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Item Prevalence, pattern and predictors of hearing loss among rural school-age children in Ogun State, Nigeria(College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, and University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan, Nigeria., 2016) Udofia, E. E; Adeoye, I. A.; Fasunla, A. J.Background: Hearing loss is one of the commonest and most neglected disabilities in developing countries. However, most of these are preventable with early detection through screening and appropriate interventions. Methods: We determined the prevalence, pattern and predictors of hearing loss in school aged children in selected rural communities in Ogun state, Nigeria, using a cross sectional study design. A multistage cluster sampling technique was used to select 305 pupils from 6 randomly selected primary schools. Semi-structured interviewer administered questionnaires and a calibrated Amplivox 240 diagnostic audiometer were used for data collection. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine the risk factors. Results: The prevalence of bilateral hearing loss was 19.6% while unilateral hearing loss was 11.8% on the left side and 7.9% on the right.Low frequency hearing lossconstituted the commoner type of hearing loss with [54(64.3%)] occurring on the right and [69 (71.1%)] on the left. Logistic regression analysis revealed that history of ear discharge (OR= 2.80, 95% CI= 1.23-6.38: p=0.006), ear injury (OR= 2.28, 95% CI= 1.09-4.74: p=0.028), head trauma (OR= 4.54, 95% CI= 1.97-10.44: pItem Prevalence and correlates of intimate partner violence, before and during pregnancy among attendees of maternal and child health services, Enugu, Nigeria: mixed method approach, January 2015(African Field Epidemiology Network, 2019) Ezeudu C. C.; Akpa O.; Waziri N. E.; Oladimeji A.; Adedire E.; Saude I.; Nguku P.; Nsubuga P.; Fawole O. I.Introduction: Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is an under-reported public health problem. This study determined the prevalence of IPV and types of IPV, complications and factors associated with IPV among women accessing health services. Methods: we conducted a cross-sectional survey of 702 women accessing maternal and child health services in Enugu State, Nigeria using multi-stage sampling technique. Quantitative data was collected using semi-structured questionnaire, qualitative data by key informant interview (KII). We analysed data using descriptive statistics, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. The level of statistical significance was set at p-value < 0.05. Qualitative data was analysed using thematic content analysis. Results: mean age of respondents was 27.71 ± 5.14 years and 654 (93.2%) were married. Prevalence of IPV, a year before last pregnancy, was 307 (43.7%) and during last pregnancy was 261 (37.2%). Frequent involvement in physical fights with other men, controlling behaviour and younger aged partners (< 40 years) were independent predictors of IPV experience both before and during pregnancy. Independent predictors of IPV experience before and during pregnancy were younger aged partners (< 40 years). [Adjusted Odds Ratio AOR 1.72; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.17, 2.53], partner having controlling behaviour AOR 2.24; 95% C.I=1.51-3.32) and Partner's frequent involvement in physical fights (AOR 2.29; 95% C.I = 1.43-3.66). Having a male child and married/ cohabiting were protective against violence. KII revealed poverty, lack of education and infidelity as common triggers of IPV. Conclusion: the prevalence of IPV and types of IPV was high and the predisposing factors of IPV in Enugu were multifactorial. Couple counselling sessions that focus on non-violence conflict resolution techniques is crucial to end IPV.Item Self-reported sulphonamide hypersensitivity reactions in adults living in Ibadan, Nigeria: Across-sectional, community-based study(Nigerian Medical Association, Rivers State Branch., 2015) Akpan R. M.; Kotila A. O.; Akpa M. O.; Fawole O.; Falusi G. A.; Babalola P. C.Background: Documentation of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) is critical to a safe health delivery system. The aim of our study was to explore the prevalence of self-reported sulphonamide hypersensitivity reactions in a community based sample of the general population in Ibadan, Nigeria. We also examined sociodemographic factors associated with ADRs in the sample. Patients and Methods: The study was cross-sectional in design with study sites in urban, semiurban, and rural settlement areas. Pretested questionnaires were administered on a one-on-one basis by trained interviewers. Frequency tables and percentages were computed for various levels of the variables. Chi-square test was used to assess the relationship between sulphonamide hypersensitivity and variables such as sociodemographic characteristics of respondents, respondents' knowledge of drugs, as well as drug sources. Variables found to be significantly associated with sulphonamide hypersensitivity were further investigated using multiple logistic regressions analysis Results: Out of the 1062 respondents, 15.5% reported hypersensitivity to sulphonamides with skin reactions being the most prevalent. The proportion reporting ADRs was significantly higher among respondents with tertiary education (23.1%) than any other level of education (P = 0.008). In addition, individuals who were very knowledgeable about drug use (odds ratio[OR]: 2.07; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.15–3.73) and persons who got drugs from hospitals (OR: 2.00; 95% CI: 1.10–3.65) were more likely to report ADRs than those who were ignorant