Browsing by Author "Olaleye, D. O."

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Antibodies to lassa virus Z protein and nucleoprtein co-occur in human sera from lassa fever endemic regions
(Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 2001) Gunther, S.; Kuhle, O.; Rehder, D.; Odaibo, G. N.; Olaleye, D. O.; Emmerich, P.; Meulen, J.; Schmitz, H.
It is not known whether the small 11-kDa Z protein of lassa virus is immunogenic during human lassa virus infection. To obtain evidence for the existence of an antibody response and to test the suitability of these antibodies for serosurveys, sera from lassa fever endemic regions(Guinea and Nigeria, n=75) were tested for co-reactivity to Z protein and nuclcoprotein (NP). Sera from a non-epidemic region (Uganda, n=50) served as a specificty control. Z protien and NP were expressed in Escherichia coli, affinity-purified, and used as antigen in western blot. Indiredt immunofluorescence (IIF) with lassa virus-infested cells was performed for comparison. Due to high unspecific reactivity of the African sera, western blot testing was performed with a 1:1,000 serum dilution. Under these conditions, none of the control sera but 12% of the sera from endemic regions co-reacted with both Z protein and NP. REactivity to Z protien was significantly associated with NP reactivity (p<10-6). Np and Z protein- specific antibodies were co-detected in 33% of the IIF-positive sera and in 5% of the IIF-negative sera (P=0.001). These data provides evidence for apperance of antibodies to Z protien and NP following Lassa virus infection. A recombination blot for detection of both antibody specificities seems to be specific but less sensitive than IIF.
Clinical and immunological profile of pediatric HIV infection in Ibadan, Nigeria
(SAGE, 2011) Brown, B. J.; Oladokun, R. E.; Odaibo, G. N.; Olaleye, D. O.; Osinusi, K.; Kanki, P.
In spite of the increasing number of children living with HIV in Nigeria, published data on their clinical profile are few. We describe the clinical profile at presentation of HIV-infected children at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, in a prospective study. Among 272 children studied (149 [54.8%] males; mean age 4.2 years [range 2 months to 15 years]), infection was acquired through vertical transmission in 252 (92.6%), blood transfusion in 5 (1.80%), and undetermined routes in 15 (5.5%) cases. Clinical features included weight loss (62.5%), prolonged fever (55.4%), generalized lymphadenopathy (48.6%), chronic cough (45.4%), and persistent diarrhea (28.3%). Tuberculosis was present in 45.3%, World Health Organization (WHO) clinical stages 3 and 4 disease in 70.6% and severe immunosuppression in 44.5% of cases. Pediatric HIV in Ibadan is acquired mainly vertically and most cases present with severe disease. Improved access to prevention services and early diagnosis are recommended.
Demographic and epidemiological characteristics of HIV opportunistic Infections among older adults in Nigeria
(2017) Akinyemi, J. O.; Ogunbosi, B. O.; Fayemiwo, A. S.; Adesina, O. A.; Michael, O.; Kuti, M. A.; Awolude, O. A.; Olaleye, D. O.; Adewole, I. F.
Background: In view of the maturing HIV epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa, better understanding of its epidemiology among older adults is necessary in order to design appropriate care and treatment programmes for them. Objectives: To describe the demographic and epidemiological characteristics of HIV opportunistic infections among newly enrolled patients aged 50 years and above in Ibadan, South-West Nigeria. Methods: Analysis of data extracted from electronic records of 17, 312 subjects enrolled for HIV/AIDS care and treatment between January 2006 and December 2014 at the ART clinic, University College Hospital, Ibadan. Results: Age of the patients ranged from 18 to 90 years with a mean of 36.4 years (SD= 10.3) with older adults constituting 12.0% (2075). Among older adults, about half (52.9%) were females. Majority (59.1%) were currently married while 25.9% were widowed. Prevalence of opportunistic infections was 46.6%. The commonest opportunistic infections (OIs) were: oral candidiasis (27.6%), chronic diarrhoea (23.5% and peripheral neuropathy (14.8%). Significant factors associated with opportunistic infections in older adults were: CD4 count less than 350 (OR=3.12, CI: 2.29-4.25) and hepatitis C virus co-infection (OR=2.17, CI: 1.14-4.13). Conclusion: There is need for prompt response to the peculiar challenges associated with the emerging shift in the epidemiology of HIV and associated infections in sub-Saharan Africa.
