Browsing by Author "Olopade, J. O."

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A Case of Craniothoracopagus (Monocephalus Thoracopagus Tetrabrachius) in a Dog
(Blackwell Verlag, 2007) Nottidge, H. O.; Omobowale, T. O.; Olopade, J. O.; Oladiran, O. O.; Ajala, O. O.
This report describes a case of craniothoracopagus (mon cephalus thoracopagus tetrabrachius) twin puppies in Ibadan, Nigeria. The conjoined twins were given birth to by a 7-year old bitch that was usually allowed to stray away from home in search of food. Deformities of the cardiovascular, digestive musculoskeletal, respiratory and urinary systems are reported. This is probably the first report of craniothoracopagus twinning in a dog.
A rare case of left additional renal artery in a Nigerian goat
(Firenze University Press, 2010) Olopade, J. O.; Ozegbe, P. C.; Nssien, M. A. S.; Igado, O. O.; Akpan, M. O.; Olukole, S. G.; Aina, O. O.; Onwuka, S. K.; Oke, B. O.
The report of the occurrence of additional renal arteries in domestic animals is rare in the lit erature. We report a case of an additional renal artery in the left kidney found in a Red Sokoto goat cadaver. The additional renal artery originated from the abdominal aorta 3.80 cm cranial to the origin of the main renal artery. The additional renal artery was relatively long, being 6.30 cm from its origin to the cranial pole region of the kidney where it supplied the kidney. This to the best of our knowledge is the first report in the literature indexed in the Medline of an additional renal artery in a goat.
A review on the possible neuroprotective effects of Moringa oleifera leaf extract.
(Physiological Society of Nigeria, 2016) Igado, O. O.; Olopade, J. O.
Moringa oleifera is an edible plant that has been reputed to be a miracle plant by numerous authors, with effects on practically every body system. Phytochemical analyses have demonstrated that the leaves are rich in various minerals, vitamins and antioxidants. Its use in some continents dates back to Antiquity. Neurodegeneration are chronic diseases of the nervous system. There is currently an increase in the use of natural products to combat these debilitating diseases. So far, no suitable cure has been found, and conditions are managed and the symptoms treated. This article reviews the literature on the effects of Moringa oleifera leaves on the nervous system in vivo and in vitro.
An overview of the orexinergic system in different animal species.
(Springer Science+Business Media, 2021) Azeez, I. O.; Igado, O. O.; Olopade, J. O.
Orexin (hypocretin), is a neuropeptide produced by a subset of neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. From the lateral hypo thalamus, the orexin-containing neurons project their fibres extensively to other brain structures, and the spinal cord con stituting the central orexinergic system. Generally, the term ‘’orexinergic system’’ usually refers to the orexin peptides and their receptors, as well as to the orexin neurons and their projections to different parts of the central nervous system. The extensive networks of orexin axonal fibres and their terminals allow these neuropeptidergic neurons to exert great influence on their target regions. The hypothalamic neurons containing the orexin neuropeptides have been implicated in diverse functions, especially related to the control of a variety of homeostatic functions including feeding behaviour, arousal, wakefulness stability and energy expenditure. The broad range of functions regulated by the orexinergic system has led to its description as ‘’physiological integrator’’. In the last two decades, the orexinergic system has been a topic of great interest to the scientific community with many reports in the public domain. From the documentations, variations exist in the neuroanatomical profile of the orexinergic neuron soma, fibres and their receptors from animal to animal. Hence, this review highlights the distinct variabilities in the morphophysiological aspects of the orexinergic system in the vertebrate animals, mammals and non-mammals, its presence in other brain-related structures, including its involvement in ageing and neurodegenerative dis eases. The presence of the neuropeptide in the cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral tissues, as well as its alteration in different animal models and conditions are also reviewed.
Clofibrate, a PPAR‐α Agonist, Abrogates Sodium Fluoride‐Induced Neuroinflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Motor Incoordination Via Modulation of GFAP/Iba‐1/Anti‐calbindin Signaling Pathways
(Wiley, 2020) Oyagbemi, A. A.; Adebiyi, O. E.; Adigun, K. O.; Ogunpolu, B. S.; Falayi, O. O.; Hassan, F. O.; Folarin, O. R.; Adebayo, A. K.; Adejumobi, O. A.; Asenuga, E. R.; Ola-Davies, O. E.; Omobowale, T. O.; Olopade, J. O.; Saba, A. B.; Adedapo, A. A.; Nkadimeng, S. M.; McGaw, L. J.; Oguntibeju, O. O.; Yakubu, M. A.
