Browsing by Author "Olaleye, O. D."

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Demographic factors in HIV infected patients seen at UCH, Ibadan, Nigeria.
(2005) Ola, S. O.; Ladipo, M. M. A.; Otegbayo, J. A.; Odaibo, G. N.; Bamgboye, E. A.; Nwaorgu, O. G. B.; Shokunbi, W.; Olaleye, O. D.
"There is a rising rate of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection in Nigeria. Good knowledge of the demographic characteristics of the patients with HIV/AIDS may be of great importance in understanding its epidemiology in Nigeria and could facilitate efforts at curtailing the spread of the infection. The study was planned to determine the demographic factors in Nigerian patients with HIV infection. The study was conducted at the University College Hospital (U.C.H), Ibadan, located in the South West of Nigeria. It was a retrospective study of patients with HIV infection attending the U.C.H. from 1988 to 2002. The data collected from the clinical records of the patients with HIV infection included age, sex, marital status, number of spouses, tribe, occupation, education and their religious affiliation. A total of 460 patients aged 1-76 years with peak at 30-34 years were studied. The male/female ratio was 1.06 and the males were the older group. Traders accounted for 40% with female preponderance while the artisans (19.9%) and the military (2.9%) were mostly males. The patients were of Yoruba (70.6%), Igbo (20.0%) and Hausa (9.1%) races. Among the patients with marital status, majority (71.4%) were married while those separated and widowed accounted for 3.5% and 2.6% respectively. Also, a higher proportion of the female HIV patients were Christians whereas the majority of the males were of Islamic religion. Although, there was a low frequency of records on education, the males had better formal education. In conclusion, the study shows that HIV infection is presently an adult disease affecting the most productive segment of the Nigerian population regardless of the individual occupation, educational status, tribe and religious affiliation. Also, it shows that the infection could be associated with heterosexual intercourse."
Evaluation of modified short course chemotherapy in active pulmonary tuberculosis patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection in University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria- a preliminary report
(2004) Ige, O. M.; Sogaolu, O. M.; Odaibo, G. N.; Olaleye, O. D.
Over the period, 1st October 1999 to 30th April 2002 a clinical trail of the modified short-course chemotherapy (SCC) in newly diagnosed cases of pulmonary tuberculosis with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in Ibdan, Nigeria was carried out. The modified SCC used was adopted by World Health Organisation(WHO)/ International Union against Tuberculosis and Lungs Diseases (IUALTD) for developing countries and also by the Nigerian National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control Programmed (NTLCP). THe regimen used consisted of ethambutol(E), isoniazid (H), rifampicin (R), and pyrazinamide (Z) in the intensive phase of 2 months. The continuation phase was 6 maonths of ethambutol (E) and isonized (H), i.e. 2EHRZ/6EH. Sputum conversion was 90%at the second month of treatment and therwe was no bacteriological relapse after 18 months of follow-up. Side effects were few and consisted mainly of continuation phase. It is concluded that this modified 8- month chemotherapy regimen adopted by NTLCP is efficacious in treatment of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients with background HIV infection.
Field and experimental investigations of an outbreak of African swine in Nigeria
(2005) Otesile, E. B.; Ajuwape, A. T. P.; Odemuyiwa, S. O.; Akpavie, S. O.; Olaifa, A. K.; Odaibo, G. N.; Olaleye, O. D.; Adetosoye, A. I.
An African swine fever (ASF), characterized by a mortality reaching 50 to 100 p. 100 in different herds were diagnosed with high domestic pigs loose in Delta State in Nigeria in August 1998. The etiologic confirmation of the PPP was obtained by virus isolation, PCR and sequencing of 280 base pairs a segment of the gene encoding the major protein (VP72) capsid. The experimental infection of animals with infected blood caused fevers, with the highest peaks two to four days after infection, death followed five to six days after infection. Post-mortem examinations revealed very extensive bleeding and the appearance of congested and edematous tissue. The lymph nodes, spleen, liver and kidneys exhibited pronounced random focal necrosis and loss of cells in the follicles of the spleen and lymphoid tissue. Pigs have also revealed acute orchitis with massive neutrophilic infiltrates and macrophages in intertubular connective tissues. of meningitis and focal hemorrhages were observed in the brain and spinal cord. It seems that the home came from the spread east of the PPA, from Benin, neighboring state where the PPP had declared the previous year (1997)
HCV and HBV infection in Nigerian patients with liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carinoma
(2004) Ola, S. O.; Odaibo, G. N.; Olaleye, O. D.
