Browsing by Author "Okareh, O. T."

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A local beverage in three communities of Jos: a public health concern.
(African Journals Online (AJOL), 2023) Okareh, O. T.; Dalyop, S. M.; Dipeolu, I. O
Background: Burukutu, a local alcoholic beverage whose processing relies on doubtful water sources, may contain heavy metals and pathogens. Objective: To assess the physico-chemical and biological hazards in Burukutu, the water used in its production and the perceived health risks associated with its consumption. Methods: A cross-sectional survey adopted a four-stage sampling technique to select 370 respondents. Three Burukutu producing communities (Community A (CA), Community B (CB), Community C (CC)) were selected purposively. A semi-structured questionnaire and observational checklist were used for data collection. Samples of water used in production and Burukutu were analysed for proximate, heavy metals and physico-chemical parameters using the Standard Organisation of Nigeria and National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency standards. A microbial assay was carried out on all the samples. Data were analysed in descriptive and inferential statistics at 0.05. Results: Respondent age was 37.4±9 years, 57% had safety concerns about Burukutu consumption, and 88.6% experienced side effects. Water used for Burukutu production in CA contained Copper (3.520±0.58 mg/L), Zinc (3.52±0.57 mg/L) concentrations, and Nickel concentration in CB was 0.04±0.17 mg/l. Samples of Burukutu showed that the concentration of Iron, Cobalt and Nickel in the three communities were above the SON maximum permissible limit, Zinc in CA, and CC were 3.67±0.57 mg/L and 3.43±0.12 mg/Ll, respectively. Conclusion: High heavy metals and microorganisms concentration were found in both water and Burukutu samples. Training of brewers on hygiene practices and sensitisation of community members on the risk of consumption of unhygienic Burukutu are recommended.
Amelioration of heavy metals in beverages using eggshell adsorbent: a potential novel approach for improving the quality of beverages
(Faculty of Agriculture, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, 2021) Okareh, O. T.; Ariyo, O.; Ibobo, A. J.
Available methods of eliminating the heavy metal ions from beverages are either unsuitable or costly. This study was aimed to produce a low-cost eggshell adsorbent for the removal of Pb, Cd and Cr in beverages. Five common beverages: Action Bitters (AB), Coca Cola Coke (CCK), Orijin Bitters (OB), Stout (S) and Challot Blue (CB) were sampled and evaluated for adsorbent dosage and contact time. Optimum adsorbent dose of 0.25 g/25 mL and contact time of 90 minutes were obtained. Beverage samples were wet digested and analysed for Pb, Cd, Cr and phytochemical composition using standard methods. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and t-test at p=0.05. Four beverage samples had high Pb and Cr concentrations. Percentage adsorption (%) of Pb and Cr in AB, CCK, OB, S and CB were (4.67; -217.78), (1.69; 95.53), (9.80; 82.79), (85.37; 95.53), and (0.00; -277.78), respectively. Major phytochemicals in treated and original beverages were flavanoids, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones, terpenoids, steroids, phenol, alkaloids, tannins and saponins. The saponins level in the untreated beverages (0.0920 g) was significantly higher compared to (0.0370 g) in the treated beverage. Eggshell could be a viable low-cost adsorbent for the amelioration of heavy metals in some beverages.
Assessing health and education in the context of COVID-19 pandemic.
(Centre for Sustainable Development, University of Ibadan,, 2021) Okareh, O. T.; Dipeolu, I. O.,; Alaba, O.; Kyomuhendo, C
The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted Africa and the global communities in various ways. This article looked into the impact of the pandemic on healthcare and education in Africa, especially countries with limited technology for education and weak healthcare systems, highlights the emergency and preparedness in the health and education sector. The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted learning activities in the educational systems globally, especially in Africa. This has led to increase in out-of-school in many countries. In addition to the loss of learning activities, school closures will deprive many children of protection from home-related hazards such as domestic violence and child abuse. Others will lose access to the only nutritious meal of their day, and many will miss immunisations often given at school. However, much of the situation has created an opportunity for the governments to catch up with the technological way of learning in the 21st century, thereby bridging the digital and education/literacy gap. The article emphasises the particular concerns for care for persons with disabilities in preventing the spread of the virus.
Assessment of Facilities, Safety Conditions and Prevalence of Accidents In Selected Public High Schools In Ibadan, South West Nigeria.
