Browsing by Author "Olley, B. O."

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Abnormal Psychology
(Department of Psychology, University of Ibadan, 1999) Olley, B. O.
Abortion an Sudden Death among Adolescents in Nigeria: A Hidden Psychological Enquiry
(Stirling-Horden Publishers (Nig.) Ltd., 2000) Olley, B. O.; Okpara, C. U.
Building Clean Cities in Nigeria: An Overview
(Nigerian Institute of Town Planners (NITP) and Town Planners Registration Council of Nigeria (TOPREC), 2014) Olley, B. O.
Changes in Attitudes towards mental illness after exposure to a course in abnormal psychology among students of a Nigerian University
(Association of Psychiatrists in Nigeria, 2007) Olley, B. O.
Background Several community studies in Nigeria of attitudes towards mental illness suggest low knowledge and a deep-seated negative attitude about the illness. Little is known about the effect of education in changing these rather negative views. Aims: To determine the effects of exposure to a 13 week course in Abnormal Psychology on a follow-up assessment of knowledge and attitudes of undergraduate students of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria towards mental illness. Method: All 140 students who registered for Abnormal Psychology: course code Psy 202 in the 2004/2005 academic session were first assessed at baseline (the first day of lecture) and at after 13 weeks (26 hours) the end of course evaluation. The response rate was 100% at both baseline and at follow-up. Results: At the follow-up evaluation, knowledge about mental illness was significantly higher in all the items measured. There were non-significant changes in all items assessing stigma of mental illness except in the items indicating feeling upset or disturbed working in the same job and maintaining a friendship with someone with mental illness respectively. A significant favourable change was observed in the students perception towards group homes in the neighbourhood for people with mental illness. No significant changes were observed in attitudes toward human rights of the mentally ill, except regarding an item stating that mentally ill individuals should not have children in order to avoid heredity handicaps, with which a lower percentage agreed. Conclusions: Poor knowledge and stigmatization of mental illness still exist among undergraduate students in Nigeria. While exposure to a course in abnormal psychology was effective in changing knowledge, there were still some aspects of stigma that were not amenable to education.
Child sexual abuse, harmful alcohol use and age as determinants of sexual risk behaviours among freshmen in a Nigerian University
(Elsevier Ltd., 2008) Olley, B. O.
In Nigeria, freshmen constitute a risk group of adolescents and young adults capable of engaging in unsafe sexual practices. This study documents the associated factors to sexual risk behaviours practices of University of Ibadan, Nigeria freshmen. Eight hundred and forty one (841), freshmen who attended a routine orientation program were asked to respond to a questionnaire. Results showed that 30.8% were sexually active and 47% did not use condom in their last sexual episode. Associated with sexual risk behaviours include: being a male freshman increasing age; lower tendency for violence; increase sexual compulsivity; alcohol abuse; history of rape and a history of Child Sexual Abuse (CSA). Three variables: alcohol abuse; history of CSA and increasing age remained significant in a multiple regression analysis. The paper presents the first evidence of vulnerability of freshmen to sexual risk practices in a Nigerian University
Community study of knowledge of and attitude to mental illness in Nigeria
(Taylor and Francis Group, 2005) Gureje, O.; Lasebikan, V. O.; Ephraim-Oluwanuga, O.; Olley, B. O.; Kola, L.
Background: The improvement of community tolerance of people with Mental illness is important for their integration. Little is known about the knowledge of and attitude to mental illness in sub-Saharan Africa. Aims: To determine the knowledge and attitudes of a representative community sample in Nigeria. Method: A multistage, clustered sample of household respondents was studied in three states in the Yoruba-speaking parts of Nigeria (representing 22% of the national population). A total of 2040 individuals participated (response rate 74.2%). Results: Poor knowledge of causation was common. Negative views of mental illness were wide spread, with as many as 96.5% (s.d. =0.5) believing that people with mental illness are dangerous because of their violent behaviour. Most would not tolerate even basic social contacts with a mentally ill person: 82.7% (s.e.=1.3) would be afraid to have a conversation with a mentally ill person and only16.9% (s.e.=0.9) would consider marrying one. Socio-demographic predictors of both poor knowledge and intolerant attitude were generally very few. Conclusions: There is widespread stigmatisation of mental illness in the Nigerian community. Negative attitudes to mental illness may be fuelled by notions of causation that suggest that affected people are in some way responsible for their illness, and by fear.