Fluoride is an environmental contaminant that is ubiquitously present in air, water. and soil. It is commonly added in minute quantity to drinking water, toothpaste, and mouth rinses to prevent tooth decay. Epidemiological findings have demonstrated that exposure to fluoride induced neurodevelopmental toxicity, developmental neu- rotoxicity, and motor disorders. The neuroprotective effect of clofibrate, a peroxi some proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonist, was investigated in the present study. Forty male Wistar rats were used for this study and randomly grouped into 10 rats per group as control, sodium fluoride (NaF) alone 1300 ppm), NaF plus clofi- brate (250 mg/kg), and NaF plus lisinopril (10 mg/kg), respectively, for 7 days. Naf was administered in drinking water while clofibrate and lisinopril were administered by oral gavage, Markers of neuronal inflammation and oxidative stress, acetylcholin- esterase activity, and neurobehavioral thanging wire and open field) tests were per- formed. Immunohistochemistry was performed on brain tissues, and they were probed with glial fibrillary acidic protein, ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1, and cerebellar Ca2-binding protein calbindin-D28k. The results showed that NaF sig nificantly increased of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation and inhibited AChE activity. Immunostaining showed reactive astrocytes, microgliosis, loss of dendritic spines, and arborization in Purkinje cells in rats administered only Naf. Neuro- behavioral results showed that cotreatment of NaF with clofibrate improved muscu lar strength and locomotion, reduced anxiety, and significantly reduced astrocytic count. Overall, cotreatment of Naf with either clofibrate or lisinopril showed neuro- protective effects by mitigating neuronal inflammation and oxidative and motor inco ordination. Hence, clofibrate could be seen as a novel drug candidate against neurodegeneration and motor disorders.
Congenital Dysgenesis (Brachiomelia) of the Forearm amongst West African Dwarf Triplet Kids in Nigeria: A Case Report
(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, 2010) Olopade, J. O.; Omobowale, T. O.; Igado, O. O.
Unilateral and bilateral congenital dysgenesis (brachiomelia) of the forarm in three kid goats is reported. The animals were born with a miniature forearm/antebrachium, but the shoulder, arm and manus were apparently unaffected. Radiological examination revealed a reduced and bent morphology of the forearm.
Dietary protocatechuic acid ameliorates dextran sulphate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis and hepatotoxicity in rats
(The Royal Society of Chemistiy, 2016) Farombi, E. O. || || || || || || ||; Adedara, I. A.; Awoyemi, O. V.; Njoku, C. R.; Micah, G. O.; Esogwa, C. U.; Owumi, S. E.; Olopade, J. O.
The present study investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of dietary protocatechuic acid (PCA), a simple hydrophilic phenolic compound commonly found in many edible vegetables, on dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis and its associated hepatotoxicity in rats. PCA was administered orally at 10 mg kg-1 to dextran sulphate sodium exposed rats for five days. The result revealed that administration of PCA significantly (p < 0.05) prevented the incidence of diarrhea and bleed- ing, the decrease in the body weight gain, shortening of colon length and the increase in colon mass index in DSS-treated rats. Furthermore, PCA prevented the increase in the plasma levels of pro-inflamma- tory cytokines, markers of liver toxicity and markedly suppressed the DSS-mediated elevation in colonie nitric oxide concentration and myeloperoxidase activity in the treated rats. Administration of PCA significantly protected against colonie and hepatic oxidative damage by increasing the antioxidant status and concomitantly decreased hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation levels in the DSS-treated rats. More- over, histological examinations confirmed PCA chemoprotection against colon and liver damage. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that PCA significantly inhibited cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression in the colon of DSS-treated rats. In conclusion, the effective chemoprotective role of PCA in colitis and the associated hepatotoxicity is related to its intrinsic anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties.
Effect of exposure and withdrawal on lead-induced toxicity and oxidative stress in cardiac tissues of rats
(Informatics Publishing Limited, 2016) Omobowale, T. O.; Oyagbemi, A. A.; Akinrinde, A. S.; Ola-Davies, O. E.; Saba, A. B.; Olopade, J. O.; Adedapo, A. A.