(The Society for Public Health Professionals of Nigeria (SPHPN), 2022) Okareh, O. T.; Nwaeburu, A. E.; Okoror, T. A.; Dipeolu, I. O.
Background: Poor classrooms, school facilities, and environments in public high schools create a highrisk environment for students. Objectives: This study assessed the safety conditions and prevalence of school-related accidents and injuries in selected public high schools in Ibadan North Local Government Area, Ibadan, Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among respondents in 36 selected high schools in Ibadan North Local Government Area. Data collection was done using 1. a pretested questionnaire for the survey among students, 2. Observational checklists for On-site Observation (OO) of school facilities and 3. Assessment of water quality (WQ). The questionnaire contains 10-point to assess respondents’ knowledge of safe conditions and accidents. Water quality was analysed using standard methods and compared with WHO standards. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics at 0.05. Results: Respondent’s age was 14.7±2.0 years. Only 7.5% and 4.8% of the respondents have good knowledge and attitude on safe conditions and accidents, respectively; 38.7% reported overcrowding(40-59 per class). All school facilities are in poor sanitary conditions, and there w1as an absence of safety programmes in the schools. Most respondents (96.2%) have had school accidents, 25.5% used a basket with a cover as a waste storage container, and 68.8% used waste burning as a disposal method. Less than half, 42%, use pit latrines for excreta disposal. Only 39.4% had access to water. Heavy metals in water detected were below the WHO standards, while E coli was not detected. Conclusion: The high occurrence of school-related accidents among students could be attributed to deplorable conditions and poor safety practices and awareness. Therefore, there is a need to improve safety education and practices in public high schools.
Design and fabrication of an eco-friendly waste bin for household solid waste segregation, storage and composting
(2018) Okareh, O. T.; Ibidapo,; Lateef S. A.
Waste is a global issue and if not properly dealt with, poses threats to both public health and the environment. Storing of mixed wastes especially from homes, enables biodegradable materials to rot and decompose under improper, unhygienic and uncontrolled conditions. The study aimed at developing an eco-friendly waste bin for effective household solid waste storage, segregation and composting of the biodegradable wastes. Household solid waste composition was assessed from 32 households in three contrasting areas: Oluyole estate (Low-density area); Foko (High-density area) and Molete (Middle-density area), for four weeks to determine the quantity of wastes generated at household level. The generation rate for household solid waste was also determined and thereafter a waste bin (2ft X 2ft X 3ft) made from galvanized steel sheets that were purchased locally was fabricated and installed in one randomly selected household and tested for its suitability for storing and segregating solid wastes at source, with the biodegradable wastes converted into compost, using a family of 5 - 6 persons. The fabricated waste bin was made to store the waste for about 4 weeks and the compost quality observed at the end of 60 days. The analysis of the household waste composition showed food waste as the major component of the solid waste stream (39.9% - 48.6%). The household solid waste generation rate ranged between 0.45 - 0.60 kg/household/day. Compost was obtained from the biodegradable wastes after maturation, showing pH value of 9.28, nitrogen of 0.82%, organic carbon of 7.86%, potassium level of 43.61 Cmol/kg and available phosphorus 317.65 mg/g; indicating its suitability for both household gardening and farmland fertilizer. The time required for compost formation depends on the nature of the waste, the amount, and the ambient temperature. A major advantage of the bin as observed was that adequate control of the contents and process, prevent smell and fly nuisance commonly observed with other bins. The bin can conveniently be placed indoor or outdoor for use. For good housekeeping, the contents may be removed, the bin washed and set again for use. This type of onsite source segregation and composting waste bin is suitable for storage, segregation and composting of solid wastes at household level, as it prevents the attraction of vermin to wastes. The fabricated bin which can be made at affordable costs is quite easy to use and maintained. In addition, households can save the cost of engaging private service for their waste disposal as this bin allows for easy segregation of solid wastes at source in one device, including composting of the biodegradable materials. We recommend that the use of this bin should be adopted at household, community and institutional levels for management of solid waste, view to reducing the associated public health challenges.
Effects of Photo-Voice Approach on Recall Accuracy in 24-Hour Dietary Assessment Procedure among University of Ibadan Undergraduate Students
(Nutrition Society of Nigeria, 2021) Ariyo, O.; Okareh, O. T.; Oloyede, F.; Okoror, T. A.