A comparative study of burnout syndrome among health professionals in a Nigerian teaching hospital
(College of Medicine, University of Ibadan and the University College Hospital, 2003) Olley, B. O.
Burnout as a measure of stress has generated research interest in the past two decades. However, there is a dearth of research on this interesting and important phenomenon in Nigeria. This study compared burnout and its associated factors in various health professionals working at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Two hundred and sixty health care providers were sampled from 5 main units: Theatre/Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Accident and Emergency (A & E), Oncology, Dentistry and General Outpatients Department (GOP), among others. Included were 104 nurses (40%), 83 doctors (31.9%), 21 pharmacists/pharmacy technicians (8.0%), 10 medical social workers (3.8%) and 42 nursing assistants (16.1%). Outcome measures included the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), the 30-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and the Spielberger State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Core findings indicated that nurses consistently reported higher scores on all measures of burnout: exhaustion (F = 3.60, df= 258, P <.05); accomplishment (F = 3.94, df=258, P < .05) and depersonalization (F = 4.58, df258, P < .01) when compared with other health care providers. Significant differences were also noted between nurses and all other care provider, in total scores on the General Health Questionnaire (F = 6.54, df 258, P < .01) and the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (F = 1.91, df 258, P <.05), respectively. These results are discussed in relation to the existing literature on burnout in Nigeria. Further empirical study is highly suggested in view of dearth of studies on the occupational health of health care providers in Nigeria.
Date fighting and sexual risk behaviours among adolescents attending public schools in Ibadan, Nigeria
(Ife Psychologia. Ife Centre for Psychological Studiesand Services, Ile-Ife and The Network of Psychological Studies of Women Issues Department of Psychology University of Ibadan Ibadan., 2015-06) Olley, B. O.
The study seeks to examine the prevalence of date fighting and its role in sexual risk behaviours among 1079 boys and 1211 girls in 22 public secondary schools in Ibadan Nigeria. About 60% (1367) reported to have ever experienced at least a form of date fighting. Risk factors for date fighting in boys include, non use of condom at last sex, (OR: 3.67; 95% Cl: 3.23-4.22) current alcohol usage (OR: 1.67; 95% Cl: 1.99-2.05) belonging to a gang (OR:4.09; 95% Cl: 4.29- 5.95) and multiple sex (OR: 3.39; 95% Cl: 4.20-5.05). Among girls, the risks include multiple sexual partners (OR: 2.44; 95% Cl: 1.67-3.88) history of CSA (OR: 3.01; 95% Cl: 3.23-6.05) hawking after school hours (OR:2.22; 95% Cl: 2.76-5.96). A well designed and integrated psycho-educational intervention regarding date fighting and its inherent association to sexual risk behaviors should be part of the overall adolescent's reproductive health campaign in Nigeria.
Depression and disability: comparisons with common physical conditions in the Ibadan study of aging
(Elsevier Ltd., 2008-11) Gureje, O.; Ademola, A.; Olley, B. O.
