Browsing by Author "Ososanya, T. O."

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Antihelmintic and anticoccidial effects of zingiber officinale roscoe fortified diets fed yankasa rams
(Fundación CIPAV, Cali, Colombia, 2017) Adeniji, S. A.; Adediran, O. A.; Ososanya, T. O.; Uwalaka, E. C.
Parasitic burden results in sub-optimal ruminant livestock production. Synthetic coccidiostats and antihelminthes have been reported to induce resistance and leave residues in the carcass of animals with serious health implications. Although ginger rhizome is a potential alternative to coccidiostats and antihelminthes, its use has not been properly documented. In this study, ginger rhizome was processed into powder and added to a concentrate diet at 0g/kg (G1), 5g/kg (G2), 10g/kg (G3), 15g/kg (G4) and 20g/kg (G5). In a completely randomized design, twenty five pubertal Yankasa rams were allotted to the five dietary treatments. The rams were allowed to graze inside infested pastures for 50days to acquire helminthes and coccidia naturally. At day 51, the rams were confine in individual pens and fed experimental diets for 28days. Faecal samples (5g) were collected from rams for Faecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT, %)) and Coccidia Oocyst Reduction Test (CORT, %) on days 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28. Data obtained were subjected to descriptive statistics and ANOVA α0.05. Results obtained showed that on day 28, the FECRT (%) was higher in G2 (100), G3 (100), G4(100) and G5(100) than G1 (7.43) while the CORT (%) was higher in G2 (100), G3 (100), G4 (98.83) and G5 (100) than G1 (22.60). The helminthes ova recovered from faecal examination using floatation techniques were Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus spp, Oesophagostomum spp, Strongyloides,and Moniezia; while Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus spp., Nematodirus spp., Moniezia and Oesophagostomum spp. larvae were identified on faecal culture. The result revealed that crude ginger rhizome is a potential alternative anti-helminth and anti-coccidia for resource poor farmers as it grossly reduced helminth and coccidia load in the rams.
Assessment of in vitro gas and methane production of diet fortified with yeast and lactobacilli spp
(Science Domain, 2016-06) Ososanya, T. O.; Inyang, U. A.
The effect of dietary fortification of two levels of bakers yeast and yeast plus Lactobacilli against negative control and positive control (antibiotic) was assessed on in vitro gas production (IVGP) kinetics and methane production at 24 hours incubation. A concentrate diet was formulated and fortified with six levels consisting: control (D1); antibiotic (D2); 2.5 g bakers yeast (D3); 5.0 g bakers yeast (D4); 2.5 g yeast plus Lactobacilli (D5) and 5.0 g yeast plus Lactobacilli (D6) and mixed with Panicum maximum to serve as the substrate in a completely randomized design. The parameters tested were IVGP, organic matter digestibility (OMD), metabolizable energy (ME), short chain fatty acids (SCFA), methane gas, degradability, partitioning factor and microbial biomass. Higher (P0.05) IVGP volumes, in vitro organic matter degradability, metabolizable energy (ME) and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) were recorded for diets D3 to D6 and D1 over D2, whereas the difference amongst D3 to D6 and D1 was not significant (P>0.05). Highest IVGP was recorded for D6 (16.33 ml) and the lowest (4.33 ml) in D2. Gas production from the soluble fraction (a), rate of constant of gas production (c) and time (t) were not significantly different (p > 0.05) while the gas production from the insoluble fraction (b), potential extent of gas production (a + b) differed significantly (p < 0.05). For methane gas, D3 recorded the highest (5.00 ml / 200 mg DM) and D2 had the lowest (1.67 ml / 200 mg DM). All other fortifications were higher in methane gas than control. The present study demonstrated the potential of probiotics especially when mixed at 5 g level in improving degradation.
Body dimensions of N’dama cattle in humid South West Nigeria
(Animal Science Association of Nigeria, 1999) Ososanya, T. O.; Olutogun, O.
Body weight changes, haematological and serum biochemical indices of West African (WAD) Dwarf rams fed ammonium sulphate fortified diets
(2017) Ososanya, T. O.; Akinlade, A. T.
