Browsing by Author "Taiwo, V. O."

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Challenges of conducting research in developing countries
(The Postgraduate School, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, 2006) Ekhaguere, G. O. S.; Olayinka, A. I.; Taiwo, V. O.; Alonge, T. O.; Obono, O. M.
Chlamydial infection, plasma peroxidation and obesity in tubal infertility
(2011-12) Nsonwu-Anyanwu, A. C.; Charles-Davies, M. A.; Oni, A. A.; Taiwo, V. O.; Bello, F. A.
Background: Genital tract infections and obesity are both sources of oxidative stress. Alterations in immune and antioxidant parameters may arise from this or from an indeterminate autoimmune mechanism. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the association of Chlamydial infection, obesity and oxidative response with tubal infertility in Nigerian women. Methods: It was a case-control study of 40 women with tubal infertility and 32 fertile women, respectively, recruited from the Infertility and Family Planning Clinics respectively, of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Anthropometric indices were measured in each subject and endocervical swabs were taken to screen for current genital tract infection. Antioxidant, hormonal and immunologic analysis were performed on serum. Results: None of the subjects had current genital tract infections. Chlamydia trachomatis IgG positivity was significantly higher in infertile than in fertile subjects [OR 4.33; 95%CI (0.078-0.681)]. No significant variations were observed in the anthropometric indices, antioxidant parameters and hormones between infertile and the fertile women. Body mass index correlated positively with oxidative stress in infertile subjects. Waist and hip circumferences correlated negatively with oestradiol in women with tubal infertility. Conclusion: Chlamydial infection is associated with tubal factor infertility, however, obesity seems to increase oxidative stress and reduce fertility potential in women with tubal factor infertility.
A comparative assessment of growth performance, haematology and serum biochemistry of hybrid catfish fed non-conventional plant proteins in homestead concrete tanks
(2000) Olukunle, O.; Taiwo, V. O.; Adejinmi, J. O.
An 84-day experiment was carried out to evaluate the potentials of three non-conventional plant proteins groundnut cake (GNC), soyebean cake (SBC) and sesame seed cake (SSC) singly and combined in the diets of hybrid catfish grown in homestead concrete tanks. Triplicate groups of 30 juveniles average weight of 26.9+ 0.18g were fed four diets which were formulated to contain 30% crude protein with 25% of the GNC (diet 1) component replaced by SBC (diet 2), SSC (diet 3) and a combination of the three in diet 4. All the diets contained an equal amount of animal protein (25.43g). At the end of 84 days of feeding, growth parameters, feed and carcass proximate analyses, mortality, haematology and serum biochemical parameters were measured. The results showed that the diets affected the growth of the juveniles significantly (P<0.05). The percentage weight gain of the fish fed diet 1 was 204% of the initial weight, while those fed diets 2, 3 and 4 were 405%, 465% and 445% respectively. Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) was significantly higher (P <0.05) in diets 2, 3 and 4 than in diet 1, with diet 4 having the highest PER. The percent specific growth rate (SGR) recorded for each diet was not significantly different (P>0.05) from each other. Percentage mortality were 22.2%, 13.3%, 5.6% and 3.3% in fish fed diets 3, 4, 2 and 1, respectively. There were no significant variations in haematological parameters of fish fed all the various diets, except for those on diet 3 which exhibited lymphopenia and heterophilia (P<0.05). Similarly, there were no significant variations in serum biochemical parameters, except for hyperfibrinogenaemia, hypoglyeaemia and significantly increased AST activities (P<0.05) in fish fed diet 3 and 4. There were significant increases in the serum levels of cholesterol and triglyceride in fish fed diets 2 (P<0.05), 3 and 4 (P<0.01). The findings in this study showed that even though SBC and SSC inclusions in fish diet resulted in better growth performance than GNC inclusion, the relatively high levels of crude fat in these plants proteins especially SSC, may in fact be injurious to fish by causing fat deposition in tissues, fatty hepatic and renal damage, artherosclerosis and coronary heart disease both of which will predispose the fish to stress, innocuous disease and mortality.