Demographic and laboratory evidence of non sexual transmission of HIV in Nigeria
(MEDIMOND, 2004) Odaibo, G. N.; Bamgbose, G.; Jegede, A. S.; Sankale, J. L.; Omotade, O. O.; Olaleye, D. O.; Kanki, P.
Apart from heterosexual transmission, not much is known about the contribution of the other modes of spread of HIV in Africa. To evaluate the importance of non-sexual/non-vertical transmission in adults and children in Nigeria, data from mother-child pairs (community and hospital) and a community HIV surveillance among adult populations in two communities of Oyo State in SW Nigeria were analysed. In the community-based mother-child pair HIV testing, 18 of 476 (3.8%) under 5 years children were positive for HIV antibodies with only one positive mother-child pair. In the hospital surveillance (1996-1997) 10(7.0%) children of 132 mother-child pairs were positive while three (30%) of the 10 mothers were HIV negative. Similarly, 5(10%) of the mothers of 10 H1V positive children (2004) were HIV negative. In another community study, 5(13.2%) of the 38 adults from Ibadan and 12(4.8%) of 251 from Saki who claimed they never had sexual experience were HIV positive. Use of contaminated instruments and blood transfusion remain important routes of transmission of HIV in Nigeria.
Detection of HIV antigen and cDNA among antibody-negative blood samples in Nigeria
(Elsevier Ltd, 2008) Odaibo, G. N.; Taiwo, A.; Aken'Ova, Y. A.; Olaleye, D. O.
In developing countries as many as 50% of patients for whom a transfusion is indicated are at risk of dying immediately if transfusion is withheld. It is therefore important that blood transfusion is made as safe as possible. This study was designed to assess the safety of blood transfusion in two large blood banks in Ibadan, Nigeria. Aliquots of 250 samples already screened and passed as negative for HIV-1 and -2 were collected from each of the blood banks. Samples were tested for the presence of HIV-1 antigen (ELAVIA Ag I) and the antigen-positive samples tested for the presence of specific HIV-1 antibodies by Western blot (BioRad, France). All antigen-positive samples were also subjected to PCR. HIV-1 antigen was detected in 6 (1.2%) of the 500 samples, of which 4 (0.8%) and 3 (0.6%) were Western blot-indeterminate and PCR-positive, respectively. Transfusion of HIV-contaminated blood may be contributing significantly to the spread of the virus in Nigeria. There is therefore an urgent need for an organized blood-banking system with facilities for more sensitive assays for the detection of HIV in blood to prevent transmission through transfusion.
Epidemioogical evidence of recent introduction of HIV-1 subtypes B and O into Nigeria
(2003) Odaibo, G. N.; Olaleye, D. O.; Ruppach, H.; Okafor, G. O.; Dietrich, U.