Weight gain, haematology and serum biochemical parameters of sixteen (16) West African Dwarf (WAD) rams weighing 12.8+0,12 kg were assigned to diets containing 0g/kg, 2.5g / kg, 5.0g/kg and 7.5g/kg levels of ammonium sulphate ((NH4)2SO4) as T0, T2.5, T5.0 and T7.5, respectively. The animals were fed the diet and wilted guinea grass in a 60:40. Daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, platelet, lymphocytes, neutrophil, cholesterol, Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) values of the rams fed ammonium sulphate fortified diets were significantly (p<0.05) higher than the control. Haemoglobin concentration increased in ramsfed ammonium sulphate fortified diets from 14.00-14.68% compared to control. The white blood cell (x 10(6)/mm(3)) varied from T0 (4.3 I) to T7.5(5.15). The lowest packed cell volume (41.00%) was obtained for rams on control diet. Red blood cell (x 10(6)/mm(3))) ranged from T0 (11.86) to T7.5 (13.02) while alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ranged from 10.25 (T0) to 25.25 (T7.5) (x 10(6)µL). The study revealed that inclusion of ammonium sulphate fortified diets of WAD rams up to 7.5g/kg had no deleterious effects on weight gain, haematological and serum indices of WAD rams
Body weight changes, heamatological and serum biochemical properties of West African dwarf rams fed ginger fortified diets
(2016) Ososanya, T. O.
The effect of feeding diets fortified with 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% ginger powder on body weight changes, haematological and serum biochemical properties and described as T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively was determined using sixteen 12-18 months old WAD rams weighing 15.86 + 0.03kg. The animals were grouped into 4 treatments in a completely randomized design with 4 animals per treatment and fed the experimental diets for 28 days. Daily weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were monitored. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for haematological indices {Packed Cell Volume (PCV, %), Red Blood Cell (RBC, 10(6)/mm(3) and White Blood Cell (WBC, 10(3)/mm(3)} and biochemical parameters {Total protein (TP, g/dl), Blood urea nitrogen (BUN, mg/dl), Aspartate Transferase (AST, I.U. /I) and Alanine Transaminase (ALT, I.U. /1)}. PCV ranged from 33.75 (T4) to 39.00 (T2) and the values were within the recommended PCV value for WAD ram. Similarly, WBC values for rams on T4 (10.37) and T3 (8.80) were significantly higher than T2 (6.05) and Tl (4.87). Total protein and BUN increased linearly across the treatments. The values for AST and ALP ranged from 72.10 (T2) to 147.00 (T3) and 238.00 (T4) to 294.00 (T2) respectively. Consequently, it can be concluded that 1.5% fortification of ginger powder promoted body weight gain and had no deleterious effect on the haematological and serum biochemical profile of WAD rams.
Chemical composition and dry matter digestibility of broiler litter based diets in West African dwarf sheep
(Animal Science Association of Nigeria, 2004) Ososanya, T. O.
Effect of ammonium sulphate fortification on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance of West African dwarf rams
(2016) Akinlade, A. T.; Ososanya, T. O.
Ammonium sulphate (NH(4)2SO(4) is potential source of readily available nitrogen and sulphur which would fill the gap in feed availability to ruminants during the extended annual dry season. Hence, the use of ammonium sulphate becomes a viable alternative to growth-promoting antibiotics due to their effectiveness on ruminant productivity. Therefore, the effect of various inclusion levels of ammonium sulphate on the performance of West African Dwarf (WAD) rams was examined. Sixteen rams weighing 12.8±0.1-2 kg were assigned to four experimental diets containing 0.00, 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75% levels of ammonium sulphate designated as Tl, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. In a completely randomized design, each rams were fed at 5% of their body weight at 60:40 levels of experimental diet and wilted guinea grass as basal diet. The growth trial lasted for 105 days. The chemical composition of the experimental feed and faecal samples were analyzed, and data on total voluntary feed intake, feed conversion ratio, weight gain, nitrogen utilization, and apparent digestibility were also collected. The parameters on proximate composition of the feed were significantly affected by the inclusion of (NH(4)2SO(4) except for DM, GE, Calcium (Ca) and Phosphorus (P). The values for the parameters increased with increased inclusion of (NH(4)2SO(4). The dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) obtained ranged from 94.15 - 94.69% and 11.00 - 13.40% respectively while the levels of sulphur was between 4.13 - 4.85%. Live weight gain increased with increased inclusion of (NH(4)2SO(4) and ranged from 3.50 - 5.00 kg but did not differ significantly (P>0.05) from each other. The total voluntary feed intake (TVFI) obtained in this study ranged between 59.79 - 62.64 kg and feed conversion ratio (FCR) from 11.96 - 17.90. However, TVFI and FCR decreased with increasing levels of (NH(4)2SO(4) in the diet. Also, acid detergent lignin digestibility was significantly (P<0.05) affected by inclusion levels of ((NH(4)2SO(4) in the treatments. Nitrogen in feed (3.39g/day), faecal nitrogen output (2.62g/day), urinary nitrogen output (0.21g/day) and nitrogen retention (0.56g/day) were insignificantly (P>0.05) difference except percentage nitrogen retained (16.52g/day) which is significantly different (P<0.05) from each other. It is evident that rams on 0.75% ammonium sulphate supplementation had better growth performance, improved nutrient digestibility and nitrogen metabolism, hence substantiating its utilization in ram diet.