Background: Misreporting in 24-hour dietary recall procedure limits establishing diet-disease relationship, thus, innovations to improve recall accuracy is desirable. Objective: This study was designed to assess the effects of photo-voice approach on 24-hour dietary recall accuracy among undergraduate students. Method: This cross-sectional study involved 200 undergraduate students selected using a simple random sampling from a pool of consenting students using WhatsApp-enabled smartphones. Socio-demographic characteristics and dietary intake data were obtained using semi-structured questionnaire. Respondents were prompted to capture and submit daily foods and drinks consumption and randomly sampled for assessment over a 30-day period. Dietary intake was assessed using 24-hour multi-pass recall and photovoice-aided 24-hour multi-pass recall same day. Energy and nutrients intake and percentage difference in the two approaches were calculated and compared using descriptive statistics and Chisquare test (p≤0.05). Results: Age was 21.0±1.8 years and 57.5% were males. Estimated intakes of energy (1701.2±795.3; 1684.4±774.4)kcal, Protein (50.6±29.1; 50.1±28.1)g, Vitamin A (2712.5±1903.4; 2149.5±1747.4)RE and other nutrients were largely higher with photovoice-aided than conventional 24-hour recall approach, respectively. Large underreporting of phosphorus (-76.7%); thiamin (-72.7%), vitamin A (-26.2%), and vitamin C (-10.1%); and overreporting of vitamins B6 (+33.3%); B2 (+11.1%), and B12 (+17.6%) were observed. Recall accuracy for energy (+15.2%; -8.2%); thiamin (+21.4%; - 58.5%); riboflavin (+27.3%; -24.2%), vitamin B6 (+9.1%; -18.6%), folate (+27.8%; -12.2%), calcium (+11.3%; -17.9%), zinc (+10.9%;-2.6%) and iron (+14.1%; -8.2%) differed significantly in female and male respondents, respectively. Conclusion: Application of photo-voice methodology improves recall accuracy in 24-hour dietary recall procedure and reflects gender difference in recall accuracy
Fuel energy potential of pyrolyzed municipal solid wastes
(2021) Okareh, O. T.; Adegoke, S. O.; Richard, R.; Akintola, S. A.; Adeleke, A. A.; Ikubanni, P. P.
Municipal wastes have become a menace and the recycling of these wastes has been the focus of many researches. In this study, municipal plastic wastes were converted to energy fuel using pyrolysis using a locally fabricated vacuum pyrolyzer. 6 kg of municipal plastic wastes (PP, PET and PS) were collected, grounded into chips using a knife milling machine and were fed into the pyrolyzer to undergo thermal degradation at a temperature of 500oC with holding time of 4-5 hours. The pyrolyzed oil was collected into a Pyrex condenser unit and subjected to pseudo-distillation at 100oC to obtain the volatile com-ponents. The percentage pyrolyzed oil mass yield was calculated using mass balance equation. The liquid fuel was analyzed for its physical properties using ASTM methods, while the chemical properties were characterized using FTIR and GC-MS. The pyrolytic process showed the percentage mass yield of the pyrolyzed oil for the municipal plastic wastes oil, char, and non-condensable gas as 82.0, 16.0 and 2.0%, respectively. The derived energy fuel indicated a cloud point, pour point, density and flash point of -26.0oC, -28.0oC, 0.839 g/cc, and 50.0oC and -28.0oC, -35.0oC, 0.744 g/cc, and 30.0 C for pyrolyzed oil and distillates oil, respectively. The FTIR and GC-MS results of the liquid pyrolyzed oil indicate the presence of aliphatic, alkane, alkene, and aromatic hydrocarbons of carbon number C9-C44 in the energy fuel. Physicochemical characterization of the recovered oil indicated similarities with the conventional fossil fuels. The technology has proven to be effective in solving the environmental problems.
Fuel energy potential of pyrolyzed municipal solid wastes
(Slovnaft VURUP, 2021) Okareh, O. T.; Adegoke, S. O.; Richard, R.; Akintola, S. A.; Adeleke, A. A.; Ikubanni, P. P.
