Browsing by Author "Uwakwe, R."

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Depression in adult Nigerians: results from the Nigerian Survey of Mental Health and Well-being
(Cambridge University Press & Assessment, 2010) Gureje, O.; Uwakwe, R.; Oladeji, B.; Makanjuola, V.O.; Esan, O.B.
Background: Community-based studies of the rates and profile of depression among Africans are still sparse. Methods: As part of the World Mental Health Surveys initiative, a clustered multi-stage sampling of households in 21 of Nigeria's 36 states (representing 57% of the national population) was implemented to select adults aged 18 years and over(N=6752)for face-to-face interviews using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0). Diagnosis of major depressive episode (MDE) was based on the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 4th edition. Results: Lifetime and 12 monthestimatesofMDEwere3.1%(standarderror0.3) and1.1% (s.e.0.1), receptively. Increasing age was associated with higher estimates of positive responses to stem (screen)questions for depression and of lifetime disorders among stem-positive respondents. The mean age of onset was about 29.2 years. The median (inter quantile range, IQR) duration of an episode among lifetime cases was 1.0 (2.0–2.4) year and the median (IQR) number of lifetime episodes was 1.5 (2.0–2.8). MDE was highly comorbid with anxiety disorders, musculoskeletal conditions, chronic pain and ulcer. The odds ratio of lifetime suicide attempt among persons with lifetime MDEwas11.6(95%confidenceinterval,3.9–34.9).Over25%of12-monthcaseswererated as severely disabled in the performance of usual roles. Only 16.9%(i.e. 5.0) of 12-monthcases had received any treatment. Limitations: All data were based on self-reports. Conclusion: MDE, defined according to DSM-IV, is a risk factor for mental and physical comorbidity as well as disability in Nigerians. Age-related telescoping or denial may partly explain the low rates in this young population
A descriptive epidemiology of substance use and substance use disorders in Nigeria during the early 21st century
(Elsevier Ltd., 2007) Gureje, O.; Degenhardt, L.; Olley, B; Uwakwe, R.; Udofia, O; Wakil, A; Adeyemi, O; Bohnert, K. M.; Anthony, J. C.
Background: Several studies have examined the use of psychoactive substances among selected groups in Nigeria. Here, we extend the description to include the features of substance dependence. Method: A stratified multi-stage random sampling of households was used to select respondents in 21 of Nigeria's 36 states (representing 57% of the national population). In-person interviews with 6752 adults were conducted using the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview, Version 3. Lifetime history and recent (past year) use, as well as features of dependence on, alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, sedatives, stimulants, and other drugs were assessed. Results: Alcohol was the most commonly used substance, with 56% (95% confidence interval, CI = 54, 58%) ever users and 14% (95% CI = 13, 15%) recent (past year) users, Roughly 3% were recent smokers (3%, 95% CI = 2.6, 4.2%). Next most common were sedatives. 4% (95% CI = 2.3, 4.5%), and cannabis smokers, 0.4% (95% CI =0.1, 0.6%). Males were more likely than females to be users of every drug group investigated, with male preponderance being particularly marked for cannabis. Prevalence of both alcohol and tobacco use was highest among middle aged adults. Moslems were much less likely to use alcohol than persons of other faiths, but no such association was found for tobacco, non-prescription drug use, or illegal drug use. Features of abuse and dependence were more common at the population level for alcohol; but among users, these features were just as likely to be experienced by alcohol users as they were by other drug users. Conclusion: Alcohol is the most commonly used psychoactive drug' in Nigeria. Features associated with drug dependence and abuse arc less prevalent but may require attention by public health authorities.