Browsing by Author "Taiwo, O. J."

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Analysis of urban agricultural characteristics along land use gradient in Lagos State, Nigeria
(2016) Taiwo, O. J.
The paper argued that land use diversity influenced urban agriculture and that understanding the characteristics of each land use type within which urban agriculture is situated will help to identify prospects and challenges confronting urban agriculture. Three hundred questionnaire coupled with personal interviews were used in collecting relevant information and data pertaining to socio-economic and demographic characteristics of urban farmers. Existing land use map of the LGA was updated with the 2010 high-resolution satellite (Quickbird) image of the LGA. Frequencies, cross-tabulation and analysis of variance were used in analysing variations in socio-economic factors across different land use types. The rapid disappearance of urban agricultural sites within the built-up areas is situated within the concept of the survival of the fittest.The results showed that the land use characteristics within which urban agriculture is located moderate its size, rental cost, profit, accessibility to roads network, while it exacts little or no influence on it with regard to distance from markets and water sources. The findings provide new insights into theoretical debates on the role of land use pattern in influencing pertinent factors of urban agriculture in and around cities. It brings to the fore the need to consider the spatial pattern of urban land use in the allocation of space for urban agriculture while emphasising the role of geographical distance in determining urban agricultural outcomes.
Analytical hierarchical process of soil erosion risk assessment in Ondo State, Nigeria
(2010) Taiwo, O. J.
Soil erosion risk assessment and landuse planning strategics have become increasingly more data-intensive, sophisticated and highly complex involving myriads of quantitative and qualitative techniques. One of the methods that can help in synchronizing all these diverse data sets within a decision making framework is the analytical hierarchical process (AHP) developed by Satty. AHP provides a better technique for the comparison of factors based on decision matrices. It also provides structured methods for the incorporation of experts’ opinions in the ranking of factors. This study examines the use of the AHP in modelling soil erosion risk using Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). Rainfall data, landuse/landcover, digital elevation data, soil erosivity index, supporting practices and expert opinions were integrated using AHP to identify areas with varying degrees of erosion risk potential. A pairwise comparison of the four factors identified by experts and supported by the USLE model was performed by means of Saaty's square it is a reciprocal matrix with unit rank whose eigenvector solution gives the priority or the relative importance, or dominance, of the elements on a ratio scale. The inputs to the matrix were derived from field survey and expert opinions on the relative dominance of the elements within each pair by using a nine-point scale. The approach retains the quantitative conceptual elements of the USLE methodology while allowing for a qualitative assessment and ranking of pertinent factors of soil erosion at micro level. The study shows that hilly areas with high rainfall particularly in the urban areas have the highest erosion risk potential while the natural forest areas have the least. It therefore shows the utility of AHP in coupling existing models with expert opinions as well as some subjective indicators in decision making. The method was capable of ranking ecosystems in terms of environmental conditions and suggesting cumulative impacts across a large region.
Are wetland threats synonymous with environmental problems? analysis of threats to coastal and inland wetlands environment in Nigeria
(Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of the Social Sciences, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2014) Taiwo, O. J.
Wetlands are a component of the environment and threats facing wetlands might just be a miniature of the larger environmental problems in their immediate vicinity. This paper posited that there is a strong linkage between the major environmental problems in the immediate vicinity of wetlands and threats faced by wetlands. Two questions addressed are (a) are threats faced by coastal wetland substantially different from those faced by inland wetlands, and (b) are wetlands threats synonymous with environmental problems in their immediate vicinity? Questionnaire focusing on the identification of threats to coastal and inland wetlands as well as the environmental problem in their immediate vicinity were administered to wetland users. Results show that the identified threats in both coastal and inland wetlands aye almost similar, and that there is no difference between the identified threats to wetlands and environmental problems recognised by the people. Hence, threats to wetlands might be an extension of the general environmental problems in their immediate vicinity. The results of this study provide basic information that is requiredfor developing measures toward a sustainable management and conservation of the inland and coastal wetlands, and addressing environmental problems in the immediate vicinity of wetlands mayfurther assist in resolving some of the threatsfaced by wetlands.