Peptide based Enzyme Immuno-assay (PELISA) was used to determine HIV-1 subtypes circulating in Nigeria. The synthetic peptide used as the capture antigen were designed from the consensus sequence of the third hypervariable region (V3loop) of 6 HIV-1 subtypes namely A, B, C, D, E and O. A total of 925 ELISA reaactive and western blot confirmed HIV-1 positive plasma or serum samples collected over a 5 year period (1993-1997) from the three broad geographical (south-western, south-eastern and northern) regions of the country were analysed for the stduy. Specific antobodies to the six HIV_! subtypes were identified among the seropositive samples tested. There was an overall increase in the incidence of all the subtypes over the 5 years covered by this study. However, the prevalence of subtypes B and O was relatively low being 2.5% and 2.4% respectively. In addition, subtype B was not detected among HIV-1 positive samples collected before 1995. furthermore, subtypes B and O were not dtected in the samples from the south-eastern and northen regions respectively. Also, the incidence of subtypes B and O decreased with age while there was an increase in the incidence of subtypes E and D with age. On the ohter hand, the incidence of subtypes A and C did not vary significantly with age. Abesence of antibodies to HIV-1 subtypes B among blood samples from confirmed seropositive subjects that were collected during 1993-1994 together with low prevalence of subtypes B and O found in this study indicate their recent introduction. In addition, absence of antibodies to both subtypes in the south-eastern and northen regions respectively and decrease in thier incidence with age are convicing indications f recent introduction of both subtypes into Nigeria. There is therfore a need for continuous monitoring of HIV infection to identify appearance introduction of new variants of the virus into any particular geographical region.
Evaluation of immunity against poliovirus serotypes among children in riverine areas of Delta state, Nigeria.
(2011) Donbraye, E. A.; Odaibo, M. O.; Bakarey, A. S.; Opaleye, O. O.; Olaleye, D. O.
"Nigeria remains one of the major reservoirs for wild poliovirus transmission despite the reported success in National Immunization Days and acute flaccid paralysis surveillance. Two hundred children aged ≤ 10 years, were enrolled following parental consent from hard-to-reach riverine areas of Delta state of Nigeria to assess the level of protective immunity to poliovirus. Neutralizing antibodies to the three poliovirus serotypes in the serum samples of the children were determined by the beta method of neutralization. Eight (4%) of the children had no detectable antibody, 178 (89%), 180 (90%) and 181 (90.5%) were positive for antibodies to poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Overall, 162 (81%) of the children had antibodies to the three poliovirus serotypes at a titre of at least 1:8. The study shows the need for proper monitoring of vaccination coverage in such hard-to-reach riverine areas to achieve the objective of the global eradication of poliovirus."
Hepatitis E virus infection in HIV positive ART naïve and experience individuals in Nigiera
(2013) Odaibo, G. N.; Olaleye, D. O.
" Background: Studies have shown Hepatitis E Virus to be a causative agent of acute and chronic hepatitis in severely immunocompromised patients such as organ transplant recipients and person with HIV infection. This study was designed to determine the burden of HEV infection among HIV positive individuals in Nigeria and the effect of HIV treatment on the burden of HEV infection among this group of patients. Methods: Aliquot of plasma samples collected for laboratory investigations such as CD4 enumeration, blood chemistry (AST, ALT, Creatine, Urea) were used to determine the presence of HEV IgG and IgM antibodies using commercially available ELISA. Samples analysed in the study were collected from 180 HIV positive individuals (90 ART naive and 90 ART experienced) attending the ART clinic at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Results: Twenty two of the 180 (12.2%) samples were positive for either HEV IgG (20/180) or IgM (2/180). The rate of HEV IgG was higher among ART naive individuals and the two IgM positive persons were ART naive. There was no significant difference in the mean CD4 count and mean ALT between HEV seronegative and seropositive individuals (P = 0.8 and 0.2 respectively). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest the need to test for HEV infection in HIV positive individuals for the early diagnosis and proper management since HEV is known to be fulminant in the presence of underlying liver disease that is common among HIV infected persons. In addition, the use of ART may reduce the incidence of HEV infection in HIV positive persons. "
High rate of non-detectable HIV-1 RNA among antiretroviral drug naïve HIV positive individuals in Nigeria
(Libertas Academica Ltd, 2013) Odaibo, G.N; Adewole, I. F.; Olaleye, D. O.