Although efforts have made to determine the significance of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in Nigerians with chronic liver diseases, the role Hepatitis C virus (HBV) infections in Nigerian patients with Liver Cirrhosis(LC) and Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC). The incidence of HBV and antibodies to HCV was determined by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) in 24 Nigerians Hepatocellular carcinoma (n=14), as well as healthy adult Nigerians who served as controls(n=14) at the University College Hospital, Ibadan. Incidence rates of 50%, 71% and 40% of HBsAg were obtained in patients with LC, HCC and Controls respectively while 20%, 14% and 20% were AntiHCV positive in the respective group (P<0.0005 for HCC). Co-infection by HBV and HCV was found in one patient with HCC. Infection by HCV occured in older age group (57.5_8 years) than HBV infection(47.8+4 years, P<).0.01) while both infections were commoner in male subjects. In summary, HBV infection is commoner than that of HCV in patients with HCC. However, both HBV and HCV might be contributory to the aetiology of LC and HCC. Efforts should be internsified at reducing the high prevalence of HBV infection as well as that of HCV in Nigerians by instituting active preventive measures.
Helicobacter pylori serology and evaluation of gastroduodenal disease in Nigerias with dyspepsia
(2004) Otegbayo, J. A.; Oluwasola, O. A.; Yakubu, A.; Odaibo, G. N.; Olaleye, O. D.
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) has been strongly associated with various gastroduodenal diseases worldwide with only a few studies emanating from developing countries. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of serum immunoglobulin G (lgG) and underlying gastroduodenal pathology in Nigerian patients with dyspepsia and ascertain the usefulness of H.pylori lgG screening in decreasing endoscopic workload in dyspeptics in Nigeria. fifty-five patients with dyspepsia and 55 age and sex-matched apparently normal control were screened for H.pylori lgG using ImmunocombrII kits. Each of the 55 patients were also examined endoscopically with biopsies taken appropriately. Serology was positive in 94.5% and 92.7% of dyspeptic patients and controls respectivley. Gastroduodenal inflammation was the commonest endoscopic finding, 43 (78.18%). Other findings were malignant gastric tumour 6(10.9%), reflux oesophagitis 3(5.45%), gastric ulcer 2(3.64%), and duodenal ulcer in 1(1.82%). chronic gastritis was the main histopathologic finding in the dyspeptic patients. It is concluded that serum H. pylori lgG cannot be used as a screening procedure to reduce endoscopic workload in Nigerian patients with dyspepsia.
Hepatitis B and C viral markers in patients with sickle cell disease in Ibadan, Nigeria
(2003) Fasola, F. A.; Odaibo, G. N.; Aken'ova, Y. A.; Olaleye, O. D.
Serum samples from 180 Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) patients attending Medical Out patients (MOP) clinic of the Department of Haematology, UCH, Ibadan, Nigeria were tested for the presence of HbsAg and anti-HCV in their blood samples. The result showed that HBV infection was slightly higher (not significant) than HCV infection among SCD patients (P>0.05). In addition, the result showed that the mean number of transfusion was higher among patients who were sero-positive for both HbsAg (5.0 +/- 6.6) and anti-HCV (4.6 +/- 6.7) when compared to patients who were negative for both viruses (2.7 +/- 3.0 and 2.9 +/- 3.2) for HBsAg and anti-HCV respectively. These observations is an indication that there is an urgent need to screen blood units for hepatitis B and C virus infections prior to transfusion in order to reduce HCV infection among SCD patients in Nigeria. Furthermore, it suggests the need to vaccinate SCD patients against HBV in this environment.