The August 2011 flood in Ibadan, Nigeria: anthropogenic causes and consequences
(Springer, 2012) Agbola, B. S.; Ajayi, O.; Taiwo, O. J.; Wahab, B. W.
Determining when and where flood strikes can be a daunting task. Apart from heavy and prolonged rainfalls and river overflows, there are anthropogenic causal factors of flooding. These anthropogenic factors are significantly variable and exacerbate floods, but may be difficult to measure. This study aims to unravel some of the anthropogenic factors, particularly with respect to their contributions to the flood in Ibadan City on 26 August 2011. Data were collected through structured questionnaire and key informant interviews. The August 2011 Ibadan flood was perhaps the worst in the history of this ancient city. Twelve anthropogenic factors are broadly identified as having contributed to the flood and the flood had five major consequences. Some policy implications that can help prevent future flood occurrence are outlined.
Determinants of peri-urban and urban agricultural locational choicebehaviour in Lagos, Nigeria
(Elsevier Ltd., 2014) Taiwo, O. J.
This article quantitatively assessed factors that shape locational choice behaviour of urban farmers. Three hundred questionnaires were randomly administered to farmers in ten localities with a view to identifying factors that shape their locational choice behaviour. The average number of farmers per locality was designated as the index of attractiveness and was correlated with six broad categories of factors identified by farmers as influential in urban agricultural site selection. These broad factors are proximity to water, proximity to residence, access to land, proximity to market, suitable fertile soils, and availability of labour. These factors were subsequently broken down to sixteen categories. Almost all the variables exhibited negatively significant correlations with the index of attractiveness. Urban farmers prefer sites which were closer to water, free with minimal lease and rental cost, and also sites with fertile soil that is closer to farmer’s residence, where aggregate costs of production is minimal and labour relatively avail-able. The results obtained can be used in mainstreaming urban agriculture into city planning while at the same time provide avenue for increased urban agricultural productivity.
Effect of land use, time of day and vehicle type on seat belt use in Lagos, Nigeria
(2012-03) Akinyemi, Y. C.; Taiwo, O. J.; Osayomi, T.; Olaniran, H. D.
The seat belt has been proven to be effective in the reduction of traffic injuries and deaths. Despite the efficacy and strict enforcement of legislation, it has been frequently underutilized in many countries including Nigeria.The aim of this study was to investigate the seat belt use rate, and determine the effect of land use types, vehicle types and time of day on observed rates in a local government area of Lagos state, Nigeria. A two-day cross-section observational survey was conducted in three observation points, The use rates by land use type, time of day and vehicle type were observed. A total of 40,753 vehicles were evaluated. In general, 43.1 percent of drivers observed used the seat belt. The highest seat belt compliance rate was observed in the residential sector (55.8%), among private cars (65.1%), and between 1.00pm and 4.00pm (44.8%). The chi-square analysis confirmed significant differences in seat belt use across three land use types (X2=609.72, p = 0.001), vehicle types (X2= 11780.31; p = 0.001) and time of day (X2- 59.86; p= 0.001). More seat belt education and stricter enforcement of the seat belt regulation were suggested to raise the level of seat belt use in concerned areas, vehicle types and at the affected time intervals.
Effects of political dispensations on the pattern of urban expansion in the Osogbo metropolis, Osun State, Nigeria
(2014-10) Taiwo, O. J.; Abutaleb, K. A.; Ngie, A.; Ahmed, F.
Most studies on urban growth have focused on measuring the extent and rate of urban growth, while some focused on the understanding of factors that initiate and sustain city growth at local and global scales. Only anecdotal studies exist on the effects of different political regimes on urban growth. Both military and democratic governments enacted and implemented various urban and related policies that might have impacted the urban expansion. This is because a regime’s ideology (be it civilian or military) could be a crucial growth-determining factor. This study compares urban growth in Osogbo, Nigeria, during military and civilian regimes, using eight landscape metrics. Landsat images of the Osogbo metropolis for the years 1986, 1991, 1996, 1999, 2003, 2010 and 2014 were selected, based on the progression of political regimes in Nigeria. Where necessary, the images were gap-filed and co-registered to a common datum. Supervised classification was used in identifying built-up areas over-time, while change vector analysis was used in exploring growth pattern between the civilian and the military regimes. Landscape metrics were used to assess the process and impacts of urban expansion, while analysis of variance was used to assess variations in growth between the two dispensations. There has been considerable growth in Osogbo metropolis since its creation in 1991, and significant differences exist in urban growth rates between military and civilian regimes (F=7.920, P<0.05). However, the effect of urban growth on distance to central business district, available open space, urban sprawl, and shape of built-up areas, are not significantly different between the military and the civilian regimes. Urban expansion occurred primarily through expansion of existing urban areas rather than spontaneous and detached development. Therefore, one of the most difficult conclusions from this study is that urban benefits derived through city growth do not necessarily have anything to do with the type of city administrations in place.