Plasma HIV-1 RNA concentration, or viral load, is an indication of the magnitude of virus replication and largely correlates with disease progression in an infected person. It is a very useful guide for initiation of therapy and monitoring of response to antiretro¬viral drugs. Although the majority of patients who are not on antiretroviral therapy (ART) have a high viral load, a small proportion of ART naive patients are known to maintain low levels or even undetectable viral load levels. In this study, we determined the rate of unde-tectable HIV-1 RNA among ART naive HIV positive patients who presented for treatment at the University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan, Nigeria from 2005 to 2011. Baseline viral load and CD4 lymphocyte cell counts of 14,662 HIV positive drug naive individuals were determined using the Roche Amplicor version 1.5 and Partec easy count kit, respectively. The detection limits of the viral load assay are 400 copies/mL and 750,000 copies/mL for lower and upper levels, respectively. A total of 1,399 of the 14,662 (9.5%) HIV-1 positive drug naive individuals had undetectable viral load during the study period. In addition, the rate of non-detectable viral load increased over the years. The mean CD4 counts among HIV-1 infected individuals with detectable viral load (266 cells/μL; range = 1 to 2,699 cells/μL) was lower than in patients with undetectable viral load (557 cells/μL; range = 1 to 3,102 cells/μL). About 10% of HIV-1 infected persons in our study population had undetectable viral load using the Roche Amplicor version 1.5.
HIV infection among newly Daignosed TB patients in southwestern Nigeria: A multi-DOTS center study
(Scientific Research, 2013) Odaibo, G. N.; Okonkwo, P.; Lawal, O. M.; Olaleye, D. O.
Backgroud: The burden of TB and HIV infection is estimated to be about 512/100,000 and 3,000,000 people respectively. However, accurate data on TB/HIV co-morbidity in different parts of Nigeria were not available due to limited access to HIV Counseling and Testing (HCT) by individuals with TB infection. This study was designed to determine the true rate of HIV infection among newly diagnosed TB patients by providing comprehensive HCT services in 43 DOTS centers in Oyo State, Southwestern Nigeria. Methods: All patients meeting the case definition for TB suspects who presented at each of the 43 DOTS Centres were counselled and those who consented tested for presence of HIV antibodies using HIV 1/2 Determine, Unigold and Stat-Pak rapid test kits in a serial algorithm. Results: A total of 13,109 TB positive patients were enrolled for the study, out of which 1605 (12.3%) tested positive for HIV antibodies. HIV infection was higher among female (15.5%) than male (9.5%) TB patients (p < 0.05). The rates also varied among the age groups, ranging from 4.3% in the 10 - 19 years to 18.0% in the 40 - 49 years age group. A relatively high rate (10.5%) of HIV infection was found among children less than ten years of age. Conclusion: The results of this work show the true burden of TB/HIV in any region in Nigeria for the first time. Higher rate of TB/HIV co-infection among female patients and children are significant and important factors that should be considered in the planning of intervention measures in Nigeria and other TB and HIV endemic countries in Africa.
HIV infection among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Nigeria
(2005) Odaibo, G. N.; Gboun, M. F.; Ekanem, E. E.; Gwarzo, S. N.; Saliu, I.; Egbewunmi, S. A.; Abebe, E. A.; Olaleye, D. O.
Respiratory problems like Pneumocystic carinni and Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) are among the common opportunistic infections in patients with HIV/AIDS. The risk of acquiring Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a community becomes greater with increase in the number of HIV positive persons with active tuberculosis. This study was carried out to determine the magnitude of HIV infection among PTB patients in different parts of Nigeria as part of the year 2000 national HIV surveillance programme. Blood samples were collected on blotting paper from a total of 2826 individuals attending TB clinics between 1st of September and 1st November, 2000. Samples were collected from patients with confirmed PTB from 12 states in the 6 geopolitical/health zone (2 states/zone) of Nigeria as part of high risk sentinel population groups. Samples were tested for the presence of HIV antibodies using commercial ELISA (Genescreen HIV-1/2, Sanofi Pasteur, Paris). All initially reactive samples were retested with a rapid EIA (Gene II, Sanofi Pasteur, Paris) according to the WHO recommendations (option II). HIV Prevalence in the states varied from 4.2% in Oyo to 35.1% in Benue States with a median prevalence of 17.0%. HIV Prevalence increased with age to a peak of 23.9% among PTB patients 30-39 years and then declined progressively to 12.8% among those 60 years and above. A relatively high HIV infection rate (13.8%) was found among the young adolescent age group 10-19 years. There was no significant difference in the rate among male and female PTB patients tested. Comparison with results of previous HIV sero-surveys shows a steady increase in HIV prevalence among PTB patients over the years. The high prevalence of HIV among young PTB patients aged 10-19 years in this study is worrisome and must be noted for intervention.