Lead poisoning continues to pose a serious health challenge and more significantly so in developing countries with ineffective waste disposal systems. Recent efforts at solving lead poisoning issues have seen entire towns being resettled from lead-contaminated areas. This study was designed to investigate whether withdrawal of lead exposure results in a resolution of toxic effects of lead in cardiac tissues. Adult male Wistar rats were exposed orally to lead acetate (PbA) at doses of 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/ml for 6-week duration, after which one-half was sacrificed and the remaining left for a further 6 weeks without lead treatment. Exposure of rats to PbA produced significant decline (P < 0.05) in the activities of antioxidant parameters, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), and reduced glutathione (GSH), whereas malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration was significantly elevated. Animals from the withdrawal period exhibited a similar pattern of alterations, with a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in GSH, GPx, and SOD and a significant elevation in MDA and H2O2 concentrations. However, GST activity was elevated, whereas CAT activity remained unaltered in the withdrawal period. The results of this study showed that cardiotoxicity indicated by induction of oxidative stress and reduction in antioxidant parameters failed to resolve upon withdrawal of lead exposure in male rats during the period of study.
Effect of exposure and withdrawal on Lead-induced toxicity and oxidative stress in cardiac tissues of Rats
(Informatics Publishing Limited, 2016) Omobowale, T. O.; Oyagbemi, A. A.; Akinrinde, S. A.; Ola-Davies, O. E.; Saba, A. B.; Olopade, J. O.; Adedapo, A. A.
Lead poisoning continues to pose a serious health challenge and more significantly so in developing countries with ineffective waste disposal systems. Recent efforts at solving lead poisoning issues have seen entire towns being resettled from lead-contaminated areas. This study was designed to investigate whether withdrawal of lead exposure results in a resolution of toxic effects of lead in cardiac tissues. Adult male Wistar rats were exposed orally to lead acetate (PbA) at doses of 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/ml for 6-week duration, after which one-half was sacrificed and the remaining left for a further 6 weeks without lead treatment. Exposure of rats to PbA produced significant decline (P < 0.05) in the activities of antioxidant parameters, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), and reduced glutathione (GSH), whereas malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration was significantly elevated. Animals from the withdrawal period exhibited a similar pattern of alterations, with a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in GSH, GPx, and SOD and a significant elevation in MDA and H2 O2 concentrations. However, GST activity was elevated, whereas CAT activity remained unaltered in the withdrawal period. The results of this study showed that cardiotoxicity indicated by induction of oxidative stress and reduction in antioxidant parameters failed to resolve upon withdrawal of lead exposure in male rats during the period of study.
Effect of exposure and withdrawal on lead-induced toxicity and oxidative stress in cardiac tissues of rats
(Informatics Publishing Limited, 2016) Omobowale, T. O.; Oyagbemi, A. A.; Akinrinde, A. S.; Ola-Davies, O. E.; Saba, A. B.; Olopade, J. O.; Adedapo, A. A.
Lead poisoning continues to pose a serious health challenge and more significantly so in developing countries with ineffective waste disposal systems. Recent efforts at solving lead poisoning issues have seen entire towns being resettled from lead-contaminated areas. This study was designed to investigate whether withdrawal of lead exposure results in a resolution of toxic effects of lead in cardiac tissues. Adult male Wistar rats were exposed orally to lead acetate (PbA) at doses of 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/ml for 6-week duration, after which one-half was sacrificed and the remaining left for a further 6 weeks without lead treatment. Exposure of rats to PbA produced significant decline (P < 0.05) in the activities of antioxidant parameters, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), and reduced glutathione (GSH), whereas malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration was significantly elevated. Animals from the withdrawal period exhibited a similar pattern of alterations, with a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in GSH, GPx, and SOD and a significant elevation in MDA and H2O2 concentrations. However, GST activity was elevated, whereas CAT activity remained unaltered in the withdrawal period. The results of this study showed that cardiotoxicity indicated by induction of oxidative stress and reduction in antioxidant parameters failed to resolve upon withdrawal of lead exposure in male rats during the period of study.
Effects of in-vivo vanadium-induced neurotoxicity and withdrawal on three consecutive generations of mice brains: A neurobehavioural and histo-immunohistochemical study
(Neuroscience Society of Nigeria (NSN), 2022) Lijoka, A. D.; Igado, O. O.; Olopade, F. E.; Olopade, J. O.
