Browsing by Author "Olukunle, O."

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Assessment of some commercial feed brands in Nigeria on growth performance of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings
(2016) Olukunle, O.; Ekundayo, I. O.
"This study assessed three commonly-available commercial catfish feed brands on growth, survival and nutrient utilization of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings under controlled conditions; providing information on the integrity and quality of some of the feeds in the market. C. gariepinus fingerlings (3.83± 0.22g) were fed to satiation twice daily at 9.00hr and 18.00hr with 2mm pellet size of three commercial diets scripted TD, TT, and TV in concrete tanks. Growth performance and nutrients utilization parameters were measured and calculated; water quality parameters were controlled using a partial flow-through system. ANOV A showed that there were significant differences (P<0.05) in the mean weight gain, specific growth rate, survival rate, food conversion rate, nitrogen metabolism and protein efficiency ratio. TV had the most significant value for mean weight gain (41.54 ± 4.09g), specific growth rate (1.65 ± 0.04g/day), feed conversion rate (0.7), nitrogen metabolism (951.91), and protein efficiency ratio (2.57) with 90.00 ± 5.0% survival rate; TD had significantly highest survival rate (92.50 ± 4.51%) with mean weight gain 36.77 ± 0.48g. Proximate analysis of TD, TT and TV revealed that macronutrients therein significantly different from the brands' claim, except TD. This study revealed that, for fast fish growth on less expensive feed desired by catfish farmers, commercial catfish feed brand tagged TV, was the best, giving a better growth performance and nutrient utilization, at 48.3% CP, 6.01% Fat, and 3.03% CF.
A comparative assessment of growth performance, haematology and serum biochemistry of hybrid catfish fed non-conventional plant proteins in homestead concrete tanks
(2000) Olukunle, O.; Taiwo, V. O.; Adejinmi, J. O.
An 84-day experiment was carried out to evaluate the potentials of three non-conventional plant proteins groundnut cake (GNC), soyebean cake (SBC) and sesame seed cake (SSC) singly and combined in the diets of hybrid catfish grown in homestead concrete tanks. Triplicate groups of 30 juveniles average weight of 26.9+ 0.18g were fed four diets which were formulated to contain 30% crude protein with 25% of the GNC (diet 1) component replaced by SBC (diet 2), SSC (diet 3) and a combination of the three in diet 4. All the diets contained an equal amount of animal protein (25.43g). At the end of 84 days of feeding, growth parameters, feed and carcass proximate analyses, mortality, haematology and serum biochemical parameters were measured. The results showed that the diets affected the growth of the juveniles significantly (P<0.05). The percentage weight gain of the fish fed diet 1 was 204% of the initial weight, while those fed diets 2, 3 and 4 were 405%, 465% and 445% respectively. Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) was significantly higher (P <0.05) in diets 2, 3 and 4 than in diet 1, with diet 4 having the highest PER. The percent specific growth rate (SGR) recorded for each diet was not significantly different (P>0.05) from each other. Percentage mortality were 22.2%, 13.3%, 5.6% and 3.3% in fish fed diets 3, 4, 2 and 1, respectively. There were no significant variations in haematological parameters of fish fed all the various diets, except for those on diet 3 which exhibited lymphopenia and heterophilia (P<0.05). Similarly, there were no significant variations in serum biochemical parameters, except for hyperfibrinogenaemia, hypoglyeaemia and significantly increased AST activities (P<0.05) in fish fed diet 3 and 4. There were significant increases in the serum levels of cholesterol and triglyceride in fish fed diets 2 (P<0.05), 3 and 4 (P<0.01). The findings in this study showed that even though SBC and SSC inclusions in fish diet resulted in better growth performance than GNC inclusion, the relatively high levels of crude fat in these plants proteins especially SSC, may in fact be injurious to fish by causing fat deposition in tissues, fatty hepatic and renal damage, artherosclerosis and coronary heart disease both of which will predispose the fish to stress, innocuous disease and mortality.
Cost implications of feeding Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) processed Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas)
(2008) Olukunle, O.; Odebode, S.; Taiwo, V. O.
Economic, growth performance and heamatological implications of raising Clarias gariepinus advanced fry on high protein diets in concrete homestead ponds
(2004) Olukunle, O.; Taiwo, V. O.