HIV-1 drug resistant mutations in chronically infected teatment naïve individuals in the pre-ARV era in Nigeria.
(2012) Odaibo, G. N.; Ola, S. O.; Landerz, M.; Dietrich, U.; Olaleye, D. O.
In Nigeria the Federal Government rolled out antiretroviral drugs for the management of HIV infection in year 2002. This study was carried out to determine the circulating antiviral drug mutations among ARV naïve patients with chronic HIV infection during the pre-ARV roll out era in the country. DNA was extracted from stored whole blood samples collected from 75 HIV positive patients attending the Medical outpatient clinic between December 1996 and November 2001. The Reverse transcriptase (RT) and the protease (PR) regions of the viral genome were amplified by nested PCR and then sequenced by cycle sequencing and analyzed using the ABI 3100 DNA sequencer to determine the mutations associated with protease inhibitors (PI), nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI). Ten of the 64 (15.6%) samples with positive PCR had mutations for PR inhibitors (PI) including R8D, I 15V, G16E, M36I, M46L, L63P and H69K, while 5 of 63 harbored RT inhibitor (NRTI/NNRTI); V179I, A98T, V179E and A98S. Detection ofARV drug resistant mutations when ARV was not known to be in use in Nigeria calls for caution in the interpretation of drug resistance profile of HIV-1 from infected persons on treatment ARVs in the country.
Human immunodeficiency seropositivity among mother-child pairs in South west Nigeria: a community-based survey.
(2001) Omotunde, O. O.; Olaleye, D. O.; Saliu, I.; Odaibo, N. G.; Adeyemo, A. A.
A community based survey to determine the prevelence of human immunodeficiency infection in Nigeira women and children in south western Nigeria is reported. A multi-stage cluster random sampling procedure was used to select mother-child pairs from 35 enumeration areas in south western Nigeria. The final study sample consisted of 460 mothers and 476 children (including 16 sets of twins). A commercially available recombinant antigen-based ELISA method was used to test for HIV-I and HIV-2 anti-body in sera and western blotting was used as a confirmatory test for initially reactive samples. Only one mother-child pair (out of 460 mother-child pairs) was found to the positive for HIV antibody giving a mother-child concordance for HIV infection of 0.22%. Antibody to either HIV-1 of HIV-2 was detected in 3.8% (18/476) of the children's sera and in 4.3% (20/460) of mothers sera. HIV-1 reactivity was commoner than HIV-2 reactivity (2.9% versus 0.8% among children and 2.8% versus 1.5% among mothers). There were many more positive samples in the rural than in urban areas among children (7.1% versus 1.1%) and also among mothers (6.8% versus 2.4%),(p<0.001). Ths, HIV infection appears to be a real problem in south western Nigeria. The lack of concordance between mother-child sera suggests that vertical transmission may not be a major route of tansmission of HIV infection in children in South western Nigeria. It suggested that certain high risk practices(such as the re-use of unsterillised hypodermic needles for injections and surgical knives in local scarfication) which are common practices, especially in rural areas, need to be investigated as potential major modes of transmission of the infection. Control programmes need to take note of these finidngs in order to adequatly paln comprhensive health education which will cover the whole population, invluding children.