Environmental factors and population at risk of malaria in Nkomazi municipality, South Africa
(2016-05) Adeola, A. M.; Botai, O. J.; Olwoch, J. M.; Rautenbach, C. J. de W.; Adisa, O. M.; Taiwo, O. J.; Kalumba, A. M.
Objective: Nkomazi local municipality of South Africa is a high-risk malaria region with an incidence rate of about 500 cases per 100 000. We examined the influence of environmental factors on population (age group) at risk of malaria. Methods: R software was used to statistically analyse data. Using remote sensing technology, a Landsat 8 image of 4th October 2015 was classified using object-based classification and a 5-m resolution. Spot height data were used to generate a digital elevation model of the area. Results: A total of 60 718 malaria cases were notified across 48 health facilities in Nkomazi municipality between January 1997 and August 2015. Malaria incidence was highly associated with irrigated land (P = 0.001), water body (P = 0.011) and altitude ≤400 m (P = 0.001). The multivariate model showed that with 10% increase in the extent of irrigated areas, malaria risk increased by almost 39% in the entire study area and by almost 44% in the 2-km buffer zone of selected villages. Malaria incidence is more pronounced in the economically active population aged 15–64 and in males. Both incidence and case fatality rate drastically declined over the study period. Conclusion: A predictive model based on environmental factors would be useful in the effort towards malaria elimination by fostering appropriate targeting of control measures and allocating of resources.
Establishment of the moth: niphograpta albiguttalis (warner) (lepidoptera: pyralidae), a biological control agent of water hyacinth (eichhornia crassipes) in waterways of Lagos and Ogun states, southwestern Nigeria
(Routledge, 2012-06) Oke, O. A.; Adelaja, B. A.; Emuh, C. N.; Taiwo, O. J.
The moth Niphograpta albiguttalis was found infesting water hyacinth on waterways in Nigeria in 2009 in the areas of Badagry, Ejirin and Epe in Lagos State and Iwopin in Ogun State. This moth has not been released in Nigeria but it was released as a biological control agent for water hyacinth in Ghana in 1996 and in Benin in 1993. It is not reported to have established in those countries, but it would appear that as a result of those releases N. albiguttalis is now present in Nigeria. The larval instars found were damaging only water hyacinth with bulbous petioles. The larval developmental periods ranged between 10 and 15 days (n = 3).
Examining spatial proximity to health care facilities in an informal urban setting
(2020-07) Yeboah, G.; Albuquerque, J. P.; Taiwo, O. J.
An exploratory spatial analysis of household size from 2006 to 2010 in Nigeria
(2019) Taiwo, O. J.
Large household size of more than 5 persons per household (POPFACT, 2017) can hinder the attainment of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by creating an unnecessary burden on family and the nation. Existing studies on household size have focused more on its consequences with limited attention to its pattern and causes. In addition, the smaller spatial units have mostly been the focus of such analysis and where a national data was used, the set of predictors often identified were assumed to explain the variations in household size across the component units. Due to differences in socioeconomic characteristics of residents and government policies, one expects differential predictors of household size in a multi-ethnic and multicultural country like Nigeria. Using the 2011 household survey data from the National Demographic and Health Surveys (NDHS, 2011), Moran-I, spatial regression, and Pearson Product Moment Correlation were used to analyse the spatial dependency in household size with a view to identifying its spatiotemporal correlates and predictors. The Moran-I showed that states that are contiguous have similar or near similar household sizes. Polygamy (r = 0.723, P<0.05), food poverty (r = 0.478, P<0.05), absolute poverty (r = 0.506, P<0.05) and a dollar-per-day poverty (r = 0.503, P<0.05) had a positive relationship with household size. Conversely, percentage of people using family planning (r = -0.687, P<0.05), unemployment (r = -0.434, P<0.05), percentage of the literate (r = -0.537, P<0.05), and number of higher institutions (r = -0.558, P<0.05) had negative significant relationship with household size. Improved use of family planning, access to education and encouraging monogamy will help in reducing large family size in Nigeria.