Heavy metals exposure causes multi-systemic pathologies in biological systems. Due to their genotoxic effects, some of these anomalies have been reported to transcend to unexposed generations. Vanadi um, a transition metal, crosses the blood brain barrier, causing neuroinflammatory and demyelinating lesions with neurobehavioural inadequacies in exposed subjects. There are however scarce scientific information on vanadium neurotoxicity over generations of exposed subjects. This study explored the effects of vanadium exposure on the body weight, neurobehavioural (open field and negative geotaxis tests) and neurohistological changes (Purkinje cell, astroglial and myelin histoarchitecture) in three consecutive generations – two exposed generations (G1 and G2) and one withdrawal generation (G3), of mice. Neonatal pups of BALB/c mice in G1 and G2, were treated with sodium metavanadate every 48 h, first via lactation from postnatal day (PND) 1-14, and later intraperitoneally (PND 15-21) for males; PND 15-45 for female pups till they were mated with unexposed males. The G3 pups were not treated with sodium metavanadate. The vanadium treated pups had irregular body weight gain. In all the studied generations (G1-3), there were reduced locomotor and exploratory activities, and diminished motor and vestibular function compared to the controls. Furthermore, there was multilayering and pyknosis of the cerebellar Purkinje cells, moderate to marked astrogliosis and generalized demyelination in the corpus callosum, hippocampus (CA1-4 and the dentate gyrus), cerebral cortex, thalamus and cerebellum. This study revealed that effects of vanadium exposure including neurobehavioural anomalies, astrogliosis, demyelination and cerebellar Purkinje cell pathology can persist across multiple generations, including generation not initially exposed.
Evidence of Environmental pollution in caprine brains obtained from a relatively unindustrialized area in Nigeria
(Ibadan Biomedical Communications Group, 2008) Igado, O. O.; Olopade, J. O.; Onwuka, S.K.; Chukwudi, A. C.; Daramola, O. A.; Ajufo, U. E.
The concentration of metals (Iron-Fe, Zinc-Zn, Copper-Cu, Aluminum-Al, Molybdenum-Mo, Vanadium-Va, and Lead-Pb) in the different regions of the brain of goats in a relatively unindustrialized area in Nigeria was investigated using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The highest mean concentration of 98.66ppm was for Fe in the olfactory bulb while the least of 0.07ppm was for Mo in the thalamus. The levels of Zn and Fe showed the highest significant differences across the different regions of the brain examined. All the metals analysed showed relatively high concentrations in the olfactory bulb suggesting ongoing environmental pollution. The findings suggest that this type of investigation in the brain of goats or other animals can assist in knowing the level of human exposure to environmental pollutants (especially metals) in non-industrialized areas. They can also be compared with similar data obtained from animals in known polluted environments in extrapolating the level of pollution in such areas.
Failure of recovery from lead induced hepatotoxicity and disruption of erythrocyte antioxidant defense system in Wistar rats
(Elsevier B. V., 2014) Omobowale, T. O.; Oyagbemi, A. A.; Akinrinde, A. S.; Saba, A. B.; Daramola, O. T.; Ogunpolu, B. S.; Olopade, J. O.
Lead acetate (PbA) is one of the major environmental contaminants with grave toxicological consequences both in the developing and developed countries. The liver and erythrocyte antioxidant status and markers of oxidative were assessed. Exposure of rats to PbA led to significant decline (p < 0.05) in hepatic and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reduced glutathione (GSH) content. Similarly, malondialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2 concentrations were significantly (p < 0.05) elevated. Histopathology and immunohistology of liver of rats exposed to PbA showed focal areas of necrosis and COX-2 expression after 6 weeks of PbA withdrawal. Taken together, hepatic and erythrocytes antioxidant defence system failed to recover after withdrawal of the exposed PbA for the period of the study. In conclusion, experimental animals exposed to PbA did not recover from hepatotoxicity and disruption of erythrocyte antioxidant defence system via free radical generation and oxidative stress.
Failure of recovery from lead induced hepatoxicity and disruption of erythrocyte antioxidant defence system in Wistar ratsTemidayo
(Elsevier B.V., 2014) Omobowale, T. O.; Oyagbemi, A. A.; Akinrinde, A. S.; Saba, A. B.; Daramola, O. T.; Ogunpolu, B. S.; Olopade, J. O.
Lead acetate (PbA) is one of the major environmental contaminants with grave toxicologicalconsequences both in the developing and developed countries. The liver and erythrocyteantioxidant status and markers of oxidative were assessed. Exposure of rats to PbA ledto significant decline (p < 0.05) in hepatic and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GPx),glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reducedglutathione (GSH) content. Similarly, malondialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2concentrations weresignificantly (p < 0.05) elevated. Histopathology and immunohistology of liver of rats exposedto PbA showed focal areas of necrosis and COX-2 expression after 6 weeks of PbA withdrawal.Taken together, hepatic and erythrocytes antioxidant defence system failed to recover afterwithdrawal of the exposed PbA for the period of the study. In conclusion, experimentalanimals exposed to PbA did not recover from hepatotoxicity and disruption of erythrocyteantioxidant defence system via free radical generation and oxidative stress.
