Browsing by Author "Olaifa, F. E."

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Acute toxicity of ethanol extracts of cocoa bean shell on sarotherodon galilaeus juveniles
(Medwell Journals, 2008) Olaifa, F. E.; Hamzat, R. A.; Oyetoyan, O. O
An acute toxicity test of ethanol extract of cocoa bean shell (CBS), a by-product of cocoa processing was conducted on 250 Sarotherodon gallilaeus juveniles for 96 h. There were 5 treatments and one control with each having 3 replicates. The treatments were prepared as 10,000, 7500, 4167, 2315, 1286 and 0 mg L-1 (control). The aim of the experiment was to study the toxic effects of Ethanol extract of CBS. While, the control experiment produced no mortalities and adverse histopathological responses, there were reactions to the presence of CBS extract in all the treatments which included restlessness and mortality. The lethal concentrations at which fifty percent of the test population died (LC 50) obtained using the logarithm method were 7943, 5012 and 6310 mg L-1 for replicates 1, 2 and 3, respectively while the probit method gave 5878, 4865, 6103 mg L-1 for replicates 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Histopathological examination of control fish showed no lesions on all tissues examined. However, marked changes were observed in the liver in form of degenerative hepatocytes, multifocal aggregation of haemosiderin laden macrophages; in the gills as shortening of gill filaments and in the brain as spongiosis of white cerebral matter of fish subjected to various concentrations of CBS extract. It was concluded that ethanol CBS extract possessed piscicidal properties on S. gallilaeus which could be useful in culling stunted and unwanted fish populations from ponds before stocking
Assessment of performance of clarias gariepinus (african catfish) juveniles on diets supplemented with kola pod husk (cola nitida)
(Alexandra von Humboldt Stiftung Foundation Bonn, Germany, 2012) Olaifa, F. E.; Oladapo, A. O.
A twelve -week feeding trial was carried out to assess the nutritive potentials of kola pod husk and to assess the growth performance of Clarias gariepinus juveniles on varying levels of kola pod husk- supplementation. The objective of this study was to assess the nutritive potentials of kola pod husk on the performance of C. gariepinus and its level of incorporation in such diets. Eight experimental bowls (60x3Ox30cm3) were used for the experiment. There were four treatments with each treatment having two replicates. The fish had initial mean body weight of 10.56g. The experimental diets were formulated at 38% crude protein and the fish fed at 5% of their body weight three times per day with graded levels of 0, 10,20, and 30% of ko la pod husk. 15 fish were stocked per replicate. Proximate composition of fish before and after the experiment, proximate composition of kola pod husk, the growth performance and nutrient utilization of feed by fish were determined. Significant differences were observed between the control diet and 10 -20 % inclusion of kola nut pod husk with the control having the best growth indices. However fish on 30 % kola pod husk inclusion performed best among kola nut pod husk -containing diets .There was no significant difference between 30 % inclusion of kolanut pod husk and the control diet on all parameters considered. The inclusion of 30% sun -dried and kola nut pod husk produced the best growth performance of the experimental fish and could be considered as a potential energy supplier in C. gariepinus juveniles" diets subject to further studies
Assessment of Toxicological impact of light crude oil on clarias gariepus (Burechell, 1822) fingerlings
(2005) Olaifa, F. E.
Oil spillage is of critical concern in Nigeria because of the problems of pollution and associated disturbances. It is therefore necessary to study the effects of oil pollution on fish using clarias gariepinus, a widely cultured fish species in the tropics. A short-term (96-hours), statics bioassay was carried out to determine the toxicity of crude oil (qua ibeo light) on C. gariepinus fingerlings. The biossay involved five treatment viz:0, 25, 50, 75, and 100µL/L. The water and fish samples were analyzed for total hydrocarbon content (THC) and heavy metals at the end of the experiment. There were significant differences (p<0.05) among the five treatments. The LC50 ( concentration at which 50 percent of the test population died) was 1.58µL/L. Lead, iron, cadmium and chromium were not detected in the water contaminated with the crude oil sample.
Bilateral orchidectomy in west african dwarf (WAD) goats: effect on blood electrolyte levels
(2000) Olaifa, A. K.; Onwuka, S. K.; Oyeyemi, M. O.; Olaifa, F. E.; Utio, O. A.|; Adewoye, E. O.
Bioassay using the water soluble fraction of a Nigerian light crude oil on clarias gariepinus fingerlings
(Physiological Society of Nigeria, 2012) Olaifa, F. E.