Effect of broiler litter supplementation on reproductive performance of West African dwarf sheep
(The Nigerian Society for Animal Production, 2015) Ososanya, T. O.
Four low cost feed samples were formulated using 0, 25, 50 and 75% levels of broiler litter processed into feed along with other feed ingredients. Sixteen (16) primiparous West African Dwarf (WAD) ewes aged between twelve and eighteen months old were dewormed using Ivermectin and dipped against ticks and fleas using diazintol. Oestrus was artificially synchronized in all the ewes using 1ml of Prostaglandin - 2Fα administered intramuscularly, the animals were mated with rams of known fertility and lineage bred. Ewes were evaluated in a pregnancy trial while the lambs born were evaluated in a pre-weaning growth trial. All the ewes were weighed before conception and bimonthly thereafter until parturition. The parameters studied were weight at mating, weight before and after parturition, weight changes during pregnancy, weight changes in lactation and nursing, lambs birth weights and daily weight of lambs, dam's weight at weaning and gestation length. Results obtained showed weight at mating, weight before mating, weight at parturition, gestation length, weight gain in pregnancy, weight change in lactation and nursing, lambs birth weights and daily weight gain of lambs were significantly affected (p<0.05) while dam's weight at weaning and lambs' weaning weight were not affected (p>0.05). Results of this study indicate that inclusion of broiler litter up to 50% in feed mixtures of ewes has no deleterious effect on the performance and health status of ewes during pregnancy and lactation.
Effect of varying levels of broiler litter on growth performance and nutrient digestibility by West African dwarf lambs
(Animal Science Association of Nigeria, 2010-12) Ososanya, T. O.
This study investigated the effect of varying levels of broiler litter wastes on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of WAD lambs. Sixteen rams were allotted into 4 groups while 4 experimental diets were formulated using 0, 25, 50 and 75% levels of broiler litter in their diets respectively. The parameters studied included dry matter (DM) intake and nutrient digestibility of the lambs. Results obtained showed that DM intake increased with increasing values of BL in the diet. Similarly, metabolic DMI values obtained were inconsistent with the increasing levels of BL in the diet. All ram lambs gained weight but the rate of gain across the treatments were significantly different (P<0.05) between diets 1 to 3 and 4. Furthermore, it was observed that with the increasing levels of BL in the diet, mean live weight of the animals decreased. Consequently, from the performance of the experimental animals, it can be concluded that broiler litter can be applied in any ruminant production venture as a supplement without any adverse effect at 50% inclusion level.
Effects of groundnut haulms supplementation on intake, digestibility and growth performance of rams
(Faculty of Agriculture, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Lafia Campus, 2012-12) Ososanya, T. O.