Farmers’ choice of wetland agriculture: checking wetland loss and degradation in Lagos State, Nigeria
(Springer, 2013) Taiwo, O. J.
The issue of food security has received increasing emphasis in developing countries, particularly in the cities. The emphasis on food security has engendered agricultural expansion and encroachment on the coastal and inland wetlands in these nations. To facilitate and sustain the security of food in the developing countries local and international policies have been designed and employed; they have specifically targeted abounding food production towards ensuring human survival in the cities. However, the various ecological and socio-economic benefits derivable from the preservation of wetlands and inland valleys in these urban environments may be lost, with the transformation in the land use and cover. This study is therefore concerned with how wetland degradation and loss can be checked and mitigated, focusing on the developing countries and their cities. In this respect, the farmer’s awareness of the impacts of wetland cultivation and the role of accessibility, socio-economic and biophysical factors influencing the choice of wetland farming are examined. To this end, structured questionnaire on choice of wetland agriculture in the urban and periurban wetland areas of Lagos city was administered to the farmers. Simple frequency analysis is used to explain and interpret the data generated. The data reveals a generally low level of farmers’ awareness of the implication of wetland cultivation; it shows different categories of factors influencing the choice of wetland farming. Provision of irrigation infrastructure and improvement in living standard of the people through poverty eradication can discourage disadvantageous encroachment on wetlands in cities.
Geographical analysis of voter apathy in presidential elections between 1999 and 2011 in Nigeria
(Routledge, 2015) Taiwo, O. J.; Ahmed, F.
Correlates and predictors of the spatiotemporal pattern of voter apathy in presidential elections were analyzed for all the states in Nigeria between 1999 and 2011, using data from the National Bureau of Statistics. The Moran Index (Local and Global), analysis of variance, and geographical weighted regression were used in understanding the spatiotemporal patterns and drivers of voter apathy. There were statistically significant temporal (F = 4.811, P ≤ .05) and spatial (F = 8.133 P ≤ .05) variations, and spatial dependency in voter apathy. Men’s population size, expenditures on number of higher institutions of learning, expenditures on household goods and education were main predictors of voter apathy.
Geograpic information systems in determining road traffic crash analysis in Ibadan, Nigeria
(2014-09) Rukewe, A.; Taiwo, O. J.; Fatiregun, A. A.; Afuwape, O. O.; Alonge, T. O.
Background: Road traffic accidents are frequent in this environment, hence the need to determine the place of geographic information systems in the documentation of road traffic accidents. Aim & Objectives: To investigate and document the variations in crash frequencies by types and across different road types in Ibadan, Nigeria. Materials & Methods: Road traffic accident data between January and June 2011 were obtained from the University College Hospital Emergency Department's trauma registry. All the traffic accidents were categorized into motor vehicular, motorbike and pedestrian crashes. Georeferencing of accident locations mentioned by patients was done using a combination of Google Earth and ArcGIS software. Nearest neighbor statistic, Moran's-I, Getis-Ord statistics, Student T-test, and ANOVA were used in investigating the spatial dynamics in crashes. Results: Out of 600 locations recorded, 492 (82.0%) locations were correctly georeferenced. Crashes were clustered in space with motorbike crashes showing greatest clustering. There was significant difference in crashes between dual and non-dual carriage roads (P = 0.0001), but none between the inner city and the periphery (p = 0.115). However, significant variations also exist among the three categories analyzed (p = 0.004) and across the eleven Local Government Areas (P = 0.017). Conclusion: This study showed that the use of Geographic Information System can help in understanding variations in road traffic accident occurrence, while at the same time identifying locations and neighborhoods with unusually higher accidents frequency.