A 96-hour bioassay was conducted using the water soluble fraction of a Nigerian light crude oil sample on Clarias gariepinus fingerlings. 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 mls of water soluble fractions (WSF) of the oil were added to 1000 litres of de-chlorinated tap water to form 0, 25, 50 , 75 and 100 parts per million representing treatments 1 to 5 respectively. Each treatment had two replicates with fifteen fish per replicate. At the end of the 96-hour period of exposure, the fish were transferred into separate bowls containing fresh water without oil for recovery for ten more days. Heavy metal and total hydrocarbon contents of the water and fish were analyzed at 96 hour and 14 days which marked the end of the recovery period. No mortalities were recorded on all treatments during the 96-hour period. Mortalities were observed between 120 and 144 hours after the onset of the experiment with the maximum number of dead fish (p<0.05) from treatment 5(100 ppm WSF) during the recovery period indicating a delayed response to the WSF by the fish. No mortalities were recorded after 144 hours till the termination of the experiment at 14 days . The 96-hour LC50 could not be calculated since no deaths occured during the period. The Total hydrocarbon contents of the water were 0, 0.026 ,0.316 ,0.297, 0.253 mg/l for treatments 1(0 ppmWSF)) to 5(100ppmWSF) respectively. Lead , iron and cadmium were not detected in water during the study, lead was also not detected in fish muscles from all treatments. The iron contents of all the treatments were lower than the control except for treatment 3(50 ppm WSF). THC concentrations in fish were higher at 96 hours and 14days than in the water indicating bioconcentration in fish and a retention in the fish long after exposure.
Chemical analysis and nutritional assessment of defatted garcinia mangostana seeds used as an addictive on the feed of fish (clarias gariepinus)
(Global Journals Inc., 2013) Ajayi, I. A.; Olaifa, F. E.; Omoniyi, M. M.
Chemical analysis and nutritional assessment of defatted Garcinia mangostana seeds (DGMS) were undertaken to determine its suitability as an additive at 0.00g, 18.00g, 36.00g, 54.00g and 72.00g inclusion levels in diets and performance of Clarias gariepinus post juveniles. Proximate analysis of DGMS showed that the defatted seeds were high in carbohydrate (71.00 ± 0.79%) but low in protein content (8.10 ± 0.22%). The mineral element analysis detected different minerals with potassium as the highest (270.00ppm). All the fish increased in weight and length significantly (p<0.05) above the initial values though no significant differences were observed among treatments at 49 days in all growth indices showing that the diets were similar in nutritional qualities and adequate for growth of fish
Chemical analysis and nutritional assessment of artocarpus heterophyllus lam. (jack fruit) defatted seeds used as addictive in feed for clarias gariepinus post juveniles
(2013) Olaifa, F. E.; Ajayi, A. A.; Raji, I. O.
A 49-day feeding trial was carried out with feeds supplemented with microgram quantities of the defatted seeds of Artocarpus heterophyllus in the diets of Clarias gariepinus at the post juveinile stage. Five diets at 40% crude protein were formulated containing 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60x106 μg DAH seed as additive. Each dietary treatment was replicated three times with 10 fish per replicate. Proximate composition of the defatted seed showed that it was rich in protein, carbohydrate and minerals. Fish on DAH–supplementd diets had better survival rates than the control. Haematology, plasma biochemistry and gross tissue examination were also carried out. No significant differences (p<0.05) were observed between the fish on DAH-containing treatments and the control. There might be need to further process and test defatted A. heterophyllus seeds as either probiotic or prebiotic on young fish for longer periods in order to take advantage of its rich supply of nutrients
Chemical analysis and nutritional assessment of fluted pumpkin (Telfairiaoccidentalis Hook F.) seed residuefed to African catfish (clariasgariepinus) at graded inclusion levels
(2013) Ajayi, I. A.; Olaifa, F. E.; Olawole, A. A.; Adeyemo, A. J.
