, O. A.
There are many routes of drug delivery but the gastrointestinal route is the oldest and most used due to ease of administration and patient compliance. However, this route has shortcomings such as hepatic first-pass metabolism and enzymatic degradation in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), which is a hindrance to the absorption of most groups of drugs. The mucosa of the GIT can be optimized for drug delivery by the use of adhesive dosage forms since the mucosa has a rich blood supply and it is relatively permeable. In the design of drug delivery systems, bioadhesion infers attachment of a drug carrier system to a specific epithelial tissue. A bioadhesive drug delivery system prolongs the retention time of the dosage form at the site of absorption, facilitates intimate contact of the dosage form with the absorption surface, and leads to better therapeutic outcomes of the drug. This chapter is on gastrointestinal drug delivery systems and their applications.
Gastrointestinal Bioadhesive Drug Delivery Systems and their Applications
(Scrivener Publishing LLC, MA, USA., 2020) Akin-Ajani, O. D.; Odeku, O. A.
There are many routes of drug delivery but the gastrointestinal route is the oldest and most used due to ease of administration and patient compliance. However, this route has shortcomings such as hepatic first-pass metabolism and enzymatic degradation in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), which is a hindrance to the absorption of most groups of drugs. The mucosa of the GIT can be optimized for drug delivery by the use of adhesive dosage forms since the mucosa has a rich blood supply and it is relatively permeable. In the design of drug delivery systems, bioadhesion infers attachment of a drug carrier system to a specific epithelial tissue. A bioadhesive drug delivery system prolongs the retention time of the dosage form at the site of absorption, facilitates intimate contact of the dosage form with the absorption surface, and leads to better therapeutic outcomes of the drug. This chapter is on gastrointestinal drug delivery systems and their applications.
Generic versus innovator: Analysis of the pharmaceutical qualities of paracetamol and ibuprofen tablets in the Nigerian market
(2009) Okunlola, A.; Adegoke, O. A.; Odeku, O. A.
The physicochemical equivalence of twenty-two brands of paracetamol and nine brands of ibuprofen tablets sourced from retail Pharmacy outlets in the Nigerian market to their respective innovator brands were investigated. The uniformity of weight, friability, crushing strength, disintegration and dissolution times and assay of active paracetamol ingredient were used as assessment parameters. All the brands of paracetamol and ibuprofen tablets complied with the official specifications for uniformity of weight. However, five brands of paracetamol failed the friability test, one brand of paracetamol and two brands of ibuprofen failed the disintegration test and three brands of paracetamol and four brands of ibuprofen failed the assay of active ingredients. The study shows that not all the brands of paracetamol and ibuprofen tablets are physico-chemically equivalent to their innovator brands. There is therefore the need for constant market surveillance to ascertain their compliance with official standards and equivalence to the innovator products.
Herbs and plants used for the management and treatment of hepatitis infections
(Scrivener Publishing LLC, 2022) Ogbole, O. O; Ajayi, T. A.; Odeku, O. A.
Intra and Extra-granular Disintegrant Properties of Modified Underutilised Red Lima Bean Starch in Paracetamol Tablet
(International Pharmaceutical Excipients Council (IPEC), 2020-06) Akin-Ajani, O. D.; Odeku, O. A.; Olumakinde-Oni, O
Binary mixtures of microcrystalline cellulose MCC (A), and lactose (L) in ratios at 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75% respectively were prepared. The binary mixtures were subjected to microscopical analysis and density measurements. The mechanical properties of paracetamol tablets formulated with the above excipients were assessed for tensile strength, bonding capacity (using the Ryshkewitch-Duckworth relation) and friability, while drug release properties were assessed for disintegration and dissolution times. The dissolution profiles were fitted into dissolution model equations to determine release mechanism and similarity of release. Microscopic analysis showed that the lactose particles were large, crystalline, and acicular in shape whereas the MCC particles were smaller and irregularly shaped. The binary mixtures had particle shape and sizes in between the parent compounds. The particle size of A25:L75 however, was larger than that of the proprietary brand, Microcelac®. Bulk and tapped densities increased with increasing amounts of MCC in the binary mixtures while particle density had an inverse relationship. Tablets containing A75:L25 had the highest tensile strength and bonding capacity and lowest friability in comparison to other binary mixtures and Microcelac®. However, tablets containing A75:L25 did not show superiority to Microcelac® in terms of paracetamol release. Its release, however, followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas model indicating a super case II transport mechanism. Only comparisons of tablet combinations of Lactose: A25:L75 and MCC: A50:L50 had a similarity factor, f2 >50. Tablets made of A75:L25 exhibited the highest mechanical and release properties of the binary mixtures, as directly compressible excipient in comparison to the parent compounds and Microcelac®. This mixture, A75:L25 therefore, could be developed for commercial use in tablet formulations.