Consumption of aqueous extract of raw aloe vera leaves: histopathological and biochemical studies in rat and tilapia
(Ibadan Biomedical Communications Group, 2005) Taiwo, V. O.; Olukunle, O. A.; Ozor, I. C.; Oyejobi, A. T
"Forty-five juvenile tilapia and 30 weanling albino rats exposed to water containing 50, 100 and 150ppm of aqueous extract of Aloe vera leaves for 96 hours and 28 days, respectively were used for this study. Fifteen tilapia and 10 rats exposed to clean water (0 ppm A. vera) served as controls. Clinical signs, mortality, gross and histologic organ pathology in the tilapia; weekly haematology, plasma biochemical parameters and organ pathology were monitored in the rats. Fish cultured in water containing A. vera exhibited erratic swimming patterns, rapid opercular movements, skin depigmentation and died within 24- 96 hours. Gross and histologic tissue lesions in the test fish include skin depigmentation, pale and shriveled gills, dull, opaque and sunken eyes, stunting and clubbing of gill filaments, vacuolar degeneration and necrosis of gill epithelial cells, hyaline degeneration and necrosis of myofibrils, calcification of vasa vasori, hepatocellular vacuolar degeneration and necrosis. Haematologic and plasma biochemical changes in test rats include moderate to severe normocytic normochromic anaemia, hypoproteinaemia, increased AST levels, and decreased cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Gross and histologic tissue lesions include mild to moderate pulmonary congestion, flabbiness of the heart, hepatomegaly, mottling of kidneys, vacuolar degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes, Kupffer cell hyperplasia, periportal fibrosis, glomerular and tubular degeneration and necrosis, matting and clubbing of small intestinal villi, catarrhal enteritis and goblet cell hyperplasia. The severity of these changes increased with increasing concentrations of A. vera. No mortality, gross or histologic changes were observed in both control fish and rats. Results from this study show that consumption of water containing extracts of raw A. vera is very toxic to fish and rats. The serious health implication for human consumption of raw A. vera is discussed. "
Cost implications of feeding Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) processed Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas)
(2008) Olukunle, O.; Odebode, S.; Taiwo, V. O.
Cytokine profile in Nigerians with tubal infertility
(Termedia Publishing House Ltd, 2016) Nsonwu-Anyanwu, A. C.; Charles-Davies, M. A.; Taiwo, V. O.; Bello, F. A.; Bin, L.; Oni, A. A.
Background: Immune response to genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection is involved in both immunity and pathology. The cytokine profile during infection has been implicated in the disease outcome, either resolution or severe sequelae. Serum cytokines of Chlamydia positive Nigerian women with tubal infertility were assessed to determine their possible relationship with tubal occlusion. Material and methods: One hundred and fifty age-matched consenting women (100 fertile and 50 with tubal infertility) were recruited based on C. trachomatis antibody positivity and grouped into infertile Chlamydia positive (CTpos) women (n = 50), fertile Chlamydia positive women (n = 50) and fertile Chlamydia negative (CTneg) women as controls (n = 50). High vaginal swabs and endo-cervical swabs were collected for microscopy, culture and gram staining. Cytokines [transforming growth factor β1 (TG F-β1), interferon γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL )-4, IL -10 and IL-17A] were estimated by ELISA in sera. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, χ2 and Spearman’s correlation at p = 0.05. Results: Lower IFN-γ levels were observed in infertile women compared to fertile women. Fertile CTneg women had significantly higher TNF-α, and TGF-β1 compared to fertile and infertile CTpos women, respectively. Lower IL-10 levels were seen in fertile CTpos women compared to the infertile CTpos group. Vaginal discharge was negatively correlated with TNF-α and IFN-γ and positively with IL-4 in Chlamydia positive women. Conclusions: Chlamydia positive women with tubal infertility have higher IL -10 and lower IFN-γ levels than controls, which may contribute to their development of tubal pathology.
Economic, growth performance and heamatological implications of raising Clarias gariepinus advanced fry on high protein diets in concrete homestead ponds
(2004) Olukunle, O.; Taiwo, V. O.