The chemical analysis and nutritional assessment of fluted pumpkin seed residue fed to African catfish (Clariasgariepinus) at graded inclusion levels was carried out in order to evaluate its effect on the growth performance and nutrient utilization of the catfish. Five diets containing 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60% inclusion levels of fluted pumpkin seed residue (FPSR) as partial replacement for groundnut cake were prepared and fed to the fishes for eight weeks. Each treatment had three replicates with 15 fish per replicate (mean initial weight 140.87 Â± 8.77g) in 30-litre plastic tanks and fish fed at 3% of body weight twice daily. Fish on control diet showed the best growth and nutrient utilization while diets with defatted fluted pumpkin seeds cake produced weight reduction in the fish with the least reduction on diet 2 (15% inclusion) and greatest on diet 4 (45% inclusion). The specific growth rate, feed conversion ratios and protein intake of the control fish were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those on FPSR-containing diets.Histopathological reports showed some damage to the liver of fish in higher FPSR-containing rations, torn gill tissues and changes of intestinal structure. Haematological parameters like haemoglobin, erythrocyte, sedimentation rate and biochemical parameters were within the ranges for healthy fish though reduced from pre-treatment values
Crude oil, women and the environment: a case study of Delta state of Nigeria
(2001) Olaifa, F. E.; Olaifa, A. K.; Lameed, G. A.
The study of effects of petroleum pollution on the general environment with peculiar relevance to women in Delta State was carried out for a period of nine months, by using structured questionnaire and personal observations. The study was basically focused on women of all age groups and generalized all sources of pollution in the area. Among all, oil spillage to the rivers, streams, and farmlands (44.8%) was most rated, while other sources like fish (62.1%), and effect their occupational status that is based on peasant farming (33.7%) and fishing (52.1%). However, there is high significant effect (P<0.05) of the sources of pollution to the environment related tow omen livelihood in the area. While responses to the effect were in form of cooperative (2.3%), individual (2.1%), the oil companies compensation (41.9%) and sometimes government assistance (33.2%). It was therefore suggested that women should be given advantage of both formal and informal education, adequate supply of funds in form of loan, with other amenities such as good source of water, alternatives to fishing and farming to alleviate the poverty conditions that oil spillage had caused.
Effect of differently processed African yam beans (sphenostylis stenocarpa harms) on performance of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) juveniles
(Society for Isreali Aquaculture, 2011) Olaifa, F. E.; Bello, O. S.
A 12-week feeding trial was conducted in 27-cm3 circular plastic tanks (50 × 34 cm) to assess the performance of juvenile African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed diets containing African yam bean meals (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) processed by different techniques. Five 35% crude protein diets were formulated containing no yam bean meal (control) or 34% fishmeal and 66% yam bean meal. The yam bean meals were processed in four manners: (a) ‘cooked’, sun-dried, and ground, (b) ‘toasted’, cooled, and ground, (c) ‘soaked’, cooked, sun-dried, and ground, (d) soaked, ‘dehulled’, cooked, and ground. Each treatment was replicated thrice, each replicate contained 15 fish (3.97±0.03 g, 8.70±0.97 cm). Fish were fed thrice daily at 5% of their body weight per day. Fish fed the control diet perfomed better (p<0.05) than those fed the diets containing yam bean meal. Among the diets containing yam bean meal, the ‘soaking’ treatment produced the best results. In all diets, the packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, red blood cell count, white blood cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, lymphocytes, and neutrophils were within the ranges for healthy fish. Therefore, since the differences in fish performance between the control and the ‘soaked’ diet were less than with other yam bean diets, and because this diet was more cost-efficient than the control fishmeal diet, we conclude that soaked, cooked, and ground African yam beans can partially replace fishmeal in diets for African catfish without compromising growth or nutrient utilization
The effect of walnut (tetracarpidium conophorum) leaf and onion (allium cepa) bulb residues on the growth performance and nutrient utlization of clarias gariepinus juveniles
(Canadian Center of Science and Education, 2012) Bello, O. S.; Olaifa, F. E.; Emikpe, B. O.; Ogunbanwo, S. T.
Feeding trial were conducted in experimental tanks (50 x 34 x 27 cm) to assess the growth responses and nutrient utilization of Walnut Leaf (WL) and Onion Bulb (OB) residues in Clarias gariepinus. Nine experimental diets: control (0%), OB2 (0.5%), OB3 (1.0%), OB4 (1.5%), OB5 (2.0%), WL6 (0.5%), WL7 (1.0%), WL8 (1.5%) and WL9 (2.0%) were formulated and replicated thrice at 40% crude protein. Fish (mean weight 7.39±0.02 g and length 10.37±1.24 cm) were fed twice daily at 3% body weight for 12 weeks. Mean Weight Gain (MWG), Specific Growth Rate (SGR) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) were measured. Temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH were determined using standard methods and economic analysis was investigated. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at p=0.05. Results showed that the Fish on OB and WL residue- based diets had higher growth than those on control diet but C. gariepinus fed WL8 had significantly higher MWG, SGR and FCR of 53.81±1.20 g, 1.09±0.11 g and 2.16±0.01 respectively of all treatments. The values of temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH were closely related and were still within the range for fish culture in the tropics. WL8 had higher profit index (1.40) and incidence of cost (0.032) and the least in OB5 (1.18) (0.039) respectively. These suggest that walnut leaf residue at 1.5% inclusion could be a potential, less expensive and promising dietary supplementation than onion bulb residue and control that would positively affect growth and water quality of Clarias gariepinus in aquaculture
The effect of walnut (tetracarpidium conophorum) leaf and onion (allium cepa) bulb residues on the tissue bacteriological changes of clarias gariepinus juveniles
(2012) Bello, O. S.; Olaifa, F. E.; Emikpe, B. O.; Ogunbanwo, S. T.
