Scholarly works in Health Promotion and Education
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Item Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years for 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2017. A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study(American Medical Association (AMA), 2019) Fitzmaurice, C.; Abate, D.; Olagunju, A. T.; Olagunju, T. O.; Oluwasanu, M. M.; Omonisi, A. EImportance: Cancer and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are now widely recognized as a threat to global development. The latest United Nations high-level meeting on NCDs reaffirmed this observation and also highlighted the slow progress in meeting the 2011 Political Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases and the third Sustainable Development Goal. Lack of situational analyses, priority setting, and budgeting have been identified as major obstacles in achieving these goals. All of these have in common that they require information on the local cancer epidemiology. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is uniquely poised to provide these crucial data. Objective: To describe cancer burden for 29 cancer groups in 195 countries from 1990 through 2017 to provide data needed for cancer control planning. Evidence Review: We used the GBD study estimation methods to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). Results are presented at the national level as well as by Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income, educational attainment, and total fertility rate. We also analyzed the influence of the epidemiological vs the demographic transition on cancer incidence. Findings: In 2017, there were 24.5 million incident cancer cases worldwide (16.8 million without nonmelanoma skin cancer [NMSC]) and 9.6 million cancer deaths. The majority of cancer DALYs came from years of life lost (97%), and only 3% came from years lived with disability. The odds of developing cancer were the lowest in the low SDI quintile (1 in 7) and the highest in the high SDI quintile (1 in 2) for both sexes. In 2017, the most common incident cancers in men were NMSC (4.3 million incident cases); tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer (1.5 million incident cases); and prostate cancer (1.3 million incident cases). The most common causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for men were TBL cancer (1.3 million deaths and 28.4 million DALYs), liver cancer (572 000 deaths and 15.2 million DALYs), and stomach cancer (542 000 deaths and 12.2 million DALYs). For women in 2017, the most common incident cancers were NMSC (3.3 million incident cases), breast cancer (1.9 million incident cases), and colorectal cancer (819 000 incident cases). The leading causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for women were breast cancer (601 000 deaths and 17.4 million DALYs), TBL cancer (596 000 deaths and 12.6 million DALYs), and colorectal cancer (414 000 deaths and 8.3 million DALYs). Conclusions and Relevance: The national epidemiological profiles of cancer burden in the GBD study show large heterogeneities, which are a reflection of different exposures to risk factors, economic settings, lifestyles, and access to care and screening. The GBD study can be used by policy makers and other stakeholders to develop and improve national and local cancer control in order to achieve the global targets and improve equity in cancer care.Item Analysis of alcohol policy in Nigeria: multi-sectoral action and the integration of the WHO “best-buy” interventions(Springer Nature, 2019) Adebayo, A. M.; Oluwasola, T. A. O.; Oluwasanu, M. M.; Fawole, A. O .Background: Harmful alcohol use is a modifiable risk factor contributing to the increasing burden of non-communicable diseases and deaths and the implementation of policies focused on primary prevention is pivotal to address this challenge. Policies with actions targeting the harmful use of alcohol have been developed in Nigeria. This study is an in-depth analysis of alcohol-related policies in Nigeria and the utilization of WHO Best Buy interventions (BBIs) and multi-sectoral action (MSA) in the formulation of these policies. Methods: A descriptive case study design and the Walt and Gilson framework of policy analysis was utilized for the research. Components of the study included a scoping review consisting of electronic search of Google and three online databases (Google Scholar, Science Direct and PubMed) to identify articles and policy documents with no language and date restrictions. Government institution provided documents which were not online. Thirteen policy documents, reports or articles relevant to the policy formulation process were identified. Other components of the study included interviews with 44 key informants (Bureaucrats and Policy Makers) using a pretested guide. The qualitative data were coded and analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: Findings revealed that policy actions to address harmful alcohol use are proposed in the 2007 Federal Road Safety Act, the Non-communicable Diseases Prevention and Control Policy and the Strategic Plan of Action. Only one of the best buy interventions, (restricted access to alcohol) is proposed in these policies. Multi-sectoral action for the formulation of alcohol-related policy was low and several relevant sectors with critical roles in policy implementation were not involved in the formulation process. Overall, alcohol currently has no holistic, health-sector led policy document to regulate the marketing, promotion of alcohol and accessibility. A major barrier is the low government budgetary allocation to support the process. Conclusions: Nigeria has few alcohol-related policies with weak multi-sectoral action. Funding constraint remains a major threat to the implementation and enforcement of proposed policy actions.Item Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017(Nature portfolio, 2019) Burstein, R.; Henry, N. J.; Collison, M. L.; Marczak, L. B.; Abdollahi, M.; Oluwasanu, M. M.Objective: The aim of the descriptive, cross sectional, questionnaire-based study reported here was to explore the causes of low productivity in non-communicable diseases research among postgraduate scholars and early career researchers in Nigeria and identify measures that could facilitate increased research output. Results: The 89 respondents were masters-level, doctoral scholars and resident doctors who attended a workshop. Majorities of the respondents (over 70%) either agreed or strongly agreed that factors contributing to poor non-communicable diseases research productivity include a dearth of