Hepatitis B and E viral infection among Nigerian healthcare workers
(2012) Ola, S. O.; Odaibo, G. N.; Olaleye, O. D.; Ayoola, E. A.
"BACKGROUND:There is dearth of information on Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection and its co-infection with HBV among Nigerian healthcare workers (HCWs). Hence, there is the need to determine the rate of HEV infection and its association with HBV among HCWs who are at greater risk of nosocomial infections. METHODOLOGY:Sera from 88 HCWs and 44 non-HCWs healthy adults as controls were tested for the presence of antibody to HEV (anti-HEV). The HCWs were also tested for HBsAg and antibody to Hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) using commercially available ELISA kits. RESULTS:The prevalence of anti-HEV obtained among the HCWs and controls were 43% and 94% respectively (p<0.005) while those of HBsAg and anti-HBc in HCWs were respective 13% and 56%. Overall among HCWs, the prevalence of HBV infection was 65.9%, higher than HEV infection (p<0.005) with only anti-HBc greater among the male participants (p<0.005) while co-infection of HBV with HEV was 27.3%. HEV infection was least among the Paediatricians (18%) and highest among the Surgeons (55%) while HBV infection was similar in all the different occupational groups of HCWs (44-59%) except among the Gynecologists and Obstetricians (80%). CONCLUSION:Infection with HEV is high among Nigerian HCWs but lower than the rate among non-HCWs. It is also co-infected with HBV especially among the different groups of the HCWs and could occur with the diverse clinico-serological patterns of HBV infection."
Hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg) in blood and gential secretions of paients with sexually transmitted diseases in Ibadan, Nigeria.
(2005) Ogunkunle, M. O.; Oni, A. A.; Odaibo, G. N.; Olaleye, O. D.
A total of 100 patients attending the Special Treatment Clinic of the University Teaching Hospital (UCH), Ibadan between October, 1998 and April, 1999 were studied to detect Hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg) in the blood and genital discharges. This was with a view of establishing whether infected persons (positive by blood test) also excrete the antigen, HbsAg, in their genital secretions. Urethral swabs were collected from 63 male patients, while High Vaginal and Endocervical swabs were collected from 37 female patients. Blood samples were collected from all the patients. HbsAg was tested for by Enzyme immunoassay technique with Wellcozyme HbsAg kit. Of the 63 male patients, 10 (15.9%) had HbsAg in the urethral secretion while 22 (34.9%) had it in their blood, 70% of these male patients were within the age range 11-30 years. Of the 37 female patients, 34 (92%) had HbsAg in the Endocervical secretions, 6 (16.2%) of them had HbsAg in their blood. Eighty percent of the female patients with positive HbsAg in the genital secretions were within age range 21-40 years. This study documents that Hepatitis B virus can be transmitted sexually in this environment
Human Immuno-deficiency Virus (HIV) infection among oral surgery patients at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
(2003) Arotiba, J. T.; Odaibo, G. N.; Fasola, A. O.; Obiechina, A. E.; Ajagbe; Olaleye, O. D.
The human immuno-defiency virus is a world-wide epidemic and evidence abound that the infection is spreading rapidly in sub-saharan Africa with little or no control. Nosocomial trans mission of HIV in the Dental surgery has been documented. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of HIV among dental patients undergoing extraction at the University College Hospital, Ibadan. Three hundred patients requiring dental extraction at the dental clinic, UCH, Ibadan who consented were enrolled for the study. Blood samples from these individuals were tested for the presence of HIV antobodies using commeercially available ELISA (Monolisa Sanofi, Pasteur, France). All initially reactive samples were confirmed by a commerical Western immunoblot assay (Bio-Rad Norapath HIV kit). Aprevalence of 2.3 % (7/300) was obtained among individuals tested for this study. Four (2.8%) of the 143 males and 3 (1.9%) of 157 females were positive for HIV antibodies. All the seropositive patients except one were within the age range 20-39 years and most of them (6 out of 7) do not use condom during intercourse. More than half (57%) of the patients had more than one sexualy partner. This study shows that the risk of transmitting HIV to DHCW during treatment is also a ptential hazard in ths environment. HEnce, adequate preventive measures should be observed always.