The commercial production of fish in concrete homestead ponds is fast gaining acceptance in Nigeria, but the growth rate of such is constrained by the stocking of good-sized fingerlings and the availability of quality fish feed. Hence, this study was designed to investigate the economic analysis, growth performance and hematological changes in advanced fry raised on high protein diets in concrete tanks. The design of the experiment is completely randomized and the economic viability of the project was determined by comparing the cost: benefit ratio of the four feeding regimes. One thousand, two hundred Clarias gariepinus advanced fry with initial mean weight of 0.74+0.18g were randomly divided into 4 groups. Three 1m3 net cages were suspended in each tank of (3m x2m x1.5m) dimension. The treatments were fed practical diets containing 40% (control); 48%; 56%; 64% CP levels respectively for 12 weeks. The following parameters were monitored as stated: weight gains (bimonthly); water quality (weekly); haematology (initial and at end of the experiment). carcass analysis at (initial and at end of experiment). Feed conversion ratio, proximate analysis and cost: benefit ratio (were calculated at end of the experiment). Data generated were statistically analyzed using the 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's multiple range tests at 95% and 99% confidence limits as appropriate. The results of the study showed that raising of fingerlings in concrete tanks can be enhanced optimally through the feeding of a 48% CP inclusion as against the conventional 40% CP in practical diets used in earthen ponds. The incidence of cost showed that feeding advanced fry on 40% and 48% CP diet are not significantly different but both values are significantly better than fish fed on diet 56% and 64% CP. While the profit index showed that it is more profitable to feed the fish on diets containing either 40%, 48% and 56% CP. However, fish fed on the 48% CP diet in this study had optimum mean weight gain of (9.49g) and the highest PPV value (2.44), which was significantly different from fish, fed 40% (2.41), 56%(0.75) and 64% (1.15). In addition, this research further highlighted the fact that high CP inclusion beyond the optimum does not necessarily give high weight gains nor give the best economic reward because fish diets 3 (56%CP) and diets 4(64%CP) had lower weight gains and lower profit index. There were no appreciable derangements in hematological parameters in fish fed 40%CP and 48% CP. However fish fed 56%CP and 64% CP developed normocytic normochronic anemia and hypoproteinaemia conditions. This implies wastage of resources and confirms that inclusion of CP levels higher than 48% CP in diets of C gariepinus fry had negative effects on haemopoiesis and does not have growth, hematological nor economical advantage in raising advanced fry to fingerling in concrete tanks.
Effects of maize cob on fish feed floatation, nutrient utilization and growth performance of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fingerlings
(Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2011) Olukunle, O.; Yusuf, O.
This study was carried out to determine the effects of maize cob on fish feed floation, growth performance and nutrient utilization of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings as a replacement for wheat bran. Triplicate groups of 30 fish per treatment were stocked in 3 plastic bowls each containing 15 litres of water. The initial average weight of fish was 2.43 ± 0.01. The fish were fed with 5 different test diets. The control contained 100% wheat bran (treatment 1). The wheat bran was partially replaced with 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% maize cob in treatment 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. The treatments were fed to each group of experimental fish at 3% body weight. The feeding trial lasted for six weeks and the growth performance were recorded weekly. There were significant differences in most of the growth performance measured. The mean weight gain of the treatment 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were 1.54g, 1.75g, 2.15g, 1.24g and 1.22g respectively. The fish fed treatment 3 had the highest percentage weight gain (PWG) value of 88.48% while those fed treatment 5 had the lowest value of 50.21%. The highest specific growth rate (SGR) was observed in fish fed treatment 3 (0.47), followed by treatment 2(0.33), treatment 1(0.23), treatment 4(0.15) and treatment 5(0.10) respectively. Fish fed treatment 3 had the highest protein efficiency ratio (PER) of 0.038 and the lowest was observed in treatment 5(0.026). The feed conversion ratio observed in treatment 5 was significantly higher than those fed with other treatments and the lowest was observed in treatment 3. There were significant differences in the nutrient utilization amongst the treatments at P<0.05. Treatments 1 and 3 had 20% floatability at the end of 10 minutes while treatment 2 had 10% floatability, treatment 4 and 5 had 0% floatability at the end of 10 minutes. This experiment shows that 20% inclusion level of maize cob has a greater potential as a partial replacement for wheat bran. This was because fish fed treatment 3(20% inclusion) had the highest growth parameters followed by treatment 2, treatment 1, treatment 4 and treatment 5 respectively. However fish fed treatment 3 and treatment 2 were observed to have better growth indices than the control treatment while the fish fed treatment 5 performed poorest. This further confirmed the better potential of maize cob over wheat bran which is commoner in Nigerian market.
