Browsing by Author "Sanusi, R."

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Abiola Irele: a critic’s views and reviews of negritude, African literary and cultural debate
(2012-11) Sanusi, R.
African feminism/western feminism: contradictory or complementary
(2010) Sanusi, R.
The term feminism is very complex to define as Chandra Mohanty admits in her introduction to Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism. This essay looks at the heated debate often generated by discourse on African and Western feminisms and concludes that even though there are differences between them as a result of their cultural and socio-contexts, they can still borrow a lot from each other.
Blind devotion, violence and trauma in the works of Ka Maïga, Bassek and Mpoudi-Ngollé
(2012) Sanusi, R.; Olayinka, W.
African women, for too long, have been made to exist in the shadow of African men. Their subordination to men has been mostly achieved by the enactment of societal laws in pre-colonial, colonial and neocolonial African settings which categorize them women) as the ‘other’. The consequence of this subjugation is women’s dependence on / and blind acceptance of their inferiority to men. To change the status quo, African feminist writers and critics alike have raised awareness in women about the obduracy of oppressive tendencies of some African cultural mores. These cultural athos / practices are those that spring from essentially controlling woman's body that practically translate into controlling her mind in order to make her believe the myth that she is inferior to her male counterpart. The reification of the female body invariably leads to African women’s blind devotion to their husbands, children and most often, the extended family. Besides women are also victims of male violence and trauma as evidenced in the works of Philomene Bassek, Aminata Ka MaYga and Evelyne Mpoudi Ngolle.
Blind devotion, violence and trauma in the works of Ka Maiga, Bassek and Mpoudi-Ngolle
(The Linguistics Association, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, 2012) Sanusi, R.; Olayinka, E. B.
Comprendre la litterature afri caine d’expression franqaise (sud du Sahara)
(Graduke Publishers, Ibadan, 2011) Sanusi, R.; Tijani, M.
Comprendre la litterature antillaise d’expression francaise: extraits suivis d’exercices de comprehension et de production ecrite and orale
(Graduke Publishers, Ibadan, 2011) Sanusi, R.; Tijani, M.
Contre vents et marées, je mène ma barque entretien avec regina yaou
(2007) Sanusi, R.
Etude appreciative de l’intertextualité chez Amos Tutuola et Ahmadou Kourouma
(Galati University Press, 2013) Sanusi, R.; Adegbite, S.
Le debat sur 1’application des theories a l‘etude des towns litteraires africaines ne connait pas de repit. Res critiques et les specialistes de la litterature africaine sont toujours a la recherche d’une theorie africaine pour /’etude desdites ceuvres. Malgre la proliferation des theories litteraires, la litterature africaine semble souffrir d’une carence theorique pour une appreciation de pointe. Ceci rend plus ou moins difficile la tdcbe du critique qui doit se servri d’une theorie parmi tant d'autres qui sont plus ou moins adoptees aux realties litteraires de leurs lieux d'elaboration (l’Europe, l’Amerique du Nord et la Russie). Pourtant, cela ne met pas en cause le fait que I'on pent mener une critique de pointe en s'appuyant sur certaines de ces theories malgre les defis socioculturels et, donc, litteraires qui ont toujours distingue la litterature africaine subsaharienne des autres litteratures du monde. C’est dans ce contexte que la theorie de I’intertextualite s’avere un outil effuace pour l’explication, l’interpretation voire le jugement des auvres litteraires de I’Afrique subsaharienne. Cet article se propose de mener une etude appreciative de I'intertextualite a travers deux auvres: L’ivrogne dans la brousse de I’ecrivain nigerian Amos Tutuola et Quand on refuse on dit non de I’ecrivain ivorien Ahmadou Kourouma. Tutola et Kourouma semblent retrouver leur salut dans I'intertextualite donnant ainsi a leurs textes une couleur hybride, un melange de genres (conte, proverbe, citation, epopee, etc.), de diverses marques oratories derivees de la tradition orale, de langage injurieux et de massives repetions ici, la. On peut ainsi affirmer a juste titre que les ceuvres de Tutuola et de Kourouma snivent le pas de la litterature populaire.
Femme africaine et romanciers africains: mimétisme ou affirmation?
(2010) Sanusi, R.
The stereotyped portrayal of African woman by Francophone African male writers often generates debates. Considering the relevance of this issue to our essay, we will first have a critical look at the texts written by male writers. Second, we will examine the consciousness/coming into writing of Francophone African women writers, to denounce and correct the false image given to the woman. This article will also shed light on the existing disagreement between Western feminists and their African sisters on the historical and socio-cultural context that constitute the focal point around which African feminism otherwise known as third world feminism revolves. To end, we will advocate a possible cooperation between these two feminist blocs -Western and African feminism.
The francophone African novel: historical perspective
(Department of Foreign Languages, University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, 2010) Sanusi, R.