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus types I and II infections in mother-child paris in Nigeria
(Oxford University Press, 1999) Olaleye, D. O.; Omotade, O. O.; Sheng, Z.; Adeyemo, A. A.; Odaibo, G. N.
"A community-based survey to determine the prevalence of human T-cell Iymphotropic type I (HTLV-I) and type II (HTLV-II) virus infections in mothers and children in south-western Nigeria was carried out using blood samples collected in 1993. A multistage cluster, random sampling procedure was used to select 460 mother-child pairs (476 children because there were 16 sets of twills) from 14 enumeration areas. A commercially available, whole HTLV-I lysate antigen-based ELISA method was used to screen for HTLV-I and HTLV-II antibodies in the samples. A synthetic peptide antigen-based ELISA was then used to differentiate between antibody reactivity to either HTLV-I or HTL V-ll. Reactivity to HTLV-I or HTLV -II antibodies was found in 43 per cent (20/460) of mothers and in 1.1 per cent (5/476) of children in both rural and urban communities and all the positive children were males. None of the 16 sets of twins in this study was positive for either HTLV-I or HTLV-ll. Also none of the mother-child paired sera tested showed concordance for either HTLV-I or HTLV-II antibody positivity. The lack of concordance between mother and child sera suggests that vertical transmission may not be the major route of transmission of HTLV infection to children in south-western Nigeria. Other modes of transmission, such as the re-use of unsterilized needles for injections and surgical knives in local scarification, which are common practices in the region, need to be investigated as they may prove to be more important than vertical transmission. These findings have important implications for any control programme for diseases that can be spread by the same routes as HTL V infection (the human immunodeficiency viruses, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C infections)."
In vitro evaluation of the antiviral activity of extracts from the lichen parmelia perlata (L) Ach. Against three RNA viruses
(Creative Commons Attibution, 2007) Esimone, C. O.; Ofokansi, K. C.; Adikwu, M. U.; Ibezim, E. C.; Aboniyi, D. O.; Odaibo, G. N.; Olaleye, D. O.
"Substances extracted from lichens have previously been reported to possess antimicrobial activities against various groups of bacteria, fungi and viruses. Due to the high abundance of Parmelia perlata in the Eastern parts of Nigeria, we decided to explore whether it possesses antiviral activity against some common animal and human viruses. METHODOLOGY:The dried and powdered lichen was extracted with acetone, water and 4% (v/v) NaOH (to yield a crude polysaccharide fraction) using standard methods. The cytotoxicity of the extracts was investigated on HEP-2, Vero and L20 cell lines. The antiviral properties were determined against yellow fever, poliomyelitis and infectious bursal disease virus of chickens using the end-point cytopathic effect assay. Phytochemical evaluations of the extracts were also carried out. RESULTS:Phytochemical tests showed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, steroidal aglycone, carbohydrates and also the presence, in trace amounts, of some oligodynamic elements. Cytotoxicity tests revealed that while L20 was susceptible to the extracts at a concentration of 50 microg/ml, the extracts were generally toxic to the cell lines at concentrations above 500 microg/ml. The order of sensitivity of the cell lines was L20 > HEP-2 > Vero. The water and acetone extracts showed no activity against the viruses when tested at concentrations below the cytotoxic level while the crude polysaccharide fraction showed activity against yellow fever virus with an IC50 of 15 microg/ml. The time of addition of the test extracts to the infected cells did not have significant effect on cytopathic effect inhibition. CONCLUSIONS:The results showed that the crude polysaccharide fraction from Parmelia perlata possesses specific antiviral activity against yellow fever virus. It is postulated that a major mechanism of inhibition of yellow fever infection by the crude polysaccharide fraction of the lichen could be by attack on the viral envelope."
Incidence and burden of respiratory syncytial virus infection in a community-based cohort o under-five years children in Nigeria.