Evaluation of African catfish Clarias gariepinus responses to graded levels of zinc practical diet
(2016) Umma, S. B.; Olukunle, O.
Fisheries and aquaculture contribute significantly to food security and livelihood; therefore, fish and fish products are projected as being among the most widely traded foods. Fish like other animals has requirement for essential nutrients in order to grow properly. Such essential foods are available in the wild for fish to forage extensively to meet their body needs. The variable factors such as climate change, environment, season of the year and location among others determines the abundance and search for these foods. These factors modifies aquatic environment and make it difficult for fish in the wild to forage adequately. Therefore, enough food in the form of artificial diet is required to furnish fish with the nutrients it need out of its natural environment for optimal growth. However, most of the challenges facing the formulation of feed are on the affordability, ready acceptability and bioavailability for fish optimal growth. Therefore, trace minerals which are needed in minute quantity at a time for the general health maintenance and growth of an animal offers a soft landing to this challenges; however, their deficiency perturbs the wellbeing of the fish. Zinc has been recognized to play a vital role in almost every aspect of living system either directly or indirectly. The biochemical components of fish diet that needs varying in terms of percent inclusion to render the protein in feed more bioavailable should be encouraged. The objectives of this study includes determination of the; required dietary zinc inclusion that is essential for juvenile African catfish Clarias gariepinus growth, serum biochemical profile of African catfish juveniles post feeding response to growth, and haematological responses of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) to graded levels of zinc nutrient. Growth performance, serum biochemistry and physiological response to graded levels of practical dietary zinc fed to African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) juvenile were investigated. Water quality was monitored throughout the period of the study and the results showed that all parameters were within the required and tolerable ranges for catfish. The mean weight of fish fed dietborne zinc nutrients revealed that there were no significant differences in growth responses to graded levels of dietary zinc inclusions of 0, 5.46, 10.96, 16.40, 21.86 and 27.33mg Znkg-1 . The results for the mean weight revealed that there are no significant variations in mean weight since P>0.05. However the mean weight for the diet increased with respect to dietary zinc inclusion (Figure 1). The SGR, FCR, GFCE, F.I and RGR, also showed no significant variations among fish fed. The PCV revealed that there are no significant variations among the values for the fish fed with Diets 3, 4 and 5. The serum biochemistry revealed significant variations in the serum total protein (T,P) among fish fed on all the Diets, with the highest values in fish fed Diets 4 and the minimum values in fish fed Diet 2. Fish fed dietary zinc had slightly altered haematological and serum biochemistry in response to dietary zinc.
"Evaluation of different dietary oil sources on growth performance and nutrient utilization of Clarias gariepinus juveniles "
(Fisheries Society of Nigeria, 2011) Olukunle, O.
The reported decrease in wild fish stocks has made the replacement of Fish Oil (FO)/codliver oil in aquaculture a priority. The use of vegetable oils (VOs), with lower cost, larger and wider supplies may be a good substitute for FO. The effects of total replacement of cod liver oil (CLO) with VOs, oil palm seed (OPS), Ugwu seed oil (USO)/pumpkin seed oil, soya bean oil (SBO), almond seed oil (ASO)) and a composite of all the VOs referred to as COs on growth performance and nutrient utilization of Clarias gariepinus juveniles was investigated for 12- weeks. Each diet contained 45% CP fed to triplicate groups of 15 juveniles, with initial mean weight 22.82 ± 0.30 g and mean length 15.45 ± 0.04 cm. Fish fed OPS based diet had significantly (P ? 0.05) the highest body weight gain (126.34 ± 25.27 g), followed by USO (110.63 ± 15.48). The highest survival rates of (100%) were in USO and Cos but (97.77%) in ASO and CLO (Control) based diets. Significant differences at (P ? 0.05) were observed in carcass CP of fish fed OPS based diets ( 48.09 ± 1.40 g) compared with the CLO’s (44.86 ± 0.35 g).This research shows evidence that OPS and USO can effectively replace FO in diets of C. gariepinus.