Hydrological responses to climate and land use changes: the paradox of regional and local climate effect in the Pra River Basin of Ghana
(Elsevier Ltd., 2020) Bessah, E.; Raji, A. O.; Taiwo, O. J.; Agodzo, S. K.; Ololade, O. O.; Strapasson, A.
Study Region: Pra River Basin, Ghana. Study Focus: The study modelled the changes in water yield using regional, sub-regional and local climate conditions from modelling outputs at spatial resolutions of 44 km, 12 km and 0.002 km respectively to drive the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs model at three time periods of land use land cover (LULC). Changes in historical water yield (simulated for 1986, 2002 & 2018 LULC using the mean climatic parameters from 1981-2010) and future scenario (simulated for 2018 LULC using the mean climatic parameters from 2020-2049) for annual, seasonal and monthly periods were assessed. New Hydrological Insights for the Region: The results show that future annual water yield could change by -46%, -48%, +44% and -35% under the regional, sub-regional, local and ensemble mean of the climate scenarios respectively. Seasonal water yield from the ensemble mean of the future climate scenario was projected to decrease between 2-16 mm, with a mean decrease of 33.39% during the December–February season. There was no directional effect of spatial resolution on water yield. The future period could be impacted by both drought and flood. We recommend that re/afforestation should be encouraged to improve infiltration and reduce deforestation which was 2.27% per annum in the assessed period to prevent flood causing runoffs, while irrigation technology will help to improve resilience to drought.
The impact of varying spatial resolution of climate models on future rainfall simulations in the Pra River Basin (Ghana)
(IWA Publishing, 2020) Bessah, E.; Raji, A. O.; Taiwo, O. J.; Agodzo, S. K.; Ololade, O. O.
This work compares future projections of rainfall over the Pra River Basin (Ghana) using data from five climate models for the period 2020–2049, as referenced to the control period 1981–2010. Bias-correction methods were applied where necessary and models’ performances were evaluated with Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency, root-mean-square error and coefficient of determination. Standardised Anomaly Index (SAI) was used to determine variability. The onset and cessation dates and length of the rainy season were determined by modifying the Walter–Olaniran method. The ensemble means of the models projected a 1.77% decrease in rainfall. The SAI showed that there would be drier than normal years with the likelihood of drought occurrence in 2021, 2023, 2031 and 2036. The findings showed that high-resolution models ( 25 km) were more capable of simulating rainfall at the basin scale than mid-resolution models (26–150 km) and projected a 20.13% increase. Therefore, the rainfall amount is expected to increase in the future. However, the projected increase in the length of the dry season by the ensemble of the models suggested that alternative sources of water would be necessary to supplement rainfed crop production for food security.
Impacts of abandoned Gebu Forest escarpment reserve in Kogi State of Nigeria on climate change: need for forest institutional measures
(Ecological Society of Nigeria, 2010) Agbeja, B. O.; Taiwo, O. J.
The study examines abandoned Gebu Forest Escarpment Reserve (GFER) in Kogi State, Nigeria with a view to recommending forest institutional measures for climate change mitigation. The method used for the study was socio-economic survey to gather data through digital mapping, observations, administration of questionnaire and the use of secondary data. The results indicated that the built-up area; mosaic of farmlands/settlements; riparian forest; and wooded savanna within the forest reserve occupy 7.13%, 25.07%, 44.17% and 23.63% respectively. A total of estimated 5,413,216 kg of CO2 is lost to the atmosphere per year in GFER as a result illegal occupation of the community people within the forest reserve. The forest reserve has a composition of trees that are predominantly of savanna species. The respondents (76.67%) were aware of the GFER and majority of the respondents affirmed their livelihood dependency on Gebu forest reserve for farming, grazing, hunting, sales of forest products and collection of fuelwood for energy. The causes of anthropogenic activities of the communities within and around the GFER include absence of forest management by the State Forestry Department; high population growth and unsustainable agricultural practices while the effects of these activities include increase in environmental temperature, flooding, dryness of watershed and droughts. The binary logistic model for institutional measures for climate change mitigation of GFER in Kogi State indicated overall significant fit to the data judging from the chi square value (df, 7 ) =143.62 that is significant at p<0.05. The final loss of the model indicated a value of 7.58. It is recommended that a New Forest Management Plan should be produced for a good tenet of Gebu Forest Escarpment Reserve Management; the Government of Kogi State should enunciate robust forest policy and be complimented with an enactment of forestry act; and secondary forest road should be constructed within and near the forest reserve for easy accessibility, policing, motoring and evaluation of the forest reserve.