(2013) Odaibo, G. N.; Forbi, J. C.; Omotade, O. O.; Olaleye, D. O.
"Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most common causes of lower respiratory tract infection (LRI) in children under 5 years. Most of the available epidemiological information on RSV infection are from developed countries where denominator based studies have been done. We hereby describe our findings in a WHO sponsored study that estimated the incidence of the RSV infection in children in urban and rural communities in Nigeria. The study was designed as a prospective, population-based cohort of under-five children in an urban (Eleta) and a rural (Ijaiye) community in Oyo State, Nigeria. Nasopharyngeal wash was collected from each child with LRI into sterile plain 5mls tubes and transported daily to the laboratory on ice. An aliquot of each specimen was tested for presence of RSV antigen using an EIA and another aliquot inoculated into Hep2 cell line for virus isolation. Data analyses were performed using the EPIINFO version 6.0. Frequencies were compared using chi-square test at 95% confidential level and incidence reported as per 1000 child years. A total of 2,015 children were enrolled for the study among which 413 episode of LRI occurred. The overall incidence of RSV associated LRI during the 2 years of follow-up was 125/1000 child years. The incidence of RSV in Ijaye was 1.6 times (CI, 0.31 – 1.2) and 1.9 times (CI, 0.9 – 3.6) higher than that of Eleta in the first year and second year respectively. The highest incidence of RSV infection occurred among the age group 3-5 months in Eleta and the age group 9-11 months in Ijaiye. No gender preponderance in the incidence of RSV was observed. This study provided for the first time, a denominator based prevalence and incidence of RSV at the community level in Nigeria. The rates of RSV among under-five children in rural and urban communities in Nigeria are high."
Laboratory profile of HIV-1 and dual HIV-1/HIV-2 associaed acquired immunodeficiency sydrome in Nigeria
(2013) Odaibo, G. N.; Olaleye, D. O.
" Background: HIV-2 is comparatively less pathogenic with slow progression of infection to clinical disease and consequently there is less of information on the occurrence of HIV-2 associated disease than HIV-1. We hereby describe some laboratory profiles of individuals presenting with HIV-2 and dual HIV-1/2 related AIDS at the University College hospital in Ibadan over a period of seven years. Methodology: Blood samples from patients presenting with the AIDS defining illness at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria were tested for antibodies to HIV-1/2 using rapid test devices or ELISA. Initially reactive samples were further tested by immunoblotting for differentiation into HIV-1 or HIV-2 or HIV-1/2 dual infection. Blood samples from individuals with confirmed infections were further analyzed for CD4 cell lymphocyte number, plasma HIV-1 RNA concentration, hematological and blood chemistry parameters. The data analysis was done using descriptive statistics and Levene-S test for equality of variance. Results: Thirty five patients, 18 and 17 with HIV-2 and dual HIV-1/2 infections respectively were identified during the period covered by this study (2005-2012). The median age of the patients was 48 years old (Range: 42 - 70 years old) and mean CD4 cell count of HIV-2 patients at enrollment was 324 (Range: 16 - 696) and 350 (Range 54 - 863) per microlitre of blood for patients with dual HIV-1/2 infection. HIV-1 RNA was not detected in the plasma of the 18 patients with serological HIV-2 infection but 2 (11.8%) of the 17 patients with dual HIV-1/2 serological profile had detectable HIV-1 RNA (1,287,275 copies/ml and 1,816,491 copies/ml). Conclusion: The results emphasize the need to consider HIV-2 infection in the investigation of patients presenting with the AIDS related illness but with negative HIV-1serology. The study also shows the importance of inclusion of multispot HIV-1 and 2 rapid tests for differentiating HIV-1 from HIV-2 infections in regions where both types of HIV circulate or epidemiologically indicated. "
Mother-to-child transmission of different HIV-1 subtypes among ARV NAÏVE infected pregnant women in Nigeria
(2006) Odaibo, G. N.; Olaleye, D. O.; Heyndrick, L.; Vereecken, K.; Houwer, K.; Jassens, W.