Human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 infection in some rural areas of Nigeria
(1998) Odaibo, G. N.; Olaleye, O. D.; Tomori, O.
The prevelence of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 in rural areas of Nigeria was estimated using 1089 sera collected in 18 locations from 1992 to early 1994. The sera were tested with Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay(ELISA) and confirmed by western immunoblotting technique. Overall, 13 (1.2%) of the 1089 sera were positive for antibodies to HIV-1 and HIV-2. Prevalence of 0.6% and 0.8% were obtained for HIV-1 and HIV-2 (50.0%) were found in Zurhlrrua and Umubuzu. A seroprevalence of 1.2% was obtained for both male and female groups tested. The highest prevalence of HIV was found among individuals 30-39 years age group. An overall increase in prevalence of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection was obtained over the three years during which samples were collected for this study (0.7% in 1992, 1.0% in 1992 and 3.4% in 1994). In addition, two sera were positive for both HIV-1 and HIV-2. The detection of antibodies to HIV-1 and HIV-2 in the rural areas where blood samples were collected for this study shows that both virus are widespread in the rural communities of Nigeria.
Multiple presence and heterogeneous distribution of HIV-I subtypes in Nigeria
(Klober Academic Publishers, 2001) Odaibo, G. N.; Olaleye, O. D.; Ruppach, H.; Okafor, G. O.; Dietrich, U.
Human immunodefiency virus types I(HIV) subtypes circulating in Nigeria was determined by using the Peptide based Enzymes Immuno-Assay (PELISA) to anlayze sera or plasma samples collected from 925 individuals in southeastern and nothern) of Nigeria. The synthetic peptides used as the capture antigens in the PELISA were design from the consensus sequence of the thrid hypervariable region. (V3 loop) of HIV-I subtypes A, B, C, D, E and O of HIV-I. The assay was initially validated using plasma samples from individuals infected with various genetically identified HIV-I subtypes in Europe and AFrica. Any serum or plasma samples that reacted with more than one peptide was re-tested using the same antigen panel in a limiting ELISA technique. The result co- circulation of multiple HIV-I subtypes including A, B, C, D, E and O in Nigeria. Varying prevalence of specific antibodies to the six HIV-I subtypes included in the PELISA panel were detected among infected individuals (74), B=2.5%(23) and group O, 2.4%(20). Thirty-six (3.9%) of the samples from the northen and southeastern regions reacted with HIV-I subtype O and B peptides respectively. As far as it can be ascertained, this is the first report of dtection of HIV-I subtypes B, D, and E in Nigeria. Furthermore, the result of this work indicated widespread circulation of multiple HIV-I subtypes in Nigeria. Therefore a polyvalent vaccine will be the best option for effective prophylactic immunization against HIV-I infection in Nigeria.
Oro-facial lesions and CD4 counts associated with HIV\AIDS in an adult population in Oyo, state, Nigeria
(Blackwell Munksgard, 2004) Adurogbanga, M. I.; Aderinokun, G. A.; Odaibo, G. N.; Olaleye, O. D.; Lawoyin, T. O.