In the tropics, supplementation of Cynodon nlemfuensis hay with groundnut haulms improves the nutritional value of the hay thereby promoting live weight of rams during the dry season. The objective of this study was to develop a supplementation strategy for dry season when ruminant feeds are inadequate and growth in ruminants is staggared. For 70 d, effects of groundnut haulms supplementation on hay intake and growth performance of rams were assessed, after which digestibility was determined over 14d. Three levels of Cynodon nlemfuensis hay (100, 50 and 0g) and three levels of groundnut haulms (0, 50 and 100g) were described as GHO, GH50 and GH100 respectively. Supplementation had a positive linear effect (P ≤ 0.05) on intake, dry matter (DM) and fibre in GH50 compared to GH0 and GH100 respectively. Similarly, weight gain was highest in GH50 compared to GH0 and GH100 respectively. However, no significant differences (P ≤0.05) were observed among the treatments. It is therefore suggested that, in dry season, it is practical to supplement sheep with 50g/kg Cynodon nlemfuensis hay + 50g/kg groundnut haulm for improved weight gain and nutrient digestibility.
Evaluation of dietary supplementation of ammonium sulphate on in vitro gas production and rumen fermentation characteristics of WAD ewes
(Science Domain, 2016-06) Ososanya, T. O.; Shehu, S. A.; Inyang, U. A.
Ammonium sulphate, a chemical compound was utilized to evaluate its potential through in vitro gas production technique and rumen fermentation characteristics as a rumen stimulator and mitigates methane gas. Four experimental diets were formulated with ammonium sulphate (AS) included at varying levels: T1 (control/0% AS), T2 (control diet + 0.25% AS), T3 (control diet + 0.50% AS) and T4 (control diet + 0.75% AS). Rumen fluid was collected from the ewes, sixteen in number and weighing 24 kg averagely, using suction tube method to evaluate in vitro gas production, determine microbial population and rumen fermentation characteristics. Gas production was determined over a 96 hour period. Other data collected included organic matter digestibility (OMD%), short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFA μml), Metabolisable Energy (ME MJ/KJ DM), Degradability (D%), Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA), rumen pH, temperature and ammonia nitrogen (AN). Results showed no significant differences (p>0.05) for in vitro gas production profiles (i.e. total gas, OMD, ME, SCFA). However, as inclusion increased it stimulated the parameters measured to be numerically higher than control. Methane gas was highest for control diet (4 ml/200 mg DM) while T2 recorded the least (2 ml/200 mg DM). Degradability increased as the inclusion level of AS increased. Control diet was the lowest (32%) while T4 had the highest (45%). The rumen fermentation characteristics showed significant (p<0.05) differences for all the parameters measured except rumen temperature. Animals on T4 diet recorded the highest (p<0.05) pH value (6.85) while those on T2 diet had the least (6.53). Animals on Control diet recorded the highest values (p<0.05) for AN and acetic acid (100.40 mg/l and 8.98 mol/100L) while the least values were observed in animals on T2 diet (AN) and those on T4 (acetic acid). Increase inclusion of AS caused a decrease in acetic acid. Rumen bacteria was highest (p<0.05) in animals on T4 (1.40 x 10(6)cfu/mm(3)) and lowest in those on T3 (0.65 x 10(6)cfu/mm(3)). For fungi and protozoa, animals on T4 and T2 diets were higher (p<0.05) respectively than those on Control diet (1.15 and 1.09 x 10(6)cfu/mm(3) compared to 1.10 and 0.85 x 10(6)cfu/mm(3) respectively). Supplementation of AS has been validated by this study, with a 0.75% inclusion level resulting in lowest methane gas, and higher ME, SCFA, pH, bacteria and fungi and may be recommended for ruminant feeding.
Evaluation of meat characteristics of West African dwarf rams fed graded levels of fungal treated maize cobs
(Animal Science Association of Nigeria, 2015-09) Akinfemi, A.; Ososanya, T. O.; Aderiye, J. A.
An experiment was conducted to determine the impact of fungal treated maize cob (FTMC) used as supplement on the carcass characteristics of West African dwarf (WAD) ram. Maize cob treated with Pleurotus tuber reguim was supplemented at 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% w/w to complete feed mixtures (CFM). A total of 20 grower rams with an average age of ten months were selected for the evaluation of carcass characteristics. The animals were starved of feed for 16 hours, weighed, stunned, slaughtered and properly bled. The thoroughly bled carcass were dressed and eviscerated. The dressed carcass were cut into half carcasses, left half was dissected to determine internal offal while the other half was cut into primal cuts: neck, rack, loin, flank and leg. The final body weight (27.33kg), mean weight gain (11.58kg), rib eye area (10.70%) and dressing percentage (50.11%) were significantly better far rams on treatment 5 and in general all rams on FTMC supplemented diets compared with the control. Similarly hot carcass weight increased with supplementation from 9.55kg (T)) to 11.99kg (T2). Variations in rack and kidney weights as affected by treatments was not significant (P>0.05). Treatment effect on shoulder weight was significant (P<0.05) far animals on FTMC compared with the control groups. However, no significant (P>0.05) differences was observed far those 011 diets 3, 4 and .5 It can be concluded from the results obtained in this experiment that WAD rams fed FTMC improve the dressing percentage and rib eye area without any noticeable detrimental effect on the organ parts.