A majority of African critics argue that literature long existed in Africa in the form of oral tradition. Novel-writing in Africa, however, can be traced back to the historical situations created by colonization. Suffice it to say that novel-writing in Africa manifested itself in different stages: a.) The French colonial novel; b.) The Emergence of the French African novel; c.) The emergence of writing by women. Each of these stages was marked by narratives and counter-narratives to debunk the misdeeds of colonizers; attack the new African leaders or correct the erroneous image given to African woman by her male counterpart in his early writings. Leaning on John Beverly’s theory on Subalternity and Representation, one notes how at various historical/literary stages, the rapport de force between the colonizer and the colonized on one hand, and the African man/woman on the other hand, was played out. The paper concludes that novel-writing in Africa since its inception has played a utilitarian function.
Francophone caribbean literature: origin and evolution
(Mindex Publishing Co. Ltd., Benin City, Nigeria, 2013) Sanusi, R.
From moukoury, bâ and rawiri: where are the essential husbands?
(2008) Sanusi, R.
The entrance of Francophone African women writers into African literary field marks a new era. Kuoh Moukoury’s Rencontres essentielles (1969) considered a ground breaking piece received applause in academic circle when it was published. This paper focuses on the mutation of initially loving and caring husbands of female personae of Kuoh Moukoury, Ba and Rawiri’s novels. The following question is central to this article: “Why did the husbands of the female protagonists of the selected texts turned into unfaithful husbands and why are these women treated as ‘non-being’ like Medea in Euripides," and "What led to the metamorphosis of especially female characters in Ba and Rawiri’s works?” Antonio Gramsci’s theory on subalternity is adopted to analyze the texts and to see the evolution of the female protagonists who engage in struggle to destroy cultural and patriarchal ethos that enslave them.
Immunologlubulin classes and nutritional factors in plasma and breast milk of lactating Mothers in Nigeria
(Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 2006) Charles-Davies, M.; Arinola, G.; Sanusi, R.; Osotimehin, B. O.
Background: Breast milk is important for the overall well-being of infants. Although lactation is relatively robust in the face of poor nutrition, the implication of poor nutrition on non-nutritive factors in breast milk is inconclusive. Objective: This study was designed to find associations between nutritional and immune factors in maternal blood and breast milk with the aim to improve the needed public and individual strategies for a healthy infant. Method: A cross sectional study was conducted on 61 lactating Nigerian women aged 23-40years within the first 3 months postpartum. Anthropometric measurements were obtained while nutritional factors (total protein, albumin) and immunoglobulin classes (IgG, A and M) were estimated by Biuret, Bromocresol green and single radial immunodiffusion methods respectively in maternal plasma and breast milk. Results: Most (73.5%) of the lactating mothers had normal mean body mass index (i.e. not under weight nor obese) and the mean levels of plasma total protein, albumin, IgG, IgA and IgM were within normal reference ranges in these mothers. Nutritional and immunological indices increase in the plasma with length of lactation but decrease in breast milk with lactation. There were no correlation between BMI, plasma indices and milk indices in these lactating mothers. Conclusion: This study supports the superiority of colostrum over transitional or matured milk for the protection and nourishment of infants.
Interpretation within the context of francophone African literature: an investigation
(Department of European Languages, University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba, Lagos State, 2015-04) Salawu, A.; Sanusi, R.
African literature is a part of translation studies. Whoever writes in a language different from his/her mother tongue is translating. Therefore, writers of francophone African origin are translators. The discipline of Translation studies has two major branches, which are translation and interpretation. In some novels of African origin, the interpreter plays an important role, useful in understanding the message of the author. The objective of this article is to evaluate and understand the relevance of interpretation within African fiction of francophone origin namely, Les soleils des independences of Ahmadou Kourouma, Les bouts de bois de Dieu of Sembene Ousmane and L'etrange destin de Wangrin: les roueries d'wi interpret africain (1992) of Ahmadou Hampath6 Ba. The study adopts not only historical, but comparative and narrative analysis of data from the texts of Ahmadou Kourouma, Sembene Ousmane, and Ahmadou Hampathe Ba, while the theoretical framework is descriptive translation studies (DTS). Works of linguists, translators, language experts, and literary' scholars serve as reference documents. The profession of translator is a mere transposition of the function of the griot as known in francophone Africa, and the commandant in the novel stands as the emperor of the oral literature where the griot is a professional linguist that facilitates the communication between the emperor and his subjects. The study concludes on the notes that the griot and the interpreter are lucky individuals who hold a privilege position and who at the same time must be checked because they go beyond the limit of their duty.
La construction du francais hexagonal dans trois romans quest Africains
(Department of European Languages, University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba, Lagos State, 2015-04) Sanusi, R.; Adegbite, S.