Fishery resources
(2011) Olukunle, O.
Growth changes associated with feeding Clarias gariepinus with mouldy feeds
(TAPAS Institute of Scienctific Research and Development, 2007) Aworh, M. K. F.; Alaka, O. O; Olukunle, O.; Olabode, H. O. K.
This study was undertaken to determine the effects of consumption of mouldy feeds on the growth of the African catfish CIarias gariepinus. Forty-five juvenile fishes were maintained on mouldy feed ration while another forty-five served as controls. The control fishes remained healthy and steadily gained weight, reaching about 68% of their starting weight on the last day of the feeding trial. The test fishes in all the groups showed a significant decrease in weight gain comparable to the control fishes by the 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's multiple range test at 95% confidence interval (p<0.05). The study showed that feeding mouldy rations to Clarias gariepinus would result in decrease weight gain. This could be associated with the fact that many fungi elaborate mycotoxins and potent anti nutritional factors. Wholesome, dry and freshly compounded rations is advocated for intensively managed fishes.
Growth performance and nutrient utilization of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fingerlings fed diets with differently fermented sesame seed (Sesame indicus)
(Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2011) Olukunle, O.; Onuegbu, C. G.
An experiment was conducted to assess the Growth Response (GR) and Nutrient Utilization (NU) of differently processed fermented sesame seed (Sesame inducum) in the diets of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings. Three categories of Sesame Seed (SS) (undehulled, dehulled and prepressed) were fermented at room temperature. Their phytic acid and tannin content were determined pre and post fermentation. Four diets were then formulated at 40%, Crude Protein level; Diet 1 (control with 0% SS inclusion); Deit 2, Undehulled Fermented SS 25% inclusion); Diet 3 Dehulled fermented SS 25% (dehulled fermented SS 25%inclusion), and diet 4 (prepressed fermented SS 25% inclusion). These diets were fed to the fish at 3% of their body weight, two times daily for 8 weeks. Each treatment had three (3) replicates, with 10 individual fish average initial weight of 1.62g. At the end of the experiment, fish carcass (whole body) were analysed for proximate composition. Result showed that fish fed Diet 1 which is the control had the best growth performance and nutrient utilization values while fish fed Diet 2 had the poorest values for these parameters. Among the differently fermented sesame seed diets, Diet 4 had the best Growth Performance (GP) and Nutrient Utilization (NU) indicies. The Specific Growth rate and the Food Conversion Ratio of Diet 1 were better and significantly (p<0.05) different from the fermented sesame seed based diets while the protein intake of all the diets were not significantly (P<0.05) different from each other. The dehulled and prepressed based diets showed appreciable increase in GP and NU values when compared to other sesame seed fermented based diets. This observation was adjudged to be due to the reduction of tannin content from 0.066% (initial) to 0.056, 0.035 and 0.024% respectively and for phytic acid from 0.248% (initial) to 0.236, 0.216 and 0.187% in undehulled, dehulled and Prepressed Sesame Seed (PSS) based diets respectively. Fermented (PSS) based diet performed significantly (P<0.05) best when compared with other fermented sesame seed based diets, due to the fact that prepressing of the seed further reduced the concentration of the antinutritional factor.
Growth performance and nutrient utilization of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fingerlings fed diets with graded inclusion levels of duckweed (Lemma sp)
(Ibadan Biomedical Communications Group, 2005) Olukunle, O.; Agboola, G. O.
