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Item Substance use and psychosocial functioning of adolescents in Benue state, Nigeria: Assessing the role of age(African Journal Online, 2019) Akpa O. M.; Okekunle A. P.Aim: To assess whether Substance Use (SU) is associated with Psychosocial Function (PF) among adolescent. Methods: Using a self-administered validated instrument, we obtained information on demographic, SU (defined as self reported affirmative use of one or more of any form of alcoholic drinks, cigarettes, hemps etc) and PF [using the adolescent psychosocial functioning inventory comprising of three subscales; optimism and coping strategies (OCS), behaviour and relationship problems (BRP) and general psychosocial dysfunction designed (GPD)] among 2272 apparently healthy adolescents. PF was categorized as ‘elevated’ if the psychosocial functioning index (PFI) score were >75th percentile, otherwise, ‘not elevated’ and multivariable-adjusted logistic regression was used to compute odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of SU for elevated PF risk. In addition, we applied Johnson Neyman (JN) technique to identifying the JN significance regions at which age moderated the SU-PF relationship at a statistical significance of two-sided P<0.05. Results: Prevalence of SU and elevated PF was 50.7% and 79.8% respectively. Prevalence of elevated PF differed insignificantly by sex, but the proportion of adolescent with elevated PFI on SU (82.6%) was significantly higher (P<0.001) compared to those with elevated PFI but not on SU (76.9%). Multivariable-adjusted odds of decreased OCS risk given SU exposure was; OR (95%CI): 1.3791 (1.1458-1.6698), P=0.0007. Similarly, multivariable-adjusted odds of elevated PF risk in the light of SU exposure was; OR (95%CI): 1.4286 (1.1617-1.7567), P=0.0007. Furthermore, the JN significance regions for moderated regression analyses of odds of decreased OCS risk was between 10.4years [OR (95%CI): 0.5820 (0.1411-1.0228), P=0.0097] and 16.7years [OR (95%CI): 0.3025 (0.0001-0.6050), P=0.0500]. Conclusion: Adolescents on SU are about one and half times at risk of psychosocial dysfunction and age significantly attenuated the SU-decreased OCS risk link particularly in early adolescence.Item The factor structure of the adapted who quality of life bref questionnaire in a sample of adolescents in Nigeria(Faculty of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, 2018) Akpa O. M.; Fowobaje K. R.The World Health Organization’s Quality of Life Instrument (WHOQOL-BREF) is widely validated and popularly used in assessing perceived quality of life (QOL) of adolescents and the general population. Though the WHOQOL-BREF has been used in some studies in Nigeria, its theoretical structure has not been comprehensively investigated. This study examined the factor structure of the Adopted WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire and it theoretical structure in a large sample of adolescents in Nigeria. Data on demographic characteristics and QOL were extracted from 1,963 adolescents who participated in a state-wide study on psychosocial functioning and quality of life of adolescents in Benue State, Nigeria. Descriptive statistics were used to present the distribution of the data while Cronbach’s alpha and Polychoric ordinal alpha were used to describe the internal consistency (reliability) of the adapted WHOQOL-BREF and alpha value of 0.700 was considered reliable. Structural analysis was performed to extract the underlying factors while confirmatory factor analyses were used to assess some hypothesized structure of the adapted WHO-QOL BREF. Relative Chi-square test value ≤3.0 was regarded a good fit while multiple fit indexes with values ≥0.90 (for acceptable fit) were used for assessing diverse aspects of the models. All analyses were performed at 5% significance level using IBM SPSS statistics version 20, R package and AMOS version 21. Participants were mostly male (54.8%) and 14.7±1.4 years old with 51.0% residing in rural areas. The overall internal consistency of the 4-factor model was 0.862 (for Cronbach’s Alpha) and 0.989 (for Polychoric Alpha) while the 2-factor model had 0.870 (for Cronbach’s Alpha) and 0.990 (for Polychoric Alpha). The Cattelle’s Scree plot, Horn’s parallel analysis and the confirmatory factor analysis revealed a 2-factor model as the best model for the WHO-QOL BREF. The 23-item 2-factor structure had a relative Chi-square test value with all fit indices within the acceptable range. The adapted WHO QOL BREF can be safely used to assess quality of life among Adolescents in Nigeria and related settings. Using the two factors extracted in the present study may yield better results in settings similar to the present study location.