"The rate of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV as well as the implications of the circulating multiple subtypes to MTCT in Nigeria are not known. This study was therefore undertaken to determine the differential rates of MTCT of HIV-1 subtypes detected among infected pregnant women before ARV intervention therapy became available in Nigeria. Twenty of the HIV-positive women who signed the informed consent form during pregnancy brought their babies for follow-up testing at age 18-24 months. Plasma samples from both mother and baby were tested for HIV antibody at the Department of Virology, UCH, Ibadan, Nigeria. All positive samples (plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells - PBMCs) were shipped to the Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium, where the subtype of the infecting virus was determined using the HMA technique. Overall, a mother-to-child HIV transmission rate of 45% was found in this cohort. Specifically, 36.4%, 66.7% and 100% of the women infected with HIV-1 CRF02 (IbNg), G and B, respectively, transmitted the virus to their babies. As far as it can be ascertained, this is the first report on the rate of MTCT of HIV in Nigeria. The findings reported in this paper will form a useful reference for assessment of currently available therapeutic intervention of MTCT in the country."
Neutralizing antibodies against poliovirus serotypes among children in southwest Nigeria
(Oxford University Press, 2005) Adewumi, M. O.; Donbraye, E.; Odaibo, G. N.; Bakarey, A. S.; Opaleye, O. O.; Olaleye, D. O.
In May 1988, the World Health Assembly resolved to eradicate poliomyelitis globally by the year 2000. Despite the reported success in national immunization days, acute flaccid paralysis surveillance and accelerated efforts to meet the deadline including ‘mopping-up’ were executed in 1999 and subsequent years. Nigeria remains one of the major reservoirs for wild poliovirus transmission. Neutralizing antibody titre to the three poliovirus serotypes was determined among children from different communities in southwest of Nigeria, and analysed by age, gender and location. About 0.5–2 ml of blood sample was collected by venepuncture from each child. Aliquot of serum from each blood sample was inactivated prior to neutralization test by the beta method for poliovirus antibodies. A total of 347 (59.6 per cent) out of 500 and 82 children enrolled for the study had at least antibody titre of 1:8 against each of the three poliovirus serotypes. Immunity level to the three poliovirus serotypes increased with age and peaked in children aged 4–6 years. Seven (53.8 per cent) out of 13 unvaccinated children tested in the study had detectable neutralizing antibody to the three serotypes. Immunity pattern of P2 > P1 and P3 was observed but no correlation between gender and antibody to the poliovirus serotypes. The populations had 59.6 per cent herd immunity for the three poliovirus serotypes. In a country with high incidence of poliomyelitis this situation leaves a high number of non-immunized children at the risk of infection with one or more poliovirus serotypes.
Nigeria butchers and hepatitis B virus infection
(2008) Ola, S. O.; Otegbayo, J. A.; Yakubu, A.; Odaibo, G. N.; Olaleye, D. O.
Various target groups have been identified in Nigeria for studying the prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection; however there is no information on its prevalence among workers in slaughter houses. This study determined the seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus infection in Nigerian butchers at Ibadan, and comprised 360 healthy Nigerian adult subjects (180 butchers, 180 traders as controls) selected by multistage stratified sampling. A questionnaire was used to collect relevant information and included points about risk behaviour. ELISA was used to detect the hepatitis B surface antigen in the serum; the seroprevalence rate in butchers and controls was 9.4% and 3.3%, respectively (p<0.05). Risk behaviour was seen more commonly in butchers than in controls. The presence of hepatitis B surface antigen in the serum was not related to the duration of occupational exposure or the number of partners. In summary, butchers comprise a high-risk occupational group for exposure to hepatitis B virus infection. We conclude that routine screening for parenterally acquired infections in this group is thus necessary in order to identify those who will require treatment and immunisation, especially against hepatitis B virus infection.