Isolation of a novel compound (MIMO2) from the methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaves: protective effects against vanadium induced cytotoxity
(Taylor & Francis Group, 2018) Igado, O. O.; Glaser, J.; Ramos-Tirado, M.; Bankoğlu, E. E.; Atiba, F. A.; Holzgrabe, U.; Stopper, H.; Olopade, J. O.
Moringa oleifera is reported to be a miracle plant, with positive effects on practically every system in the animal body. The methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaves was fractionated using liquid–liquid fractionation, column chromatography and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Bioassay guided fractionation using Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) was used to determine the fraction with the highest antioxidative power. Chemical structure was elucidated with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. FRAP showed that the pure compound, butyl p hydroxyphenyl-acetate (MIMO2) exhibited an antioxidant activity higher than TEMPOL (positive control). Vanadium is a metal, which as a salt has been shown to be a neurotoxicant; and was therefore used to assess the efficacy of MIMO2 in this experiment. HT22 (immortalized mouse hippocampal) cells were used for cell culture. The Comet assay showed a statistically significant reduction (p< .05) in DNA dam age when 0.25 and 0.5lM MIMO2 as well as 0.1 and 0.2mg of the methanolic extract of Moringa olei fera leaves (MO) were used in combination with 200lM vanadium (sodium metavanadate). Analogously, a reduced formation of superoxide was observed using dihydroethidium (2,7-Diamino-10 ethyl-9-phenyl-9,10-dihydrophenanthridine—DHE) stain after 0.5lM MIMO2 and 0.063mg MO were used in combination with vanadium 100lM. MIMO2 and MO gave a statistically significant (p< .05) protective effect against vanadium toxicity on neuronal cells. Further assays may need to be performed to assess the extent of protection that MIMO2 may offer, and also to better understand its mechanisms of action.
Metals and the Brain
(Bookbuilders Editions Africa, 2010) Igado, O. O.; Olopade, J. O.
Heavy metal toxicity has been implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s, Parkinson's, and restless leg syndrome. The increase in environmental pollution due to the recent increased exploitation of minerals and crude oil exploration has therefore led to the proposal of a strong link between environmental pollution and the incidence of neuropathologies in the brain. The assessment of heavy metal pollution in our environment will facilitate the development of more scientifically-refined recommendations, guidelines, and regulations for heavy metal levels in the ambient environment and occupational settings.
Morphological and biochemical investigation into the possible neuroprotective effects of kolaviron (Garcinia kola bioflavonoid) on the brains of rats exposed to vanadium
(Informa Healthcare USA, Inc, 2012) Igado, O. O.; Olopade, J. O.; Adesida, A.; Aina, O. O.; Farombi, E. O.
In this study, the morphological and biochemical susceptibility of the rat brain to vanadium, in the form of sodium metavanadate, and the comparative ameliorative effect of Garcinia kola and kolaviron (G. kola extract), was examined. Brain regions examined were the cerebrum, cerebellum, hippocampus and the olfactory bulb. We showed that vanadium administration caused cellular vacuolation, congestion, and Purkinje cell degeneration and a marked reduction in myelin tracts. Biochemical tests revealed increased lipid peroxidation induced by vanadium, which was ameliorated with the administration of G. kola and kolaviron. Vanadium administration caused an increase in thiobarbituric acid–reactive substances (TBARS) in the cerebrum and hippocampus, whereas the administration of kolaviron resulted in a reduction of the TBARS level by 65.7 and 80%, respectively, in the regions aforementioned. Also, the administration of kolaviron resulted in an increased activity of superoxide dismutase (61.24%) in all brain regions assessed, when compared with the group administered vanadium alone. Results obtained from this study led to the conclusion that kolaviron reduces vanadium-induced oxidative stress in the brain.
Morphometric studies of the eyeball and orbital region of the Nigerian local pig (Sus scrofa)
(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University, 2011) Olopade, J. O.; Igado, O. O.; Azeez, I. A.; Okandeji, M. E.