In this study, the effect of walnut leaf (WL) and onion bulb (OB) residues on tissue bacteriology of Clarias gariepinus juveniles by dietary intake was investigated. Nine experimental diets: control (0%), OB2 (0.5%), OB3 (1.0%), OB4 (1.5%), OB5 (2.0%), WL6 (0.5%), WL7 (1.0%), WL8 (1.5%) and WL9 (2.0%) were formulated and replicated thrice at 40% crude protein. Fish (mean weight 7.4±0.02g) were fed twice daily at 3% body weight for 12 weeks. Microbiological analyses of water and fish (skin, gill, intestine and liver) and organ index (liver, spleen, kidney and heart) were investigated. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at p=0.05. Results of enterobacteriacea and total viable count from this study revealed that bacterial loads on the water and fish of the experimental tanks were more affected by A. cepa and T. conophorum than the control for 4, 8 and 12 weeks and were significantly different (P<0.05) from the control. The values decreased in treated groups as the levels of inclusion (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0%) increased and as the months increased. Also, organ index showed that the liver, heart, kidney and spleen were not significantly increased in all the treated groups and the control. The results suggest that walnut leaf and onion bulb residues inclusion in the diet of Clarias gariepinus could be a potential, less expensive and promising dietary supplementation that would positively influence growth, reduce and prevent bacterial infections in fish culture.
Environmental considerations, legal issues and other problems of cage culture
(2009) Olaifa, F. E.
Fish nutrition and the economic way to feeding fish
(OAK ventures, 2008) Akintomide, O. T.; Ahmed, R.; Obhahie, I. A.; Olaifa, F. E.
Heavy metal contamination of clarias gariepinus from a lake and fish farm in Ibadan, Nigeria
(Ibadan Biomedical Communications Group, 2004) Olaifa, F. E.; Olaifa, A. K.; Adelaja, A. A.; Owolabi, A. G.
Adult Clarias gariepinus (African Catfish) were purchased from Eleiyele Lake and Zartech fish farm in Ibadan. Water samples were also collected in February (dry season) and June (rainy season), 2002. Gill, bone, intestine, muscle and water samples were analyzed for five metals: manganese, copper, zinc, iron, and chromium by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) in two separate experiments. In each case, two tissues were compared with the levels of the metals in water viz: Gill, bone, and water; intestine, muscle and water. Generally, lower concentrations of the metals were recorded in water than fish tissues. Higher concentrations of zinc than recommended by the Federal Environmental Protection Agency were recorded in the fish during the dry season. Iron was the dominant metal in the muscle while Chromium was the least. Significant differences (p<0.05) were recorded in copper and zinc concentrations in the muscle, intestine and water during the dry and rainy seasons .In gill, bones and water, significant differences (p<0.05) were only recorded for the two stations for copper during the rainy season and only zinc was significantly different (p<0.05) in the dry season. It was concluded that though the heavy metals of interest were present in measurable quantities there were still within safe limits for consumption
Hydrocarbon and heavy metal pollution of water and sediments of Cross River and Akwa Ibom coastal waters, Nigeira
(Baywood Publishing Company, 2005) Olaifa, F. E.
A study was undertaken to determine the total hydrocarbon (THC) and heavy metal content of water (surface: 0-15 cm and bottom: 2-13m), sediments (intertidal and waterbed) in coastal area of Cross River and Akwa Ibom states of Nigeria affected by a major oil spill in 1998. Water and sediments samples were collected in the dry (March and December) and wet (July and October) seasons between 1999 and 2002. Significant spatial variation (p-<0.05) was observed for THC and heavy metals. THC (mg/ L) averaged 0.998 for surface and 0.827 for bottom water. All heavy metals of interest: chromium, copper, cadmium, lead, iron, manganese, zinc, and vanadium were present in samples and sediments contained significantly higher (0.05) THC and heavy metals than water. Concentrations of THC in water and sediments exceeded World Health Organization's limits by an average of 0.9979 and 0.8269mg/L in surface and bottom waters respectively.