Modeling urban change using cellular automata: the case study of Johannesburg, South Africa
(2013-07) Abutaleb, K.; Taiwo, O. J.; Ahmed, F.; Ngie, A.
Urbanization is one of the most evident human-induced global changes. Despite its economic importance, urban growth has a considerable impact on the surrounding environment. The most hazardous impacts caused by the informal and sometimes poorly planned developments are: the destruction of green spaces, increase in traffic, air pollution, congestion with crowding and lack of significant contribution to national income. Remote sensing provides an excellent source of data, from which updated land use/land cover information and changes can be extracted, analyzed, and simulated efficiently. Recent advances in computer models, GIS and remote sensing tools enable researchers to model and predict urban growth effectively. Cellular automata models have better performance in simulating urban development than conventional mathematical models. Johannesburg is the economic powerhouse of South Africa and it is the most populous metropolitan area. The city has experienced a significant growth in informal settlements. This growth has led to the loss of vast expanses of land, thus reducing the land available for other land uses, and contributing to a series of environmental problems. This paper quantified, mapped, and analyzed, the urban growth of Johannesburg from 1995 to 2010 using Landsat TM & ETM+ data. Cellular automata techniques were implemented for modeling the urban growth of the city of Johannesburg up to 2030. The model predicted future urban changes within and at the periphery of the city. The forecasted urban land cover change would prove useful for future urban planning and management of space in Johannesburg.
Patterns, trends and correlates of ten major reported crimes in Ondo State, Nigeria
(Connel Publications, Ibadan, 2019) Taiwo, O. J.; Olumoyegun, J. M.; Omotosho, O. O.
We analysed the trend, patterns, and correlates of ten major crimes among Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Ondo State. The number of reported crimes from 2007 to 2016 were used to assess the trend in crimes, while the reported number of crimes in 2007 and 2010 from the 18 LGAs were used for the analysis of the spatiotemporal distribution and pattern of crimes. The reported number of murders, rape and indecent assault, assault, pretence/cheating, breach of the public peace, kidnapping and forgery increased while burglary and armed robbery declined. Akure South, Ondo West, Akure North, and Ilaje LGAs had the highest reported crimes. Nearly all the crimes exhibited a random distributional pattern in 2007 and 2010 except assault and kidnapping. There was a significant difference between the number of reported crime in urban and rural LGAs (F( 1,358)=4.148) while the number of hotels and population density was highly correlated with some crimes. Availability of relatively long-time data provides opportunity to understand the spatiotemporal trend, pattern and correlates of major crimes in Ondo State, Nigeria.
Perceived causes, exposures and adjustments to seasonal heat in different residential areas in Ibadan, Nigeria
(Springer, 2012) Taiwo, O. J.; Olaniran, H. D.; Osayomi, T.
Local perception can be an important resource for assessing and managing climate-related extremes and identifying adjustment strategies unique to specific settings. The objectives of the study are two-fold. Firstly, it examined the perceived causes, exposures and adjustments to seasonal heat events using different residential density areas of Ibadan, Nigeria, as spatial units of analysis. Secondly, it investigated the relationship between heat exposure, built environment, socio-economic and cultural factors. Results show that intense heat from the sun, climate change and absence of rains, among others, was identified as perceived causes. Number of electricity hours, distance from water supply points and the number of neighborhood trees were listed as the three most important factors affecting heat exposure. In addition, there were considerable variations in the perceived causes (F = 4.86, p<0.05), in exposures (F = 3.61, p<0.05), and in adjustments to seasonal heat (F = 8.75, p<0.05) across different residential density areas in Ibadan, Nigeria. The study demonstrates that local knowledge based on the perceptions, exposures and adjustments to seasonal heat waves has the potential in some cases to provide valid inputs into vulnerability and adaptation assessments.