Municipal wastes have become a menace and the recycling of these wastes has been the focus of many researches. In this study, municipal plastic wastes were converted to energy fuel using pyrolysis using a locally fabricated vacuum pyrolyzer. 6 kg of municipal plastic wastes (PP, PET and PS) were collected, grounded into chips using a knife milling machine and were fed into the pyrolyzer to undergo thermal degradation at a temperature of 500oC with holding time of 4-5 hours. The pyrolyzed oil was collected into a Pyrex condenser unit and subjected to pseudo-distillation at 100oC to obtain the volatile components. The percentage pyrolyzed oil mass yield was calculated using mass balance equation. The liquid fuel was analyzed for its physical properties using ASTM methods, while the chemical properties were characterized using FTIR and GC-MS. The pyrolytic process showed the percentage mass yield of the pyrolyzed oil for the municipal plastic wastes oil, char, and non-condensable gas as 82.0, 16.0 and 2.0%, respectively. The derived energy fuel indicated a cloud point, pour point, density and flash point of -26.0oC, -28.0oC, 0.839 g/cc, and 50.0oC and -28.0oC, -35.0oC, 0.744 g/cc, and 30.0C for pyrolyzed oil and distillates oil, respectively. The FTIR and GC-MS results of the liquid pyrolyzed oil indicate the presence of aliphatic, alkane, alkene, and aromatic hydrocarbons of carbon number C9-C44 in the energy fuel. Physicochemical characterization of the recovered oil indicated similarities with the conventional fossil fuels. The technology has proven to be effective in solving the environmental problems.
Glycemic Indices Of Pineapple, Banana, Jollof Rice And Wheat Flour Dough
(Nutrition Society of Nigeria, 2018) Okareh, O. T.; Ariyo, O.; Loto-Charles, A. R.
Background: Information on glycemic index of staple foods are required to develop appropriate nutrition education materials to promote informed food choices. Objective: This study was designed to determine the glycemic index of four Nigerian staple foods, namely pineapple, banana, jollof rice and wheat flour dough. Method: The study was descriptive cross-sectional in design. Ten apparently healthy postgraduate 2 students (4 males and 6 females, 25.8±2.0 years; BMI: 22.68±2.69 kg/m ; fasting blood sugar: 92.1±3.38 mg/dl) randomly consumed 50 g available carbohydrate portions of test foods and glucose over a five-day period. Blood samples were collected in the fasting state and half-hourly over a 2-h period post-ingestion of test and reference foods to determine plasma glucose concentrations, incremental area under the glucose curve, glycemic index and glycemic load. Results: A 50 g available carbohydrate is equivalent to 176 g of banana, 199 g of jollof rice, 229 g of wheat dough and 322 g of pineapple. The Incremental Area Under the Curve for jollof rice, wheat dough and pineapple showed no significant difference when compared with glucose, while of banana was significant at P<0.05 when compared with glucose. The glycemic index was 94.88%, 97.37%, 98.9% and 99.3% and the corresponding glycemic load was 47.43%, 48.69%, 50.47% and 50.67%, for pineapple, wheat flour, jollof rice and banana, respectively. Conclusion: Banana, jollof rice, wheat flour dough and pineapple have high glycemic index values and post-prandial glucose response is similar for jollof rice, wheat flour and pineapple. Efforts should be intensified on promoting portion size control for improved glycemic response.
Glycemic Indices Of Pineapple, Banana, Jollof Rice And Wheat Flour Dough
(Nutrition Society of Nigeria, 2018) Okareh, O. T.; Ariyo, O.; Loto-Charles, A. R.
Background: Information on glycemic index of staple foods are required to develop appropriate nutrition education materials to promote informed food choices. Objective: This study was designed to determine the glycemic index of four Nigerian staple foods, namely pineapple, banana, jollof rice and wheat flour dough. Method: The study was descriptive cross-sectional in design. Ten apparently healthy postgraduate 2 students (4 males and 6 females, 25.8±2.0 years; BMI: 22.68±2.69 kg/m ; fasting blood sugar: 92.1±3.38 mg/dl) randomly consumed 50 g available carbohydrate portions of test foods and glucose over a five-day period. Blood samples were collected in the fasting state and half-hourly over a 2-h period post-ingestion of test and reference foods to determine plasma glucose concentrations, incremental area under the glucose curve, glycemic index and glycemic load. Results: A 50 g available carbohydrate is equivalent to 176 g of banana, 199 g of jollof rice, 229 g of wheat dough and 322 g of pineapple. The Incremental Area Under the Curve for jollof rice, wheat dough and pineapple showed no significant difference when compared with glucose, while of banana was significant at P<0.05 when compared with glucose. The glycemic index was 94.88%, 97.37%, 98.9% and 99.3% and the corresponding glycemic load was 47.43%, 48.69%, 50.47% and 50.67%, for pineapple, wheat flour, jollof rice and banana, respectively. Conclusion: Banana, jollof rice, wheat flour dough and pineapple have high glycemic index values and post-prandial glucose response is similar for jollof rice, wheat flour and pineapple. Efforts should be intensified on promoting portion size control for improved glycemic response.