Intra and Extra-granular Disintegrant Properties of Modified Underutilised Red Lima Bean Starch in Paracetamol Tablet Formulation
(Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2020) Okekunle, M. O.; |Akin-Ajani, O. D.; Ekpukpon, B. L.; Odeku, O. A.; Olu-Owolabi, B. I.; Adebowale, K.O
Red lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus Linn) Family Fabaceae, has been modified by succinylation and annealing, and used as intra- and extra-granular disintegrants at concentrations of 5 and 10 %w/w in paracetamol tablet formulation in comparison with corn starch BP. The starches were characterised using FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM, proximate analysis, physicochemical and functional properties. FT-IR spectrometry revealed characteristic peaks at 1575.53 and 1713.99 cm-1 for the succinylated starch while the annealed showed no significant difference from the native starch. Modifications did not alter the ovoid shape of the native starch but reduced the particle size. Succinylation improved water absorption capacity, solubility and swelling of lima bean starch but annealing reduced the parameters. Tablets with disintegrants of lima bean starches generally had higher crushing strengths and lower friability than tablets with corn starch. Modifications reduced the disintegration time of the tablets when the starcheswere incorporated intra-granularly, which suggested particle-particle bond interruption and destruction of hydrogen bonds as mechanism of disintegration. Tablets containing 10 %w/w succinylated red lima bean starch incorporated intra-granularly had the highest disintegration efficiency ratio, DER, indicating a great balance between mechanical and disintegration properties. Modified red lima bean starches incorporated intra-granularly into paracetamol ablets led to faster disintegration and could efficiently substitute corn starch as disintegrant.
Irrigation practices in farming communities in North central Nigeria.
(Springer, 2022) Sunmonu, J. T.; Ajayi, T. O.; Odeku, O. A.
Medicinal Importance and Phytoconstituents of Underutilized Legumes from the Caesalpinioideae DC Subfamily
(MDPI, 2023-08) Ogunniyi, Q. A.; Ogbole, O. O.; Akin-Ajani, O. D.; Ajala, T. O.; Olorunsola, B.; Fettke, J.; Odeku, O. A.
Underutilized legumes are common crops in developing countries with superior dietarypotentials that could be useful sources of protein as well as some phytoconstituents. They are more tolerant of abiotic environmental conditions like drought than the major legumes. This makes them more adapted to harsh soil and climatic conditions, which helps to minimize the pressure brought on by climate change. However, despite their potential, underutilized legumes have been greatly overlooked compared to the major legumes due to supply constraints. Underutilized legumes in the subfamily Caesalpinioideae are better suited for use as animal feeds with little or no value as food for humans, and the extracts and infusions of the different parts of plant species in this subfamily are traditionally used for the treatment of different diseases. In addition, underutilized legumes in this subfamily contain phytoconstituents that are of pharmacological relevance, some of which have been isolated, characterized and evaluated for use in the treatment of a variety of disorders. Therefore, this review describes the medicinal activities of some selected underutilized legumes from five genera in the subfamily Caesalpinioideae as well as their phytoconstituents, which could be exploited as lead compounds for drug discovery
Microbead design for sustained drug release using four natural gums
(Elsevier, 2013) Odeku, O. A.; Okunlola, A.; Lamprecht, A
Four natural gums, namely albizia, cissus, irvingia and khaya gums have been characterized and evaluated as polymers for the formulation of microbeads for controlled delivery of diclofenac sodium. The natural gums were characterized for their material properties using standard methods. Diclofenac microbeads were prepared by ionotropic gelation using gel blends of the natural gums and sodium alginate at different ratios and zinc chloride solution (10%w/v) as the crosslinking agent. The microbeads were assessed using SEM, swelling characteristics, drug entrapment efficiencies and release properties. Data obtained from in vitro dissolution studies were fitted to various kinetic equations to determine the kinetics and mechanisms of drug release, and the similarity factor, f2, was used to compare the different formulations. The results showed that the natural gum polymers varied considerably in their material properties. Spherical and discrete microbeads with particle size of 1.48–2.41μm were obtained with entrapment efficienciesof 44.0–71.3%w/w. Drug release was found to depend on the type and concentration of polymer gumused with formulations containing gum:alginate ratio of 3:1 showing the highest dissolution times. Con-trolled release of diclofenac was obtained over for 5 h. Drug release from the beads containing the polymer blends of the four gums and sodium alginate fitted the Korsmeyer–Peppas model which appeared to be dependent on the nature of natural gum in the polymer blend while the beads containing alginate alone fitted the Hopfenberg model. Beads containing albizia and cissus had comparable release profiles to thosecontaining khaya (f2> 50). The results suggest that the natural gums could be potentially useful for the ormulation controlled release microbeads.