The commercial production of fish in concrete homestead ponds is fast gaining acceptance in Nigeria, but the growth rate of such is constrained by the stocking of good-sized fingerlings and the availability of quality fish feed. Hence, this study was designed to investigate the economic analysis, growth performance and hematological changes in advanced fry raised on high protein diets in concrete tanks. The design of the experiment is completely randomized and the economic viability of the project was determined by comparing the cost: benefit ratio of the four feeding regimes. One thousand, two hundred Clarias gariepinus advanced fry with initial mean weight of 0.74+0.18g were randomly divided into 4 groups. Three 1m3 net cages were suspended in each tank of (3m x2m x1.5m) dimension. The treatments were fed practical diets containing 40% (control); 48%; 56%; 64% CP levels respectively for 12 weeks. The following parameters were monitored as stated: weight gains (bimonthly); water quality (weekly); haematology (initial and at end of the experiment). carcass analysis at (initial and at end of experiment). Feed conversion ratio, proximate analysis and cost: benefit ratio (were calculated at end of the experiment). Data generated were statistically analyzed using the 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's multiple range tests at 95% and 99% confidence limits as appropriate. The results of the study showed that raising of fingerlings in concrete tanks can be enhanced optimally through the feeding of a 48% CP inclusion as against the conventional 40% CP in practical diets used in earthen ponds. The incidence of cost showed that feeding advanced fry on 40% and 48% CP diet are not significantly different but both values are significantly better than fish fed on diet 56% and 64% CP. While the profit index showed that it is more profitable to feed the fish on diets containing either 40%, 48% and 56% CP. However, fish fed on the 48% CP diet in this study had optimum mean weight gain of (9.49g) and the highest PPV value (2.44), which was significantly different from fish, fed 40% (2.41), 56%(0.75) and 64% (1.15). In addition, this research further highlighted the fact that high CP inclusion beyond the optimum does not necessarily give high weight gains nor give the best economic reward because fish diets 3 (56%CP) and diets 4(64%CP) had lower weight gains and lower profit index. There were no appreciable derangements in hematological parameters in fish fed 40%CP and 48% CP. However fish fed 56%CP and 64% CP developed normocytic normochronic anemia and hypoproteinaemia conditions. This implies wastage of resources and confirms that inclusion of CP levels higher than 48% CP in diets of C gariepinus fry had negative effects on haemopoiesis and does not have growth, hematological nor economical advantage in raising advanced fry to fingerling in concrete tanks.
Female reproductive hormones and biomarkers of oxidative stress in genital chlamydia infection in tubal factor infertility
(Avicenna Research Institute, 2015) Nsonwu-Anyanwu, A. C.; Charles-Davies, M. A.; Taiwo, V. O.; Bin, L.; Oni, A. A.; Bello, F. A.
Background: Genital Chlamydia infection (GCI) and the associated pathologies have been implicated in tubal infertility. Though the actual pathologic mechanisms are still uncertain, oxidative stress and other factors have been implicated. The purpose of the study was to determine the possible contribution of female reproductive hormones and biomarkers of oxidative stress in genital Chlamydial infection to tubal occlusion. Methods: This prospective case control study was carried out by recruiting 150 age matched women grouped into infertile Chlamydia positive women (n=50), fertile Chlamydia positive women (n=50) and fertile Chlamydia negative women as controls (n=50). High vaginal swabs and endocervical swabs were collected for screening Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Treponema pallidum, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. Sera were collected for estimation of Chlamydia trachomatis antibody, female reproductive hormones [Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Oestradiol (E2), Progesterone (P4), Prolactin (PRL)] and biomarkers of oxidative stress [Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) and 8-hydroxyl-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)] by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Data were analyzed using chi square, analysis of variance and LSD Post hoc to determine mean differences at p=0.05. Results: Among women with GCI, higher levels of LH and 8-OHdG were observed in infertile Chlamydia positive women compared to fertile Chlamydia positive women (p<0.05). Higher levels of LH and 8-OHdG and lower TAC levels were observed in infertile Chlamydia positive women compared to fertile Chlamydia negative controls (p<0.05). Conclusion: Mechanisms including oxidative DNA damage and reduced antioxidant capacity may be involved in the pathology of Chlamydia induced tubal damage.
Growth haematology and organ histopathology in broilers fed raw and processed velvet bean-based diets
(2006-10) Iyayi, E. A.; Ososanya, T. O.; Taiwo, V. O.; Adeniji, O. A.