"Forty-five juvenile tilapia and 30 weanling albino rats exposed to water containing 50, 100 and 150ppm of aqueous extract of Aloe vera leaves for 96 hours and 28 days, respectively were used for this study. Fifteen tilapia and 10 rats exposed to clean water (0 ppm A. vera) served as controls. Clinical signs, mortality, gross and histologic organ pathology in the tilapia; weekly haematology, plasma biochemical parameters and organ pathology were monitored in the rats. Fish cultured in water containing A. vera exhibited erratic swimming patterns, rapid opercular movements, skin depigmentation and died within 24- 96 hours. Gross and histologic tissue lesions in the test fish include skin depigmentation, pale and shriveled gills, dull, opaque and sunken eyes, stunting and clubbing of gill filaments, vacuolar degeneration and necrosis of gill epithelial cells, hyaline degeneration and necrosis of myofibrils, calcification of vasa vasori, hepatocellular vacuolar degeneration and necrosis. Haematologic and plasma biochemical changes in test rats include moderate to severe normocytic normochromic anaemia, hypoproteinaemia, increased AST levels, and decreased cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Gross and histologic tissue lesions include mild to moderate pulmonary congestion, flabbiness of the heart, hepatomegaly, mottling of kidneys, vacuolar degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes, Kupffer cell hyperplasia, periportal fibrosis, glomerular and tubular degeneration and necrosis, matting and clubbing of small intestinal villi, catarrhal enteritis and goblet cell hyperplasia. The severity of these changes increased with increasing concentrations of A. vera. No mortality, gross or histologic changes were observed in both control fish and rats. Results from this study show that consumption of water containing extracts of raw A. vera is very toxic to fish and rats. The serious health implication for human consumption of raw A. vera is discussed. "
Growth performance and nutrient utilization of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) fry fed processed sweet potatoe(Ipomea batata)
(2007) Olukunle, O.; Odebode, S.; Taiwo, V. O.
Maize is an expensive energy source for feedstuff in fish management especially during the off-season, hence the need to source and utilize other cheaper and non-conventional energy sources. This study investigated the growth performance of Clarias gariepinus fry fed processed sweet potato meal as an energy source and its effect on the hematological values. Three experimental diets were compounded such that maize was 100% energy source in Diet 1 (Control). In diets 2 and 3, maize was replaced with sweet potatoes tuber (SPT) and sweet potato peel (SPP), respectively at 25% inclusion level. The diets were fed at 5% body weight to the C. gariepinus fry (0.21 ±0.03) in polystyrene net cages suspended in 3 concrete tanks (2x3x1.2)m3 for 42 days in triplicates. Growth, nutrient utilization and hematological parameters were measured. The Mean Weight Gain (MWG) of the fry fed the maize based diet (1.96) was significantly higher (p<0.05) than the fry fed SPT (1.37) and SPP (1.27) respectively. The MWG of fry fed diets 2 and 3 were not significantly different from each other. The FCR of the control and the SPT based diets were not significantly different from each other but both were significantly different (p<0.05) from fish fed the SPP diet. The Growth Efficiency Feed Conversion (GEFC) values of the 3 diets (0.50, 0.51, and 0.40) respectively are not significantly different from each other. However, the PER and the survival rates were significantly better in fry fed the SPT based diet (0.51: 95%) than in fry fed the maize based diet (0.50: 92%) and the SPP based diet(0.40: 82%) respectively. The haemotology results showed that the fry fed the control diet had the lowest MCV and WBC counts while the fry fed SP based diets manifested moderately severe normocyctic normochromic anemia and leucocytosis, which means that the maize diet showed better hematological indices. This study showed that SP based diets have potential as substitute for maize. Maize based diet and especially the SPT, have similar FCR, dietary energy, GEFC values.
The growth performance and survival of Clarias gariepinus fry raised in homestead concrete tanks
(Academic Journals Inc., 2012) Olukunle, O.
Fertilizer application in earthen ponds has been used as a low-cost method of sustainable aquaculture production. This study was carried out to investigate the growth response of African catfish fry, Clarias gariepinus in three different culture media in homestead concrete tanks. The water in the control (T1) was not treated while T2 and T3 were treated with poultry droppings and soy bean milk filtrate, respectively. Nine hundred catfish fry weighing averagely 0.67-0.69 g were randomly allocated to the 3 treatments in equal number. In each tank (2x3x1.5 m) were suspended, 3 net cages each of dimension, 1x1x1 m containing 100 fry. The fish in tank 1 (control treatment) were fed fish meal from the start at 5% of their body weight and four times daily. The other treatments were not fed at all for the first 7 days. Feeding with fishmeal commenced for treatments T2 and T3 on the next 8-14 day. The weights of the feed were adjusted after weekly weighing of the culture media for phytoplankton composition. The best weight increase was recorded in T1 (2.33 g). The highest survival rate was in T3 (98%). Treatment T3 (11.56±1.14x103) generated higher concentrations of most of identified zooplanktons than treatments T1 (5.39±0.73x103) and T2 (12.78±0.98x103). These zooplanktons were absent in treatments T1 and T2. The result indicates that fertilizing the culture medium using soybean milk filtrate or poultry droppings improved the growth and of C. gariepinus.