The objective of this study was to define the oro-facial lesions associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in an adult population in Oyo state, Nigeria and to relate these with the level of immune suppression as measured by the CD4 counts.MATERIALS AND METHOD:The study population consisted of 679 consecutive subjects who were seen at the state-owned blood bank. Information on demography, medical and medication histories were obtained. Oro-facial examinations were carried out according to Greenspan et al [Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol (1992)73:142-144]. HIV sero-prevalence status was determined for all patients. CD4+ T-lymphocyte count was carried out for those sero-positive for HIV and 31 randomly selected HIV-negative subjects. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, Student's t-test and odds ratio where appropriate.RESULTS:Eighty-one (11.9%) of the entire study sample were confirmed HIV positive. The prevalence of specific oral lesions by HIV sero-status revealed that pseudomembranous oral candidiasis and angular cheilitis occurred significantly and more frequently in HIV-positive subjects (33.3 and 21% respectively) than those who were HIV negative (4.3 and 1.8% respectively, P < 0.05). The mean CD4 count of the HIV-positive subjects was 452 cells mm(-3), s.d. 137, while it was 602 cells mm(-3), s.d. 251, for the HIV negatives. The difference was statistically significant (P = 0.000). Forty-four (66.7%) subjects with CD4 counts <500 cells mm(-3) had oro-facial lesions whereas among those with CD4 counts >500 cells mm(-3) only 22 (33.3%) had oro-facial lesions (OR = 4.57).CONCLUSION:The type of oro-facial lesions most commonly associated with HIV/AIDS in Oyo state, Nigeria, has been shown to be pseudomembranous oral candidiasis. This was followed by angular cheilitis. These lesions, although found in HIV-negative subjects, were in a lower proportion as compared with HIV-positive subjects. Mean CD4 counts were lower in HIV-positive subjects and this was associated with greater prevalence of oro-facial candidiasis and angular cheilitis.
Prevalence of Hepatitis B virus surface Antigen (Hbsag) in patients undergoing extraction at the University College Hospital, Ibadan
(2003) Odaibo, G. N.; Arptiba, J. T.; Fasola, A. O.; Obiechina, A. E.; Olaleye, O. D.; Ajagbe, H. A.
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection and its sequelae (liver chirrhosis and hepatic carcinoma) are endemic in Africa. The risk of transmission of the infection during dental treatment is real. This study was carried out to determine the rate of Hepatitis B surface Antigen (HBsAg) as a marker of hepatitis B virus infection in patients undergoing dental extraction in order to highlight the potential risk of nosocomial transmission among the Dental Health Worker (DHW) and their patients. Three hundred (143 males and 157 females) consecutive patients requirng dental extraction who volunteered were enrolled into this study. Their ages ranged from 11 years to 95 years with a mean of 37.2years (SD=16.725) and a median of 36 years. The overall HBsAg infection rate was 18.3% (55/300). A higher infection rate (23.1%) occured among the males patients compared with 14% in females (p=0.0086). The high rate of HBV infection found among this study population suggests that Dental Surgeons in this environment have a high risk of exposure to hepatitis B virus and should be immunized at the beginning of their professional life. Universal biosafety measures should be observed strictly in all invasive procedures.
Prevalence of HIV-I subtypes in infected concordant and discordant couples in Nigera
(Klober Academic Publishers, 2001-08) Odaibo, G. N.; Olaleye, O. D.; Ruppach, H.; Fasanmade, A. A.; Olubuyide, S. O.; Dietrich, U.
The peptide binding immunoassay (PELISA) was used as previously described to determine HIV-I subtypes among 60 married HIV-I sero-positive individuals and their spouses identified at the University College Hospital, Ibadan in order to investigate the rate of heterosexual partners by different HIV-I subtypes in Nigeria. Out of the 60 couples whose blood samples were analyzed, 33 (55%) were both positive HIV while only one spouse of the couples was sero-positive among the other 27. Using the McNemer test for discordant paired samples, an insignificant (P=0.0636) differnce was obtained between male to female and female to male transmission. Subtypes A, B, C and E were dtected among these individuals. Most (82.3%) of the subtypes C and all of the subtype E(12) were detected among the tranmitters (couples with concordant sero-positive status). This study indicates that HIV-I subtypes C and E may be more efficiently transmitted heterosexually than the other subtypes.
Prevalence of measles neutralizing antibody in children under 15 years in southwestern Nigeria
(2005) Opaleye, O. O.; Adewumi, M. O.; Donbraye, E.; Bakarey, A. S.; Odaibo, G. N.; Olaleye, O. D.