The ocular and orbital morphometries of the Nigerian local pig (Sus scofa) were investigated on the fresh specimen and macerated skull on twenty-six pigs (12 males and 14 females). The average weight of the animals studied was 19 ± 1.3 kg, while the eyeball weights were 5.12g and 5.16g for right and left eyeballs respectively. The vertical diameter was greater than the horizontal diameter thus the animals had an orbital index above 100. No statistically significant differences (P>0.05) were observed between the male and female values. Of the eighteen parameters measured, only five parameters recorded values that were slightly higher in the males. The correlation coefficient of the horizontal height (of the orbit in the dry skull) to the right and left eyes although positive, were negligible (r = 0.021 and 0.036 respectively). A positive correlation was observed between the horizontal diameter of the orbit and the intercanthi distance (r = 0.573), however, the correlation between the intercanthi distance and the weight of the eyeballs was negative. Data generated from this study will prove useful in comparative, regional and clinical anatomy, ophthalmic manipulations, and could also help in identifying archaeological remains of the Nigerian local pig.
Neurobehavioural and histological study of the effects of low-dose and high-dose vanadium in brain, liver and kidney of mice.
(Physiological Society of Nigeria, 2023) Gilbert, T. T.; Olaolorun, F. A.; Ladagu, A. D.; Olopade, F. E.; Igado, O. O.; Olopade, J. O.
Vanadium is a ubiquitous transition metal that has been generating contrasting research interest. Therapeutically, vanadium possess antidiabetic, antitumor, antiparasitic and even neuroprotective activities. On the flip side, vanadium has been reported to cause multisystemic toxicities with a strong predilection for the nervous system. Despite several reports on potential benefits of low-dose vanadium (LDV) and toxic effects of high-dose vanadium (HDV), there are no comparative studies done thus far. This study therefore explored the comparative effects of LDV and HDV exposure in mice during postnatal development. A total of nine (9) nursing mice were used in this study; with three nursing mice and their pups (n = 12 pups per group) randomly assigned to each of the three test groups. The nursing dam were given intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of vanadium at 0.15mg/kg and 3mg/kg for LDV and HDV respectively, and subseqently to the pups from postnatal day (PND) 15 till sacrifice on PND 90. We discovered that neurodevelopmental motor function test of mice-pups exposed to LDV here showed improved motor development, muscular strength and memory capacities whereas HDV led to motor function impairment, reduced muscular strength and memory capacities. LDV-exposed mice showed mild histological lesions in cerebral cortex whereas high-dose showed distinct histological lesions in different parts of the brain ranging from cerebellar Purkinje neuronal pathology (central chromatolysis), pyramidal neuronal loss in CA1 region, architectural distortion as well as fewer neurons in olfactory bulb. We saw mild lesions with LDV in both liver and kidney, however, with HDV exposure, there was diffuse hepatocellular vacuolar degeneration and congestion of blood vessels in liver, shrinkage of renal glomerulus and degenerated epithelial cells of kidney. Conclusively, beneficial effect of vanadium is proven as it facilitated body weight gain which translate in organ weight at low-dose, while high-dose caused decreased neurobehaviour and histological lesions.
Pinealocytes and glia cells in the pineal gland of the African straw-coloured fruit bat (Eidolon helvum)
(Sciendo (part of De Gruyter) and the University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice (Slovakia), 2023) Olopade, J. O.; Igado, O. O.; Adesina, M. A.; Folarin, R. O.; Obasa, A. A.
The mammalian pineal gland is a structure that in recent years has been extensively studied, due to its functions and the hormones it produces. Bats are the only known flying mammals, with the order having a large number of species. This study was carried out to investigate the gross and histological features of the pineal gland of the Eidolon helvum, the African fruit bat, using male and female subjects. Eight free flying E. helvum (4 males, 4 females) were captured using mist nets. The pineal gland was grossly observed to be very small in size, oval in shape, and covered by the pia ma ter. Histological examination revealed two populations of pinealocytes – Types I and II – oval structures possessing acidophilic cytoplasm and large, round nuclei. Pinealocytes were seen to appear singly or in clusters, having no particular arrangement. Sexual dimorphism was observed, with the females having less density in population of pinealocytes at the peripheral region of the gland. This was consistent in all subjects examined. Astrocytic appearance was typical with long and slender processes, and perivascular and capsular microglia were observed. The glia cells were observed to be abundant in the parenchyma and around the capsule. There was no sensitivity to NeuN antibody. Results obtained may find application in behavioural and comparative neuroscience.