An experiment was conducted to compare the utilization of tephrosia candida and leucaena leucocephala in mixtures with Panicum maximum as feed for small ruminants, using the artificial bag technique of feed evaluation. Three West African dwarf (WAD) sheep with rumen cannula were used for the experiment. T. candida was formulated into diets with P. maximum as diets A, B and C while L. leucocephala was formulated into diets with P. maximum as diets D, E and F in the ratio 3:1, 1:1 and 1:3 respectively for both legumes. The degradation characteristics indicated L. leucocephala – based diets as being more (P < 0.05) degradable in the rumen than the T. candida – based diets, with diet D having the highest potential degradability (a+b) value.
(Academic Journals, 2013-05) Odedire, J. A.; Babayemi, O. J.; Ososanya, T. O.
An experiment was conducted to compare the utilization of tephrosia candida and Leucaena leucocephala in mixtures with Panicum maximum as feed for small ruminants, using the artificial bag technique of feed evaluation. Three West African dwarf (WAD) sheep with rumen cannula were used for the experiment. T. candida was formulated into diets with P. maximum as diets A, B and C while L. leucocephala was formulated into diets with P. maximum as diets D, E and F in the ratio 3:1, 1:1 and 1:3 respectively for both legumes. The degradation characteristics indicated L. leucocephala – based diets as being more (P < 0.05) degradable in the rumen than the T. candida – based diets, with diet D having the highest potential degradability (a+b) value.
Feed intake, digestibility and nitrogen balance of West African dwarf goats fed maize offal and sorghum brewer's grains
(2002) Olorunnisomo, O. A.; Ososanya, T. O.
Feed Intake, digestibility and nitrogen balance were determined in nine female West African dwarf (WAD) goats fed varying levels of maize offal (MO) and sorghum brewer’s grains (SBG) using a randomised block design. The diets did not significantly affect the dry matter Intake (DMI) or intake of crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and energy of the animals. The feed intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance of the animals were significantly (P <0.05) affected. However, digestibility and nitrogen balance increased with increasing levels of SBG in the diet Inclusion levels of 40% SBG and 24% MO in the diet favoured growth rate and the feed utilization. Since MO and SBG are locally available and devoid of human competition, their utilization in small ruminant nutrition will meet dietary requirements at a reduced feed cost and reduction in environmental pollution.
Feed intake, nutrient utilization and growth performance of West African Dwarf rams fed silage combinations of maize forage and mucuna pruriens foliage
(The Nigerian Society for Animal Production, 2017) Alabi, B. O.; Ososanya, T. O.
Crude protein is essentially needed for ruminants but expensive to supply. Mucuna puriens is a high yielding domesticated legume. When the legume is strategically combined with a fibre source, it will make a good diet for ruminants. Thus, a study was carried out to assess the effect of ensiling mucuna with maize forage on performance of rams. In the study, rams were fed silage combinations of Maize Forage (MF) and Mucuna pruriens foliage (MPF). Downy mildew and streak resistant (DMR-SR) yellow variety maize was planted and harvested as MF at six weeks of growth and ensiled with MPF at four levels: 1:0, 3:1, 1:1 and 1:3 for 21 days. All the four silages were fed to 20 WAD rams (12.00±0.25 Kg) in a completely randomised design for 105 days. Proximate composition of the silages, apparent nutrient digestibility of silages in WAD rams, feed intake and weight changes were determined using standard procedures, while feed conversion ratio was computed using standard procedures. Data obtained were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at α(0.05) The dry matter (DM) was significantly higher in T1 (25.65±0.62) and T2 (23.48±0.47) than T3 (21,80±0.41) and T4 (21.57±0.40). The crude protein (CP) was highest in T4 (13.0±0.6) and least in T1 (8.0±0.2). The crude fibre was significantly higher in T1 (26.4±2.6) and T2 (26.2±2.0) than T3 (24.0±1.8) and T4 (21.6±0.9). Apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was highest in T2 (59.2±1.7) and least in T4 (37.7±1.9), while percentage nitrogen retention was significantly higher in T2 (43.2x±3.8) and lower in T1 (20.0x4.3). The FCR for rams fed T2 was significantly lower (8.84±1.2) than T1 (9.76±0.80), T3 (9.60±0.60) and T4 (11.50±0.90) Ensiling maize forage with Mucuna pruriens foliage at 3:1 enhanced nutrient digestibility and growth performance in West African dwarf rams without any deleterious effect.