The immune status of children under 15 years in the Southwestern region of Nigeria against measles virus was determined using the neutralization test with a view to assessing the herd immunity to the virus in these communities. A total of 256 serum samples collected from children were tested by the beta method of neutralization. Forty (15.6%) of these samples were found to be positive at a titre of 1:256, 35 (13.7%) at 1:128, 36(14.1%) at 1:64, 37(14.5%) at 1:32, 38 (14.8%) at 1:16, 27 (10.5%) at 1:8 and 16 (6.3%) at 1:4. Twenty-seven (10.5%) of the 256 samples had no detectable antibody to the measles virus. There was no significant relationship between the antibody titre to measles virus and the gender of the children (p > 0.05). Also, there was no significant difference using Chi square analysis between the neutralizing antibody titres and the age of the children (p > 0.05). All the children whose samples were tested were vaccinated against measles as attested to by their parents. However, the vaccination does not seem to protect all the children, for some of them had no detectable neutralizing antibody while some had low neutralizing antibody titre. In Nigeria, where only a single dose of measles vaccine is given at 9 month, measles may remain a serious threat to the children population with its attendant high morbidity and mortality.
Sero-prevalence of hepatitis C virus among patients attending STD clinic in Ibadan, Nigeria
(2005) Oni, A. A.; Odaibo, G. N.; Ola, S. O.; Olaleye, O. D.; Bakare, R. A.
"In the tropics, hepatitis C virus (HCV) seroprevalence ranges from < 0.2% in whole Africa. A strong association between HCV and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-negative chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma has been described. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers among Africans, and in Nigeria by 1970 the estimated rate was 6.6 per 100,000 populations per annum. Sexual transmission was regarded as a minor cause of HCV, the degree of which has not been properly evaluated in most environments. Since it has been established that sexual transmission is an important mode of acquisition of the infection, we therefore set out to find the seroprevalence of HCV among 95 patients attending sexually transmitted diseases (STD) clinic in University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria with a view to recommending preventive and control measures of HCV in our community. The sera collected from these respondents were used for screening for syphilis using the VDRL test, and for HCV antibodies using the MONOLISA anti-HCV (Sanofi, Pasteur France). Mid-stream urine was collected from all participants, and urethral swabs from all male participants while endocervical and high vaginal swabs were collected from female participants. Ulcer swabs were collected from those with genital ulcers. The prevalence of HCV infection was found to be 37.9% in patients presenting with STDs. This comprised 38.9% of males and 61.1% females. This prevalence rate is very high compared with the rate in the general population and other “high-risk” groups in previous studies in the same environment. Factors associated with HCV infection in this environment include high heterosexuality, high level of education, and previous instrumentations such as in scarifications and termination of pregnancy. Prevention and control of STDs will definitely reduce HCV infection and hence the attendant consequences, particularly hepatocellular carcinoma, in our environment. "
Serum Hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B surface antigenaemia patients with acute icteric hepatitis
(2002) Ola, S. O.; Otegbayo, G. N.; Odiabo, G. N.; Olaleye, O. D.; Olubuyide, O. I.
Acute hepatitis is common in Nigeria and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been a major aetiological factor. However, the role of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is yet undetermined. Forty-five consecutive Nigerian patients with Acute Icteric hepatitis (AIH) attending the medical clinic of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria and 45 health adult Nigerians (controls) were studied for evidence of infection with both viruses. Questionnaire on risk procedures which predispose to acquisition of both HBV and HCV infections were administered to the patients. Blood samples were collected from all the subjects and tested for antibody to HCB (Anti-HCV) and Hepatitis B surface Antigen (HBsAg) using the second generation enzyme linked Immunoassay (Monosila-R, Sansofi, Pasteur;France). Anit-HCV was detected in 21(47%) and 17 (38%) of the patients and controls respectively. The corresponding prevalences of HBsAg were 38(84%) and 11(24%), p<0.001. Hepatitis B virus infection was found to occur more than the controls. Combined HBV and HCV infection occured more frequently among the patients(42.1%) than in the control (11%)(;<0.001). Although there was no significant difference in the HCV infection between the two groups, isolated HCV infection is commoner in the control than in the patients with AIH, (p<0.001). Similarly, single HCV infection is commoner than lone HBV infection among the control, p<0.05. In summary, this study shows that while both HBV and HCV infections are common in Nigeria, AIH may be more associated with HBV than HCV in the country.