Velvet beans (Mucuna pruriens) is currently being promoted as food for man and feed for animals in Nigeria. Its potential and implication as alternative plant protein was studied with one hundred and eight l-d-old Anak broiler chicks. Raw and heated Mucuna bean meals (RMBM & HMBM respectively) were used to replace soybean meal (SBM) and to assess the effect on performance, hislopathological changes and haematology in broiler starters and finishers. Three diets were formulated. Diet I was the basal diet and contained 120g kg-1 SBM while diets 2 and 3 contained 120 g kg 1 HMBM and RMBM respectively in place of SBM. Each diet had 3 groups of 12 birds each. Feed intake, FCR and weight gain in birds on the RMBM and HMBM diets were significantly (p < 0.05) depressed compared to birds on the SBM diet at the starter phase but not at the finisher phase for the HMBM diet but on both phases forr the RMBM diet. The packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell count (RBC) and while blood cells (WBC) were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in the RMBM diets compared to the other 2 diets. Histopathological results showed that birds on the RMBM diet showed severe and widespread vacuolar degeneration and necrosis of the hepatocytes interstitial congestion, tubular degenerations and necrosis in the kidneys. The hearts in birds on the RMBM diet had degeneration and fragmentation of their myofibrils and lymphoid depopulation in the spleen. These results suggest the possibility if utilising Mucuna bean meal to replace soybean meal in broiler feeding at both starter and finisher phases only when subjected to heat treatment. Thus, in spite of its present promotion as food for man and feed for animals in the country, the bean should be subjected to appropriate processing to overcome its depressive effects on feed intake, growth and degenerative syndromes in organs.
Growth performance and nutrient utilization of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) fry fed processed sweet potatoe(Ipomea batata)
(2007) Olukunle, O.; Odebode, S.; Taiwo, V. O.
Maize is an expensive energy source for feedstuff in fish management especially during the off-season, hence the need to source and utilize other cheaper and non-conventional energy sources. This study investigated the growth performance of Clarias gariepinus fry fed processed sweet potato meal as an energy source and its effect on the hematological values. Three experimental diets were compounded such that maize was 100% energy source in Diet 1 (Control). In diets 2 and 3, maize was replaced with sweet potatoes tuber (SPT) and sweet potato peel (SPP), respectively at 25% inclusion level. The diets were fed at 5% body weight to the C. gariepinus fry (0.21 ±0.03) in polystyrene net cages suspended in 3 concrete tanks (2x3x1.2)m3 for 42 days in triplicates. Growth, nutrient utilization and hematological parameters were measured. The Mean Weight Gain (MWG) of the fry fed the maize based diet (1.96) was significantly higher (p<0.05) than the fry fed SPT (1.37) and SPP (1.27) respectively. The MWG of fry fed diets 2 and 3 were not significantly different from each other. The FCR of the control and the SPT based diets were not significantly different from each other but both were significantly different (p<0.05) from fish fed the SPP diet. The Growth Efficiency Feed Conversion (GEFC) values of the 3 diets (0.50, 0.51, and 0.40) respectively are not significantly different from each other. However, the PER and the survival rates were significantly better in fry fed the SPT based diet (0.51: 95%) than in fry fed the maize based diet (0.50: 92%) and the SPP based diet(0.40: 82%) respectively. The haemotology results showed that the fry fed the control diet had the lowest MCV and WBC counts while the fry fed SP based diets manifested moderately severe normocyctic normochromic anemia and leucocytosis, which means that the maize diet showed better hematological indices. This study showed that SP based diets have potential as substitute for maize. Maize based diet and especially the SPT, have similar FCR, dietary energy, GEFC values.
Macrophages, man and the environment: my life's story
(Ibadan University Press, 2015) Taiwo, V. O.
Methodology of basic and applied research
(The Postgraduate School University of Ibadan, 2006) Olayinka, A. I.; Taiwo, V. O.; Raji-Oyelade, A.; Farai, I. P.
The nutritional value of cow blood meal and its effects on growth performance, haematology and plasma enzymes of hybrid catfish
(2002) Olukunle, O. A.; Ogunsanmi, A. O.; Taiwo, V. O.; Samuel, A. A.
