Browsing by Author "Omotade, O. O."

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Demographic and laboratory evidence of non sexual transmission of HIV in Nigeria
(MEDIMOND, 2004) Odaibo, G. N.; Bamgbose, G.; Jegede, A. S.; Sankale, J. L.; Omotade, O. O.; Olaleye, D. O.; Kanki, P.
Apart from heterosexual transmission, not much is known about the contribution of the other modes of spread of HIV in Africa. To evaluate the importance of non-sexual/non-vertical transmission in adults and children in Nigeria, data from mother-child pairs (community and hospital) and a community HIV surveillance among adult populations in two communities of Oyo State in SW Nigeria were analysed. In the community-based mother-child pair HIV testing, 18 of 476 (3.8%) under 5 years children were positive for HIV antibodies with only one positive mother-child pair. In the hospital surveillance (1996-1997) 10(7.0%) children of 132 mother-child pairs were positive while three (30%) of the 10 mothers were HIV negative. Similarly, 5(10%) of the mothers of 10 H1V positive children (2004) were HIV negative. In another community study, 5(13.2%) of the 38 adults from Ibadan and 12(4.8%) of 251 from Saki who claimed they never had sexual experience were HIV positive. Use of contaminated instruments and blood transfusion remain important routes of transmission of HIV in Nigeria.
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus types I and II infections in mother-child paris in Nigeria
(Oxford University Press, 1999) Olaleye, D. O.; Omotade, O. O.; Sheng, Z.; Adeyemo, A. A.; Odaibo, G. N.
"A community-based survey to determine the prevalence of human T-cell Iymphotropic type I (HTLV-I) and type II (HTLV-II) virus infections in mothers and children in south-western Nigeria was carried out using blood samples collected in 1993. A multistage cluster, random sampling procedure was used to select 460 mother-child pairs (476 children because there were 16 sets of twills) from 14 enumeration areas. A commercially available, whole HTLV-I lysate antigen-based ELISA method was used to screen for HTLV-I and HTLV-II antibodies in the samples. A synthetic peptide antigen-based ELISA was then used to differentiate between antibody reactivity to either HTLV-I or HTL V-ll. Reactivity to HTLV-I or HTLV -II antibodies was found in 43 per cent (20/460) of mothers and in 1.1 per cent (5/476) of children in both rural and urban communities and all the positive children were males. None of the 16 sets of twins in this study was positive for either HTLV-I or HTLV-ll. Also none of the mother-child paired sera tested showed concordance for either HTLV-I or HTLV-II antibody positivity. The lack of concordance between mother and child sera suggests that vertical transmission may not be the major route of transmission of HTLV infection to children in south-western Nigeria. Other modes of transmission, such as the re-use of unsterilized needles for injections and surgical knives in local scarification, which are common practices in the region, need to be investigated as they may prove to be more important than vertical transmission. These findings have important implications for any control programme for diseases that can be spread by the same routes as HTL V infection (the human immunodeficiency viruses, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C infections)."
Incidence and burden of respiratory syncytial virus infection in a community-based cohort o under-five years children in Nigeria.
(2013) Odaibo, G. N.; Forbi, J. C.; Omotade, O. O.; Olaleye, D. O.
"Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most common causes of lower respiratory tract infection (LRI) in children under 5 years. Most of the available epidemiological information on RSV infection are from developed countries where denominator based studies have been done. We hereby describe our findings in a WHO sponsored study that estimated the incidence of the RSV infection in children in urban and rural communities in Nigeria. The study was designed as a prospective, population-based cohort of under-five children in an urban (Eleta) and a rural (Ijaiye) community in Oyo State, Nigeria. Nasopharyngeal wash was collected from each child with LRI into sterile plain 5mls tubes and transported daily to the laboratory on ice. An aliquot of each specimen was tested for presence of RSV antigen using an EIA and another aliquot inoculated into Hep2 cell line for virus isolation. Data analyses were performed using the EPIINFO version 6.0. Frequencies were compared using chi-square test at 95% confidential level and incidence reported as per 1000 child years. A total of 2,015 children were enrolled for the study among which 413 episode of LRI occurred. The overall incidence of RSV associated LRI during the 2 years of follow-up was 125/1000 child years. The incidence of RSV in Ijaye was 1.6 times (CI, 0.31 – 1.2) and 1.9 times (CI, 0.9 – 3.6) higher than that of Eleta in the first year and second year respectively. The highest incidence of RSV infection occurred among the age group 3-5 months in Eleta and the age group 9-11 months in Ijaiye. No gender preponderance in the incidence of RSV was observed. This study provided for the first time, a denominator based prevalence and incidence of RSV at the community level in Nigeria. The rates of RSV among under-five children in rural and urban communities in Nigeria are high."
Study of streptomycin‑induced ototoxicity: protocol for a longitudinal study
(2016) Adeyemo, A. A.; Oluwatosin, O.; Omotade, O. O.
Hearing impairment is due to various causes including ototoxicity from aminoglycosides. The susceptibility to aminoglycosides increases in the presence of certain mitochondria gene mutations. There is unrestrained use of aminoglycosides in many developing nations which may worsen the burden of hearing impairment in these countries but there is lack of data to drive required policy changes. Streptomycin (an aminoglycoside) is part of the drug regimen in re-treatment of tuberculosis. Exploring the impact of streptomycin ototoxicity in tuberculosis patients provides a unique opportunity to study aminoglycoside ototoxicity within the population thus providing data that can inform policy. Also, since streptomycin ototoxicity could adversely affect treatment adherence in tuberculosis patients this study could enable better pre-treatment counseling with subsequent better treatment adherence. Patients on tuberculosis re-treatment will be recruited longitudinally from Direct Observation Therapy-Short course centers. A baseline full audiologic assessment will be done before commencement of treatment and after completion of treatment. Early detection of ototoxicity will be determined using the American Speech and Hearing Association criteria and genetic analysis to determine relevant mitochondria gene mutations will be done. The incidence of ototoxicity in the cohort will be analyzed. Both Kaplan–Meier survival curve and Cox proportional hazards tests will be utilized to determine factors associated with development of ototoxicity and to examine association between genotype status and ototoxicity. This study will provide data on the burden and associated predictors of developing aminoglycoside induced ototoxicity. This will inform public health strategies to regulate aminoglycoside usage and optimization of treatment adherence and the management of drug-induced ototoxicity among TB patients. Furthermore the study will describe mitochondrial gene mutations associated with ototoxicity in the African population