about drugs and those who purchased drugs from open markets, respectively. Conclusion: Prevalence of sulphonamide hypersensitivity is high among respondents, and ADRs is likely to be reported by people who are knowledgeable about drug use.Item Modeling HIV/AIDS epidemics in West Africa: Results for UNAIDS modeling approach from some selected countries(Medwell Journals, 2007) Akpa, O. M.; AyeIola, B. A.The Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) developed by UNAIDS reference group have been used with some notable success in some countries of the sub-Saharan (East and South) African Countries. In this present studies, we present results for five modeling methods applied to four countries in the West African Sub region. Using five modeling assumption with respect to 2 data situations and paying attention to the parameters determining the dynamics of HIV/AIDS epidemics, we employ Epp to model the prevalence of the epidemic in four West African countries. We used these estimates to further explain the underlying trend in the epidemic in each of the selected countries. For the unedited data, our results shows that in 2005 the default model yielded 17.69% (Urban: 4.72%, Rural: 28.82%) for Nigeria, 5.23% (Urban: 4.48%, Rural: 6.18%) for Ghana, 4.75% (Urban: 5.28%, Rural: 4.33%) for Cote d'Ivoire and 0.54% (Urban: 0.49%, Rural: 0.59%) for Senegal. The computed Log-Likelihood (LL) estimates for the default model are (Urban: 187.8809, Rural: 4, 948. 3913), (Urban: 181.5688, Rural: 664.9529), (Urban: 320.0272, Rural: 388.4773) and (Urban: 45.7742, Rural: 78.0798) for Nigerian, Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire and Senegal, respectively.Item Analysis of trends and projections of the emergence, impact and the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in Nigeria(Nigerian Statistical Association, 2010) Akpa, O. M.; Oyejola, B. A.The first case of AIDS was reported in Nigeria-(Lagos) in 1986. Since then, both the incidence and the prevalence of the epidemic has grown steadily, particularly during the military regimes. In this study, We used the UNAIDS softwares: Estimation and Projection Package-(EPP) and AIDS Impact Mode/-(AIM), to present models, trends analysis and projections/or the incidence a/HIVIAIDS in the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria. 0111' results show that the peak incidence 0/HIVIAIDS epidemics in the zones was during the Military rule in Nigeria. We also projected that by year 2010, the incidence are expected to be stable.Item PREVALENCE AND CORRELATES OF VIOLENCE AGAINST FEMALE SEX WORKERS (FSWs) IN ABUJA, NIGERIA(2011-03) DAGUNDURO, T. A.Violence against women (VAW) is a major public health problem affecting women globally. In addition to causing injuries and eroding women’s self esteem, violence increases the risk of reproductive health problems. However, only little is known about the magnitude and determinants of violence in female sex workers (FSWs) in Nigeria. This study assessed the prevalence and the risk factors that contribute to violence against FSWs in Abuja A descriptive cross-sectional study design was adopted. Three hundred and five brothel-based FSWs were selected using stratified random sampling and proportional allocation techniques. One hundred and ten FSWs from the high, 63 from the middle and 132 from the low income areas were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Information on occurrence of violence and predisposing factors was obtained from the respondents. In-depth interviews were conducted on 10 FSWs to obtain better insight into their recent experiences of violence. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests and logistic regression analysis. Mean age of the respondents was 27+5.7 years. Seventy five percent had at least secondary education and majority (69.5%) were single. The prevalence of violence experienced by FSWs in the last six months was 52.8% of which 61% had been abused between once and thrice at some point in their lives. The forms of violence experienced among respondents included physical (38.7%), sexual (43.3%), psychological (32.5%) and economic (29.2%). The main perpetrators of violence were clients (47.5%), brothel managers/ owners (38.2%), local thugs (8.0%) and police men (4.0%). Bi-variate analysis showed that respondents below 30 years were less prone to physical violence than their older counterparts (P-value= 0.00). FSWs from who never attended school experienced sexual violence than those who ever attended school (p-value= 0.02). The FSWs with no formal education and those with over 10 years work experience in the sex industry were at a higher risk of psychological violence than those with formal education and with less than 10 years work experience (OR=2.6, 95% C.I= 1.37-5.08 and OR=2.3, 95%CI=1.26-4.31 respectively). Respondents with over 10 years experience in sex work were more vulnerable to economic violence than those with less than 10 years sex work experience (OR=1.9, 95%CI=1.01-3.52). Major health consequences reported were physical injury (14.1%), HIV infection (4.3%) and 10.5% reported ever had STI. Sixty percent accessed services at health facilities while 29.3% used traditional healing homes after they experienced violence. The results from the in-depth interviews showed that violence was a common experience among the respondents with clients and policemen being the main perpetrators. The prevalence of violence against FSWs in Abuja was high. Therefore, there is need to educate FSWs on their sexual rights and how to protect themselves from violence. In addition, FSWs require educational and economic empowerment to enable them move on to other more socially acceptable vocations.