Management of conflicts arising from disclosure of HIV status among married women in Southwest Nigeria.
(Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, 2013) Okareh, O. T.; Akpa, O. M.; Okunlola, J. O.; Okoror, T. A.
This study examined if disclosure to their spouses by married women living with HIV/AIDS resulted in conflicts. Fifty-seven women completed a questionnaire on conflict indicators. While 93% disclosed their status within 6 months of diagnosis, 12.3% did so through a third party. More than thirty-six percent (36.8%) confirmed that disclosure led to conflict. Although 19.3% had their conflicts resolved through a third party, 10% suffered separation. Marital status and fear of stigma significantly influence time to disclose (p < .01 and p < .05), while type of marriage strongly influences whether status will be disclosed (p < .01). Programs for women with HIV should consider conflicts that may arise from disclosure.
Nigerian environment and health security: Current issues and projections to Year 2050
(2019) Anetor, J. I.; Oloruntoba, E. O.; Ana, G.R.E.E.; Okareh, O. T.; Lateef, S.; Akinsete, S. J.; Hammed, T. B.; Adejumo, M.; Sridhar, M.K.C.; Orunmuyi A. T.
In line with the NUC request to the University of Ibadan to develop a 'Blueprint for Health Security in Nigeria by 2050', this document was prepared to highlight steps and discuss actions required toward achieving this goal. Method: The situation of environmental problems in Nigeria such as: erosion and land subsidence, flooding (coastal, river and urban), drought and desertification, oil pollution from spills, and well blow-outs, biodiversity loss, industrial and municipal pollution from wastes, climate change, toxic and hazardous wastes, including E-waste, were addressed in the blueprint. Results / Comments: Although Nigeria is unlikely to be attacked with nuclear explosives, plans of nuclear power development, makes it desirable for nuclear security and emergency preparedness response measures to be put in place. A holistic forecasting of major environmental health factors is suggested; keeping in view the year 2050 is a little over 3 decades away. In addition, SWOT analysis of Environmental Management was carried out while processes of monitoring and evaluation, as main tools for achieving health security in Nigeria by 2050 were identified and reported. Conclusion: Achieving health care for all by 2050 though a gigantic task, Nigeria has adequate Environmental Health and Scientific manpower and resources to address the issues. This document should educate the general public on Environmental Health and its different components which include; Climate Change, Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH), Environmental Chemical Pollution, Food safety and Hygiene, Waste Management and Air Quality among others.
Phytochemical Properties and Heavy Metal Contents of Commonly Consumed Alcoholic Beverages Flavoured with Herbal Extract in Nigeria
(MDPI AG (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute), 2018) Okareh, O. T.; Oyelakin, T. M.; Ariyo, O.
There is proliferation of alcoholic beverages flavoured with herbal-extracts that are perceived to have medicinal values. Information on the phytochemical and heavy metal contents of these products is scarce. This study assessed the phytochemical properties and heavy metal contents of herbal-extract flavoured alcoholic beverages in major motor parks in Ibadan, Nigeria. The phytochemical properties of the beverages were determined in triplicate using standard methods, while the heavy metal contents were assessed while using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and means were compared using ANOVA at p < 0.05.The pH range of the beverages was 3.28–6.57 and the alcohol content was 34.0–51.5%. Detected major phytochemicals and concentration ranges were phytic acid (0.72–2.37 mg/g), alkaloids (0.42–4.11 mg/g), flavonoids (0.22–3.64 mg rutin equivalents/g), total phenols (1.13–3.66 mg gallic acid equivalents/g), anthraquinones (0.74–1.93 mg/g),and triterpenoids (0.74–1.93 mg/g). The heavy metal contents were Pb (2.13–4.70 mg/L), Cd (0.06–0.07 mg/L), Co (0.12–0.23 mg/L), Zn (0.14–0.40 mg/L), and Fe (0.72–4.22 mg/L); only Pb and Cd were above the World Health Organization (WHO) limits of 0.01 mg/L and 0.03 mg/L in water, respectively. The herbal-extract flavoured alcoholic beverages contain beneficial phytochemicals and traces of heavy metals. Safety awareness of these products for improved consumers’ health would be of public health importance.