The growth performance and survival of Clarias gariepinus fry raised in hometead concrete tanks
(Fisheries Society of Nigeria, 2010) Olukunle, O.
Homestead fish production-prospects and constraints
(2004) Olukunle, O.
Homestead pond management
(Optimistic Printing Press, Mokola, Ibadan, 2004) Olukunle, O.
Integrated aquaculture: a tool for sustainable development/food security and poverty alleviation in achieving MDG’s goals
(2014) Olukunle, O.
Aquaculture is a multiculture of plants and animals in an aquatic environment. Thereby aquaculture is enriched through integration of formerly existing cultivation of crops cum horticultural, and /or agronomical or domesticated animals such as piggery, poultry, rabbitery or even wild domesticated animals such as guinea fowls, and cane rats. Hence, this study investigated integrated aquaculture cum horticulture as a possible tool for sustainable food production in order to ensure food security in Nigeria and alleviate poverty. The study utilized four homestead concrete tanks located at the back of my house in University of Ibadan senior staff quarters. Catfish bloodstock’s males and females were used to raise fry through fingerlings to juveniles to adult fish. Data were taken at each stage of the fish life cycle i.e. the products harvested and sales. Data on numbers of horticultural trees planted were taken and numbers of produce at harvest were recorded. These data were collated and analyzed yearly and at the end of the 10- year period. The result showed that diversification in integrated aquaculture ensures better environmental and on farm resource management which is much needed globally but much more in the developing countries for food security and poverty alleviation. At each point in time, there is one product or the other available for consumption or for sale which ensured better cash flow. During the dry season the drought was ameliorated by the availability of water for wetting the crops and incorporation of vegetables growing into the system. Horticulture cum fish farming integrated system has been adjudged recently to be a solution to drought, poor soil condition management; climate change along with unsustainable water management and farming practices. This study showed that this system is more natural and sustains better food production practice. It is capable of bringing food production closer to urban consumers who do not have access for extensive farm land and reduces the transport cost in retail food marketing.
Latest technologies in fish stocking, sorting and marketing
(2002) Olukunle, O.
Nutritive potential of sweet potatoes peel meal and root replacement value for maize in diets of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) advanced fry
(Scientific Research Public Company, 2006) Olukunle, O.
This study was carried out to evaluate the potential of Sweet Potato Peel (SPP) meal as a cheaper replacement for maize in the diet of Clarias gariepinus. Triplicate groups of 20 fish per plastic tank with average weight of 0.64±0.1 g per fish were fed four (4) diets, which were formulated to contain graded levels of sweet potato peel meal replacing 0, 25, 50 and 75 % of maize. The feeding trial lasted 6 weeks. The results showed that the diets did not significantly (p<0.05) affect fish performance within the treatments. Percentage Weight Gain (PWG) was 101.54% in fish fed with the control diet (0% sweet potato peel meal). The highest (PWG) of 150.77% was recorded in fish fed diets containing 25% sweet potato peel meal followed by a consistent decrease in PWG with increasing inclusion of sweet potato peels meal. However, diets containing 25, 50 and 75% SPP meal performed better than the control experiment with PWG of 150.77, 132.31 and 127.6%, respectively. The highest Feed Conversion Efficiency (FCE) was observed in the diet containing 25% SPP meal. A steady decrease in FCE was observed with increasing inclusion of SPP meal at 50 and 75%. Meanwhile, all the diets with SPP meal inclusion performed better than the control diet containing 0% SPP. The data indicated that Clarias gariepinus effectively tolerated diets containing sweet potato peel meal at low levels of concentration while fish growth performance and utilization decreased with increase in the sweet potato peel meal inclusion. The SPP meal based diets were cheaper than the control diet. The consequent better FCE and PWG of fish fed SPP diets showed that cost can be reduced while maintaining a high yield.
The potential of cow blood meal-rumen content blend as partial or complete replacement for fish meal in Clarias gariepinus diets
(Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Ibadan., 2007) Olukunle, O.; Taiwo, V. O.; Okonkwo, M. C.; Agboola, G. O