The nutritional potential of sun-dried cow blood meal (CBM) was investigated for its effect on growth performance, haematology and plasma enzyme activities in hybrid catfish fingerlings (Clarias gariepinus Male x Heternbrunchus longifilis Female), in an assay that lasted for twelve weeks. Six graded diets containing 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 percent of CBM were compounded. Ten fingerlings (mean weight 4.23+0.64g) per tank were reared under laboratory conditions in eighteen plastic tanks, each containing 12 liters of water. The fingerlings were fed 3% of their body weight daily, with bimonthly adjustments. At the end of the 84-day experiment, growth performance parameters such as weight gains, specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were determined. Blood samples were pooled from each treatment on days 0, 42 and 84 for haematotogical and plasma enzyme analyses. The specific growth rate and the feed conversion ratio were best in the fish fed the control (0% sun-dried CBM) diet and poorest in the fish fed 25% CBM diet inclusion. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) between mean daily weight gains, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratios of fish fed diet 2 (5% CBM) and the control diet. The higher the inclusion level of the sun-dried CBM in the experimental diets, the poorer the nutrient utilization and growth performance. Hematological and pIasma enzyme analyses revealed progressively severe macrocytic normochromic, anaemia, leucocytosis and high enzymatic activities of plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and-aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in fish fed increasing levels of sun-dried CBM. These enzymatic changes imply liver, kidney and/or cardiac damage, and opportunistic systemic bacterial infection. It can be inferred that for optimum growth performance, best nutrient utilization and unimpaired haematological and plasma enzyme activities in hybrid Clarias, a 5 % level of sun-dried CBM inclusion in their diet is recommended.
The potential of cow blood meal-rumen content blend as partial or complete replacement for fish meal in Clarias gariepinus diets
(Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Ibadan., 2007) Olukunle, O.; Taiwo, V. O.; Okonkwo, M. C.; Agboola, G. O
Total serum complement in chickens experimentally infected with infectious bursal disease virus with or without previous vaccination
(2003) Fagbohun, O. A.; Taiwo, V. O.; Owoade, A. A.; Odaibo, G. N.; Oluwayelu, D. O.; Aiki-raji, C. O; Olaleye, D. O.
Mean titres of serum complement(C') in 100 broiler chicks from day one to week 13 were determined using the complement fixation test. The chicks were assigned to four groups of 25 each namely, unvaccinated unchallenged(UvUc) which served as the controls, vaccinated unchallenged(VUc), unvaccinated challenged (UvC) and vaccinated challenged (VC). The chicks in groups VUc and VC were vaccinated at 3 weeks with locally produced Nigerian fibrogombavac infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) vaccine. The chicks in groups UvC and VC were challenged at week 6 by intraocular inoculation with virulent IBDV. Complement was first detected at 2 weeks of age in chickens while the highest mean titre was observed at 8 weeks. There was a 4-fold increase in the mean titre of C' in the Uvc group and a 3-fold increase in the VC group. The mean titre of C' was lower on the VUc than those of the control(UvUc). Thus, challenges with IBDV significantly increased serum C' levels in chickens while vaccination caused a decrease. The role of C' in the pathogensis of IBD is dicussed.
Toxicity of grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus temminck) faeces to Clarias gariepinus broodstock
(2003) Taiwo, V. O.; Omitoyin, B. O.; Ogunsanmi, A. O.; Olukunle, O.; Ogunmoye, K. A.
This study investigates the performance of Clarias gariepinus broodstock fed with grasscutter faccal droppings. The physiological effects and growth performance of the fish were assessed after 8 weeks experimental feeding followed by 4 weeks of feeding with normal formulated (control) diet for fish. Ninety test fish were maintained solely on grasscutter faccal organic manure, while 30 fish maintained on the control diet served as the controls. The test fish suffered significant (p<0.05) weight loss compared to initial (pre-treatment) values and those of the control fish, but exhibited increased (p<0.05) growth within 4 weeks of being fed the control diet. They also developed normocytic, normochromic anaemia and lencocytosis characterized by lymphocytosis and heterophilia after 8 weeks of feeding. Analysis of the plasma metabolites of the test fish revealed hyponatracmia, hypochloraemia,acidosis, hypocreatininaemia, hypoproteinaemia, decreased enzyme activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Elevated plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels were observed, while the levels of plasma calcium phosphorous, area, potassium cholesterol, triglyceride,albumin,globulin and albumin globulin ratio remain unchanged throughout the experimental period. The haematologic and plasma biochemical changes in the test fish may be attributed to hepatorenal dysfunction, decreased protein metabolism, deficient protein content of grasscutter droppings and possibly associated with toxic materials in grasscutter faces. All the haematological and plasma biochemical changes in the test fish returned to normal 4 weeks after reversion to normal diet showing that grasscutter droppings are nutritionally sub-optimal and probably toxic to Clarias gariepinus broodstock and hence not recommended for total conventional feed replacement in C. gariepinus fish farming.