Forage yield and nutritive value of sweet potato vines cut at different intervals
(Animal Science Association of Nigeria, 2005) Olorunnisomo, O. A.; Odedire, J. A.; Ososanya, T. O.
Growth and semen characteristics of West African dwarf rams fed ammonium sulphate supplemented diets
(National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, 2017) Ososanya, T. O.; Adeniji, S. A.; Aree, O. S.
Ammonium sulphate (AS) is widely used as a feed additive for animals. It is generally used to provide supplemental sulphur to the diet, particularly in diets containing non-protein nitrogen sources. This study assessed the growth and reproductive performance of Yankasa rams fed diets supplemented with different levels of ammonium sulphate. Ammonium sulphate was added at 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5g/kg of the concentrate diet as T0, T0.5, T1.0 and T1.5 respectively. Each treatment had four replicates while semen was collected once from all replicates in the treatments. Rams were fed experimental diets for 70 days. The parameters determined were: feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, mass activity, motility, livability, sperm volume, sperm concentration, scrotal circumference and length. There were significant differences in the feed intake, body weight gain and the feed conversion ratio of the West African dwarf rams fed the supplemented diets. The rams fed diet T1.0 had the highest feed intake and body weight gain of 403.75g/day and 195.83g/day respectively above other treatments. The FCR in T1.0 was the lowest at 2.11 below 6.68 (T0) There was significant difference in the sperm concentration (x10(6)spz/ml) with T1.5 (160.25) having the highest while T0 (136.00) had the lowest. The total sperm ejaculate follow the same trend as sperm concentration with the lowest value recorded in T0 (98.95) while T1.5 (151.65) had the highest value. There were no significant differences in the values recorded for the scrotal circumference and length, however, scrotal weight, total testicular weight, scrotal length and scrotal circumference values in T1.5 was numerically higher than other treatments. It can be concluded that inclusion of ammonium sulphate in the feed of rams at 1.0g/kg enhanced the efficiency of feed utilization and improved the semen quality positively.
Growth haematology and organ histopathology in broilers fed raw and processed velvet bean-based diets
(2006-10) Iyayi, E. A.; Ososanya, T. O.; Taiwo, V. O.; Adeniji, O. A.
Velvet beans (Mucuna pruriens) is currently being promoted as food for man and feed for animals in Nigeria. Its potential and implication as alternative plant protein was studied with one hundred and eight l-d-old Anak broiler chicks. Raw and heated Mucuna bean meals (RMBM & HMBM respectively) were used to replace soybean meal (SBM) and to assess the effect on performance, hislopathological changes and haematology in broiler starters and finishers. Three diets were formulated. Diet I was the basal diet and contained 120g kg-1 SBM while diets 2 and 3 contained 120 g kg 1 HMBM and RMBM respectively in place of SBM. Each diet had 3 groups of 12 birds each. Feed intake, FCR and weight gain in birds on the RMBM and HMBM diets were significantly (p < 0.05) depressed compared to birds on the SBM diet at the starter phase but not at the finisher phase for the HMBM diet but on both phases forr the RMBM diet. The packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell count (RBC) and while blood cells (WBC) were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in the RMBM diets compared to the other 2 diets. Histopathological results showed that birds on the RMBM diet showed severe and widespread vacuolar degeneration and necrosis of the hepatocytes interstitial congestion, tubular degenerations and necrosis in the kidneys. The hearts in birds on the RMBM diet had degeneration and fragmentation of their myofibrils and lymphoid depopulation in the spleen. These results suggest the possibility if utilising Mucuna bean meal to replace soybean meal in broiler feeding at both starter and finisher phases only when subjected to heat treatment. Thus, in spite of its present promotion as food for man and feed for animals in the country, the bean should be subjected to appropriate processing to overcome its depressive effects on feed intake, growth and degenerative syndromes in organs.