Objectives: To compare the effects of depression and chronic physical conditions on disability in elderly persons. Setting: Yoruba-speaking areas of Nigeria. Design: Interviews. Participants: Community-dwelling persons aged 65 and older. Method: Face-to-face interviews were conducted with a representative sample of community-dwelling persons aged 65 and older (N= 2,152) in the Yoruba-speaking areas of Nigeria (representing ~22% of the national population). Major depressive disorder (MDD) was assessed using the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Chronic pain and medical disorders were assessed using self-report. Disorder-specific disability was evaluated using the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS). Results: MDD was highly comorbid with each of the medical conditions (odds ratio range 1.3–2.0). A higher proportion of persons with MDD (47.2%) were rated severely disabled globally than those with arthritis (20.6%), chronic spinal pain (24.2%), or high blood pressure (25.0%). Subjects with MDD were also more likely to be severely disabled in three of the four domains of the SDS. In pair-wise comparisons, persons with MDD had significantly higher levels of disability than those with any of the disorders, with differences in mean scores ranging between -3.74 and -27.50. Conclusion: To reduce the public health burden of depression, its prevention and treatment require more clinical and research attention than currently given by developing countries.
Determinants of quality of life of elderly Nigerians: results from the Ibadan study of ageing
(Elsevier Ltd., 2008) Gureje, O; Kola, L.; Afolabi, E.; Olley, B. O.
Background: Little is known about factors that determine the QoL of elderly persons living in developing societies undergoing rapid social changes. Method: A representative sample of elderly Nigerians, aged 65 years and over (n= 2152), was assessed for QoL using the World Health Organization Quality of Life instrument (WHOQoLBref). Other than sociodemographic factors, respondents were also evaluated for major depressive disorder, physical conditions as well as for social network, support and engagement. Using linear regression modeling, these factors were explored for their ability to predict the physical, psychological, social and environmental domains of QoL. Results:Economic status was the most consistent predictor of the four domains of QoL, with the coefficients ranging between 1.0 and 1.68 (p < 0.001 in every instance). Among health variables, functional disability (range: 7.07 – 19.86) and self-rated overall health (range: 7.89 – 18. 42) were the most salient. Participation in community activities (range 7.74 – 17.48) was the most consistent social predictor. As a group, social factors, especially those relating to social support and participation, were the strongest determinants of QoL. Conclusion: Even though health factors are important, social factors, in particular those relating to the quality of social support and participation, are the most important predictors of QoL.
Determinants of unprotected sex among HIV-positive patients in South Africa
(Taylor and Francis Ltd, 2005) Olley, B. O.; Seedat, S.; Gxamza, F.; Reuter, H.; Stein, D. J.
This study examined the prevalence of unprotected sex, other sexual risk behaviours, and factors associated with unprotected sex among men and women recently diagnosed with HIV in South Africa. One hundred and forty-nine outpatients (44 males and 105 females) were assessed, of whom 101 were sexually active at least 6 months prior to study entry. Subjects were asked about sexual risk behaviours with reference to their most recent sexual encounter. Logistic regression analysis was employed to determine the predictors of condom use, with independent variables selected from five general categories: (1) sociodemographic characteristics; (2) situational characteristics regarding sexual intercourse (i.e. alcohol or drugs used before intercourse); (3) clinical diagnoses; (4) negative life events; and (5) coping styles. Fifty-five patients (19 males and 36 females), representing 54.4% of those sexually active in the 6 months preceding the study, had not used a condom during the most recent intercourse. Compared with those who used condoms, participants who did not significantly reported shorter duration of HIV infection (t= -2.7, p < 0.001), have a current partner (x2= 3.98, p= 0.005), and lack knowledge of their partner’s HIV status (x2= 4.78, p= 0.004). Also they were significantly more likely to engage in denial (t= 3.2, p < 0.002) and to use substances (t= 1.98, p < 0.05) as a means of coping. Logistic regression showed that shorter duration of illness (odds ratio (OR)= 1.2, 95% confidence interval (CI)= 1.01- 1.41) and coping styles characterized by denial (OR= 0.6, 95% CI= 0.45- 0.96) were significantly associated with unprotected sex. These data suggest the need for interventions to further reduce sexual risk behaviours in HIV-positive patients in South Africa.
Differences In Knowledge About Hiv/ Aids And Perceived Exposure To Risk Between Physicians And Nurses In Ibadan Nigeria
(The Nigerian Psychological Association, 2001-07) Olley, B. O.