Lethal and sub-lethal effects of copper to the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) juveniles
(Ibadan Biomedical Communications Group, 2004) Olaifa, F. E.; Olaifa, A. K.; Onwude, T. E.
Lethal and sub-lethal effects of copper on Clarias gariepinus were studied using a 96-hour static bioassay. Copper (as copper chloride, CuCl2 . H2O) was used to prepare the stock solution from which five standard concentrations 0.0, 1.8, 3.2, 5.6, and 10.0 mg/L were prepared (coded A – E). 15 juvenile C. gariepinus fish having a mean weight and length 5.8g and 18 cm respectively were used. The 96-hour LC50 estimated using the logarithm method were 0.6, 0.71 and 0.7 mg/l for replicates 1, 2 and 3 respectively with mean as 0.67mg/l. Haematological changes were generally not significant (P> 0.05). Copper concentrations in bone and muscle-tissues were also determined. The mean copper concentration in bone ranged from 1.86 (treatment A) to 17.04 ppm (Treatment E) and muscle 1.29 (treatment A) to 55.5 ppm (treatment E). There were significant differences (p<0.05) in mortality among treatments
Physicochemical characteristics of Cross River and costal areas of Cross River and Akwa Ibom States, Nigeria
(2006) Olaifa, F. E.
A study was carried out to determine the physico-chemical characteristics of the Cross River and coastal area of Cross River and Akwa Ibom state of Nigeria. Water samples were collected in dry (March and December) and wet (July and October) seasons during four cruises on parts of Cross River and Ibeno coastline of Akwa Ibom state between 1999 and 2002. Surface (0-15cm and bottom (2-13m) water were assessed at nine stations for for temperature, dissolved oxygen (D, O) hydrogen ion concentration (pH), total dissolved solids(TDS) total suspended solid (TSS), salinity, nitrite, nitrate, ammonium, phosphate, sulphate, silicate, calcium magnesium, sodium, chloride, and potassium. Spatial variations (p<0.05) were observed in the water quality parameters examined while temporal variations were generally not. Station 8(a marine station and site of major oil industry activity) was significantly different from all other stations (p<0.05) in all parameters considered. It was concluded that the water quality of the area should be monitored regularly to keep track of the water quality as all these areas were impacted by a major oil silage in 1999.
Potentials of walnut (tetracarpidium conophorum Mull. Arg) leaf and onions (allium cepa linn) bulb extracts as antimicrobial agents for fish
(Academic Journals, 2013-05) Bello, O. S.; Olaifa, F. E.; Emikpe, B. O.; Ogunbanwo, S. T.
The zone of inhibition varied with the bacteria and type of extract. The average diameter of inhibition zones was 10 ± 0.00 and 9 ± 0.02 mm for methanolic and ethanolic extracts of walnut leaves and onion bulbs, respectively. Staphylococcus aureus, B. subtilis and P. aeruginosa were most sensitive to the extracts. However, S. aureus was more sensitive to the extracts of walnut leaves and S. typhi was the least sensitive. Bacillus subtilis was more sensitive to the extracts of onion compared to E. coli which was the least sensitive. Minimum inhibitory concentration of walnut leaves and onion bulbs extracts on the bacteria tested were both 500 ìg/ml. The results indicated that walnut leaves and onion bulbs had antibacterial activity on the tested organisms and showed their prospects for their use in the treatment of fish diseases
Presence of hydrocarbons and heavy metals in some fish species in the cross river, Nigeria.
(2004) Olaifa, F. E.; Ayodele, I. A.
The study was undertaken to determine the total hydrocarbon (THC) and heavy metal contents of fish (finfish and shelf fish) in the cross river, Nigeria. Fish samples were collected in the dry (March) and rainy (October) seasons between 2000-2002. The finfish species identified in the study were Synodontis clarias, Sarotherodon galilaeus, Heterotis niloticus, Scholbe mystus, ansorgil and the shelfish were macrobrachium vollenhovonii and tympanotnomus luscalus. Significant difference (P<0.05) existed between finfish andshellfish in both THC and heavy metals contents. The levels of THC in fish exceeded the World Health Organization's limit of 0.0001 ppm by an average of 3.2 and 15.57 mg/kg in fin and shelffish respectively. High concerntrations of vanadium and THC in fish samples were the main indicators of pollution from petroleum sources