Growth performance and blood profile of gestating wad ewes fed dietary supplementation of ammonium sulphate
(The Nigerian Society for Animal Production, 2016) Ososanya, T. O.; Inyang, U. A.; Shehu, S. A.
The concern raised as a result of antibiotic usage in the livestock industry has necessitated the need for alternative feed additives such as ammonium sulphate. Hence, sixteen West African Dwarf (WAD) ewes averaging 24 kg in weight and aged eighteen months were used to determine the growth performance and blood chemistry of ammonium sulphate supplemented diets. The animals were divided into four groups of experimented diets consisting: D1 (0 %) (Control diet), D2 (0.25 %), D3 (0.50 %) and D4 (0.75 %) of ammonium sulphate (AMS) inclusion levels and were randomly allotted in a completely randomized design. They were also synchronized with prostaglandin F(2α) and naturally mated with four (4) rams of proven fertility when they came on heat. Parameters determined were feed intake, dry matter intake (DMT), gestating weights and gains, and blood haematology and serum biochemistry such as white blood cells (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (HGB), albumin (A), globulin (G), total protein (TP), cholesterol (CHOP), blood urea nitrogen, creatinine (C), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The results showed that supplementing AMS in ewe diets generally enhanced (p < 0.05) final weight (Kg), gestational weight gain (Kg) and average daily weight gain (g). The values ranged from 32.00-45.25 Kg; 8.25 - 22.25 Kg; 207.79 - 267.86 g/d respectively. The feed conversion ratio improved with increasing levels of AMS with animats on D4 recording the least (0.20). Animals on Dl recorded the highest values for PCV, HGB, and RBC while those on D3 had the least. The values were 44.25 and 41.00 %; 14.68 and 13.40 g/dl; and 13.02 and 11.86 x 10(6)/mm(3) respectively. Animals on D4 recorded the highest values for WBC (5150.50 x 10(6)/mm(3) ). Serum biochemical responses of pregnant sheep indicated significant differences (p < 0.05) of AMS supplementation on TP, A/G ratio, ALP and creatinine values. Animals on Dl recorded the highest values for TP, A/G ratio; ALT, BUN and C white those on D2 were least except jar ALT where D3 was least in ALT. The values were 8.68 and 8.15 g/dl; 0.80 and 0.65; 289 and 235.50 I.U./L; 10.75 and 9.75 mg/dl; 1.48 and 1.08 mg/dl respectively. Animals on D2 recorded the highest values for G, ALP and CHOL (4.80 mg/dl; 25.25 1. U/L; and 63.00 mg/dl respectively). Inclusion of AMS improved conversion ratio thereby improving the performance of ewes and thus proved that it could be tolerated up to 0.75 % supplementation in diets for ewes.
Haematological evaluation of pregnant ewes fed broiler-litter based diets
(2010) Ososanya, T. O.
Blood is a transport medium for the body which plays an active role in sustainability and survival of the organism. Haematological indices reflect the effect of dietary treatments on the animal especially the type and amount of feed ingested and available for the animal to meet its body requirements. A study was carried out for 10 weeks to assess changes in some haematological indices with advancing pregnancy in ewes fed Broiler Litter (BL) based rations. Blood samples were collected at each trimester of pregnancy and analyzed for Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Red Blood Cell (RBC), White Blood Cell (WBC) counts and Haemoglobin (Hb) concentration. Other parameters estimated were: Mean Corpuscular Value (MCV) and Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC). Results showed that in the first trimester, PCV and Hb. values were significantly higher (P<0.05) in animals fed at 0%, 25%, 50% and 75% BL inclusion levels. In the second trimester, RBC values decreased with increasing levels of BL in the diet while other parameters studied were not significantly different. The findings of this study showed that livestock farmers in the tropics can include broiler litter as feed supplement up to 25% without any adverse effect on the blood chemistry.