Knowledge of health care providers in the management of their patients, particularly those with HIV/ AIDS is very vital, yet studies evaluating this are still seriously in dearth despite the Nigerian peculiarity to the AIDS scourge. Two hundred and ten (210) physicians and nurses working with the University College Hospital Ibadan, Nigeria were assessed with a questionnaire, which tapped information about their knowledge on HIV/ AIDS as well as their perceived exposure risk. Results showed that both the physicians and nurses have substantial overall knowledge about HIV/ AIDS. However, a significant difference existed between physician and nurses regarding the following items: more physicians than nurses believed that HIV/ AIDS is an infectious disorder (x2 = 6.67; P < .03); and more nurses than physicians agreed that coming in contact with unsterilized equipment such as needles, blades can spread HIV/ AIDS (x2 = 22.3; P< .000). There was however no significant differences in their perceived exposure to risk across each of the statements assessed. The result suggests that both physicians and nurses are comparable in relation to their knowledge and perceived exposure risk to HIV/ AIDS patients and their treatment procedure. It is therefore recommended that the assessment and evaluation of knowledge about HIV/ AIDS of physicians and nurses should be a continuous exercise for the identification of their training needs, and in the improvement of the quality of life of patients with AIDS (PWA).
Evaluation of the effect of cognitive therapy on perioperative anxiety and depression among Nigerian surgical patients
(2003) Osinowo, H.O.; Olley, B. O.; Adejumo, A. O.
Study Objective: Surgical patients have been known to benefit immensely from psychological intervention. This study sets out to assess the pre and post operative anxiety levels and depression and the effect of cognitive therapy among Nigerian surgical patients. The effects of gender and educational status on preoperative anxiety and depression were also evaluated. Study design: The study utilized a controlled outcome design to evaluate the efficacy of self- instructional training (SIT) and rational emotive therapy (RET) in surgical patients. Preoperative anxiety and depression scores were used as co-variants. Patients: Thirty-three (33) elective surgical patients were sampled randomly, divided into three groups of eleven (11) patients each. Eight (8) subjects underwent gynaecological procedure while the remaining 25 subjects had general surgical procedures. The mean age was 32.72± 15.83 years (range= 17-16 years). Measurements: the major instruments used in the study were the State Anxiety Subscale of the Speilberger State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Inventory. Main results: AIT had the potential to reduce anxiety levels among subjects postoperatively (t=2.06; df-10; p<0.05). The use of RET reduced depression among surgical patients (t=1.23; df=10; p<0.05). Conclusions: it was concluded that surgical patients manifest varying degrees of anxiety preoperatively and postoperatively. Patient’s pre and postoperative anxiety and depression can be reduced by the introduction of SIT and RET.
Evaluation of the effect of cognitive therapy on perioperative anxiety and depression among Nigerian surgical patients
(2003-12) Osinnowo, H. O.; Olley, B. O.; Adejumo, A. O.
Study Objective Surgical patients have been known to benefit immensely from psychological interventions. This study set out to assess the pre and post operative anxiety levels and depression and the effect of cognitive therapy among Nigerian surgical patients. The effects of gender and educational status on perioperative anxiety and depression were also evaluated. Study design. The study utilized a controlled outcome design to evaluate the efficacy of self-instructional training (SIT) and rational emotive therapy (RET) in surgical patients. Preoperative anxiety and depression scores were used as co-variants. Patients Thirty-three (33) elective surgical patients were sampled randomly, divided into 3 groups of eleven (11) patients each. Eight (8) subjects underwent gynaecological procedures while the remaining 25 subjects had general surgical procedures. The mean age was 32.72± 15.83 years (range = 17-16 years.) Measurements The major instruments used in the study were the State Anxiety Subscale of the Speilberger State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Inventory. Main results SIT had the potential to reduce anxiety level among subjects postoperatively (t = 2.06; df= 10; P <0.05). The use of RET reduced depression among surgical patients (t= 1.23; df = 10; P <0.05). Conclusions It was concluded that surgical patients manifest varying degrees of anxiety preoperatively and postoperatively. Patient's pre and postoperative anxiety and depression can be reduced by the introduction of SIT and RET.