Sub-Saharan African literature written in French has right from inception been criticized for the adoption of French as its language of expression. Senghor, who is one of the founding fathers of Negritude, defended vehemently why French language imposes itself as a language of expression of a literature, which at the time, addresses itself to the colonizer. The reading of Jean-Marie Adiaffi's La carte d'identite, Ahmadou Kourouma's Les soleils des independances and Adelaide Fassinou's Toute une vie ne suffirait paspour en parler show a rupture with their predecessors and some of their contemporaries vis-h-vis the language of the colonizer. This article as its title indicates, is about the exploration of linguistic and literary procedures employed in the deconstruction of French used in Hexagon, the motivations of the writers and the effects produced on the reader as well as on this literature which is becoming more and more original.
La langue d'Ahmadou Kourouma dans Allah n'est pas oblige et quand on refuse on dit non ou la decentralisation du francais dit academique
(Department of European Studies, University of Ibadan, 2007) Sanusi, R.
Dans Allah n'est pas oblige et Quand on refuse on dit non, Kourouma degrade le franpais dit academique et embrasse une langue injurieuse pour peindre la scene de la guerre en exposant avec amertume la malediction postcoloniale en Afrique. Le present article met en relief le style de kourouma dans ses demieres oeuvres ou l'auteur ivoirien fait une violation fragrante des regies du franpais dit academique. De meme, Kourouma se revele comme un ecrivain paradoxal etant donne que le franpais petit negre cohabite avec le franpais standard parle par Fanta dans Ouand on refuse on dit non. L'article se termine sur un ton polemique : le franpais standard restera-t-il a jamais un legs colonial dans cette Afrique en metamorphose ou 1'ancien colonise se forge une nouvelle identite sur le plan langagier ?
La litterature et la langue pendant la renaissance en France
(2013-04) Salawu, A.; Sanusi, R.
La Renaissance franchise merite d’etre louee par ses contributions au developpement de la langue franqaise et de sa litterature. Ces themes ne peuvent etre etudies sans faire reference a la vie politique, economique, et sociale de cette periode. Pour ce faire, nous nous sommes servis des references litteraires, sociologiques, politiques et historiques. C’est pendant la Renaissance francaise que la langue franqaise a ete codifiee avec des emprunts enormes aussi bien de l’ltalie, du Portugal, de l’Espagne, et du Nouveau Monde. Le XVIe siecle francaise a eu une evolution rapide malgre les bouleversements engendres par les reformes religieuses. Des ecrivains comme Pierre de Ronsard et Francois Rabelais restent encore remarquables quant a ce qui concerne la litterature franqaise. Il apparait necessaire d’encourager des recherches approfondies sur le XVIe siecle franqais qui laisse encore beaucoup de questions sans solutions.
La revolution franfaise de 1789: que sera desormais la femme?
(Department of European Studies, University of Ibadan, 2010) Sanusi, R.
Language and social reality in Mongo Beti's trop de soleil tue l'amour and branle-bas en noir et blanc
(Department of Foreign Languages, University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom, Nigeria, 2009) Sanusi, R.
Mongo Beti occupies a central place in African literary field. His novels are often marked with a revolutionary cachet for political and social situations around him dictate the tone of his writings. This article examines the language and social reality in Mongo Bed's Trop de soleil tue I’amour (1999) and Branle-bas en noir et blanc (2000). In a humorous, ironic and satiric style coloured with an African French, the author openly decries the bitter realities of the social, political and economic situations in Cameroon and concludes by warning the leaders about the dangers awaiting the country should they fail to listen to the voices of minority.
Language, politics and identity in the novels of Ahmadou Kourouma
(Department of Foreign Languages, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, 2012-11) Salawu, A.; Sanusi, R.
Facts are vital parameters not only in the sciences, history and translation studies but also in literature Facts are the back-hone of human discussions irrespective of the nature of things discussed. To avoid attacks for political reasons, some Francophone Postcolonial African writers, create imaginary spaces in their novels and embellish them with facts. This is for instance, the preoccupation of Ahmadou Kourouma in his debut novel, Les soleils des independances (1970), and others. The objective of this paper is to show Kourouma’s commitment as a literary linguist, politician, historian, geographer, and indeed as an iconoclastic writer. The issue of identity is also addressed in the analysis of Kourouma’s works. This study, therefore, adopts a narrative analysis of data collected from Ahmadou Kourouma’s Les soleils des independances (1970), Monne, outrages et defis (1990), En attendant le vote des betes sauvages (1998) Allah n ’est pas oblige (2000), and Quand on refuse on dit non (2004). Special attention is paid to critica works of linguists, political theorists, translators and literary scholars among others, to buttress our discourse. Kourouma is known for his language revolution, political discourse, translation skills and his quest for identity. In fact, Kourouma’s coloration of French language with Malinke, his mother-tongue stands like pillars to solidify his creative work and to promote African languages and identity. Needless to say that facts and spaces are parameters responsible for the gradual development of Kourouma’s novels for they allow his protagonists to complete their journey in the process of actualizing their destiny.