Gender differences in condom use behaviour among students in a Nigerian university
(Women's Health and Action Research Centre, 2003-04) Olley, B. O.; Rotimi, O. J.
Within a social cognitive framework, the present study evaluated condom use behaviour in a sample of students at the Faculties of Social Sciences and Arts, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. The study population comprised 262 (62.1 %) males and 160 (37.9%) females with a mean age of 24.1 years (SD = 4.5) and mean educational level of 17.36 years (SD = 5.8). Results show that 422 students (representing 55.2%) were sexually active within three months before the study. Seventy seven per cent of students reported ever using a condom, 89% of females reported condom use by a partner, while 70% of males had used condoms during sex with a partner. Regarding the frequency of use, more males (30%) than females (11 %) had never used condom. We conclude that the majority of sexually active university students in the study do not use condom. However, the females reported greater consistency of use of condom when compared to the males. Condom use behaviour in this sample did not differ markedly from other college student samples.
HIV/AIDS in Africa - a role for the mental health practioner?
(2004-04) Stein, D. J.; Seedat, S; Emsley, R. A; Olley, B. O.
Improving well-being through psycho-education among voluntary counseling and testing seekers in Nigeria: A controlled outcome study
(Taylor and Francis Group, 2006) Olley, B. O.
The present study evaluated the efficacy of an individualized psycho-education (PE) program in reducing psychological distress and risky sexual behavior and enhancing self-disclosure associated with an HIV diagnosis among attendees of a walk-in non-governmental voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) center in Nigeria. Ninety-four consecutive individuals were asked to complete a pre-counseling, baseline questionnaire detailing their sociodemographic characteristics, psychopathology, sexual practices, self-disclosure intention and coping behaviors. They were screened for HIV and posttest counseled. Sixty-seven individuals (72.2%) who tested positive were consecutively randomly assigned to one of two groups: a PE program (four 60-minute weekly manual driven sessions) (N= 34) and a wait-list (WL) control group (N= 33). The major outcome measures used were the Crown Crisp Experiential Index (CCEI), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (Beck et al., (1961), self-report sexual practices in past three months, self-disclosure intention and the brief COPE. At four weeks post-intervention, significant reductions on all measures as well as reduction in risky sexual practices were observed in the treatment group compared with the wait-list group. Treatment group members were also significantly more likely to disclose their serostatus and accept their HIV status as a way of coping, compared with the wait-list group. Overall, support was found for the efficacy of a manual-driven PE program for self-disclosure, reduction of depression and improvement in safe sexual practices.
Investigating attitudes towards caring for peo.ple with HIV/AIDS among hospital care workers in Ibadan, Nigeria: the role of self-efficacy
(NISC Pry Limited, 2003) Olley, B. O.
Fear of HIV infection and its consequences may affect the willingness and capacity of health care workers to provide good quality care for people with HIV/AIDS (PWHAs). The study was founded on the proposition that self-efficacy may mediate the attitudinal disposition of health care workers related to provision of care to PWHAs. Two hundred and ten physicians (n = 103) and nurses (n = 107) sampled from the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, responded (48% response rate) to a questionnaire which addressed self-efficacy relating to HIV/AIDS, knowledge about HIV/AIDS and treatment of and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS patients. Attitude questions included items on fear of HIV infection, futility in providing care for HIV patients, distress in caring for the patient who is likely to die and willingness to care for PWHAs. The major finding was a significant association between reported high self-efficacy and less fear of acquiring HIV, less futility in providing care for PWHAs and increased willingness to provide such care. More years of education was associated with higher willingness to care, less fear associated with care as well as lower perceived futility related to the care of PWHAs Female gender was significantly related to the perception of futility related to the care of PWHAs. There was no significant relationship between self-efficacy and knowledge about HIV/AIDS. The findings have significant implications for hospital care for PWHAs and suggest that self-efficacy, rather than knowledge about HIV/AIDS may be important in mediating attitudes towards PWHAs and also in developing intervention programmes aimed at helping health care providers to reframe their attitudes.
Is dried paw-paw leaf a psychoactive substance?
(Ife Centre for Psychological Studies, 2007) Olley, B. O.
While many studies have looked at the prevalence and pattern as well as effects of drug abuse and dependence among Nigerians, the use of dried paw-paw leaf as a psychoactive substance has not been investigated. This study examines the attitude and perception towards dried paw-paw leaf as -a psychoactive substance among purposive sampled drug users who were all students of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. A cross-sectional design involving both a qualitative and quantitative approach was used to elicit information from five hundred (SOD) purposive respondents. There were two hundred and ninety-six (59.2%) males and two hundred and four (40.8%) females. Males age ranges from 16 - 28 years (24.6 ± 5.4), while female age ranges from 19 - 24 years (21.6 ± 4.2). Mean years of education for males was 15.3, ± 3.8, while mean years of education for females was 14.9, ± 2.1. Results indicated that 65.6% of the sample agreed that paw-paw leaf is a commonly used stimulant while 50.6% agreed that it could be used and have the same effect of a psychoactive substance. About forty-four percent (43.4%) of the respondents agreed that dried paw-paw leaf could produce the same effects as cannabis, while 32.4% of the respondents agreed that dried paw-paw leaf could produce the same effects as cocaine or heroin. Forty-eight percent (48.4%) believed that dried paw-paw leaf is a commonly used drug among youths in Nigeria while 39.5% acknowledge one of their friends that had used dried paw-paw leaf 55.8% believed that dried paw-paw leaf as a psychoactive substance is not strange in Nigeria while 53.3% agreed that dried paw-paw leaf could be dangerous to ones health. Forty-seven percent of the respondents indicated to have ever used dried paw-paw leaf while 44.8% believed that one could be physically dependent on the drug. 45. 6% equally believed that one could be psychologically dependent on dried paw-paw leaf. The findings were discussed within the social consequence point of view and a need for further investigation in that regard.
Motivational counselling and cognitive behaviour therapy could reduce nicotine dependence risk among Nigerian adolescents
(Ife Centre for Psychological Studies, 2010-10) Imhonde, H. O.; Olley, B. O.
Cigarette smoking is a serious problem worldwide with enormous psychological implications among adolescents. Despite risk of smoking, intervention strategies to address this problem are inadequate in Nigeria. This study was therefore designed to determine the relative efficacy of Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and Motivational Interviewing Supportive (MIS) counselling in reducing adolescents' nicotine dependence risk. Phase one of the study facilitated the documentation of code names, addresses, phone numbers, and school codes of all the participants. Participants who scored on the mean and above on the Nicotine Dependence Scale (NDS) in the first phase and expressed willingness to participate in the study were recruited for the intervention phase. Twenty-jive participants (20 males and 5 females each) were assigned to three intervention conditions, CBl; MIS and Waiting List Control Group (WLCG). ANCOVA results showed that adolescents in the two intervention groups reported significant reduction in the number of cigarettes smoked than those on the WLCG: F(2, 60) = 29.61, P < .05). Follow-up assessment showed that while adolescents exposed to CBT reported significant reduction in the number of cigarettes smoked at one month evaluation (P < .05), such effect was no longer observed at the three-month evaluation. Conversely, while there was no significant reduction in the number of cigarettes smoked by adolescents exposed to MIS at one month, there was a significant reduction in the number of cigarettes smoked at three-month evaluation (P < .05). Adolescents who were nicotine dependent benefited from the two psychological based intervention strategies for risk reduction. It is therefore recommended that such intervention programs should be incorporated in the school curriculum.