in-country researchers with specialized skills, inability of Nigerian researchers to work in multidisciplinary teams, poor funding for health research, sub-optimal infrastructural facilities, and limited use of research findings by policy makers. Almost all the respondents (over 90%) agreed that potential strategies to facilitate non-communicable diseases research output would include increased funding for research, institutionalization of a sustainable, structured capacity building program for early career researchers, establishment of Regional Centers for Research Excellence, and increased use of research evidence to guide government policy actions and programs.Item Causes and remedies for low research productivity among postgraduate scholars and early career researchers on non-communicable diseases in Nigeria(Springer, 2019) Oluwasanu, M. M.; Atara, N.; Balogun, W.; Awolude, O.; Olayinka Kotila, O.; Aniagwu, T.; Adejumo, P.; Oyedele, O. O.; Ogun, M.; Arinola, G.; Babalola, C. P.; Olopade, C. S.; Olopade, O.; Ojengbede, O.Objective: The aim of the descriptive, cross sectional, questionnaire-based study reported here was to explore the causes of low productivity in non-communicable diseases research among postgraduate scholars and early career researchers in Nigeria and identify measures that could facilitate increased research output. Results: The 89 respondents were masters-level, doctoral scholars and resident doctors who attended a workshop. Majorities of the respondents (over 70%) either agreed or strongly agreed that factors contributing to poor non-communicable diseases research productivity include a dearth of in-country researchers with specialized skills, inability of Nigerian researchers to work in multidisciplinary teams, poor funding for health research, sub-optimal infrastructural facilities, and limited use of research findings by policy makers. Almost all the respondents (over 90%) agreed that potential strategies to facilitate non-communicable diseases research output would include increased funding for research, institutionalization of a sustainable, structured capacity building program for early career researchers, establishment of Regional Centers for Research Excellence, and increased use of research evidence to guide government policy actions and programs.Item Ensuring health security for Nigerians by 2050: closing the equity gaps in reproductive health(BioMed Central, 2019) Adebay, A. M.; Oluwasola, T. A. O.; Oluwasanu, M. M.; Fawole, A. O ."Background: Reproductive health is a key foundation for strategies to address health security. It constitutes a vital element in the vision to achieve improved health, quality of life and well-being of individuals and families and the realisation of national economic goals. Developing a blue print for health security in reproductive health matters may contribute to closing the equity gaps in Nigeria by the year 2050. Methods: Gaps in reproductive health were identified through situation analysis of selected reproductive health indices. SWOT analysis was also conducted to outline areas of strengths and opportunities, in addition to weaknesses and threats. Key reproductive health indicators were forecasted for 2050. Results: Despite all efforts, gaps still exist in the country’s reproductive health indices including maternal, perinatal, contraceptive, abortion and gynaecological. Most pregnancy-related deaths are linked largely to preventable causes. If unaddressed, these challenges would undermine gains from previous interventions and responses from governmental and non-governmental organizations and pose serious threats to the nation’s health security. Conclusions: The country must be committed to reproductive health agenda that is focused on the International Conference on Population and Development goal in its bid to achieve health security by the year 2050. Due considerations must be accorded to emerging reproductive health issues like men’s reproductive health and their involvement intheir partners’ reproductive health, and the reproductive health needs of the aged, people with disabilities and those in humanitarian settings. Further in achieving health security for Nigerians by the year 2050, the principles underlying the reproductive health policy of the country must be upheld. These include equity, right based approach, gender and age responsiveness, cultural sensitivity and continuum of care amongst others.Item Hypertension Knowledge and Willingness of Government Officials in a Southwestern Nigerian City to Self-Monitor Blood Pressure(SAGE, 2019) Adebanjo , M. A.; Oluwasanu, M. M.; Arulogun, O. S."Self-monitoring of blood pressure (BP) is indispensable for the prevention and management of hypertension. Attitude and willingness to self-monitor BP have not been well investigated in Nigeria. This study investigated hypertension knowledge, attitude, and willingness of government officials in a southwestern Nigerian city to self-monitor BP. The study was a descriptive cross-sectional survey and 280 respondents completed a pretested, semistructured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and v2 test. Mean age was 35.7 10.6 years, 57.5% were women and 72.1% had tertiary education. Majority (65.7%) had poor knowledge about hypertension, only 1.8% recognized its symptomless nature. Majority (77.9%) had positive attitude toward being trained to self-monitor BP, while 82.1% were willing to buy self-monitoring devices. Hypertension knowledge was associated with age and marital status (p <.05), while attitude was associated with willingness to self-monitor BP (p <.05). Population-wide, educational interventionsshould be intensified to improve hypertension knowledge and enhance skills to self-monitor BP."Item Access to Information on Family Planning and Use of Modern Contraceptives Among Married Igbo Women in Southeast, Nigeria(SAGE, 2019) Oluwasanu, M. M.; John-Akinola, Y. O.; Adeyimika T.; Desmennu, A. T.; Oladunni, O.; Adebowale, A. S.This study was conducted among married Igbo women in Nigeria who have the lowest median birth interval coupled with a culture of sex preference and low use of modern contraceptives. We examined the relationship between access to information on family planning and sex preference on the use of modern contraceptive (MC). The 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey data were used. The data of 1,661 women of reproductive age were analyzed in this study. Access to information on family planning was low, and almost half (48.6%) of the women had a score of zero. Controlling for possible confounding variables, the data show that women who have good (odds ratio [OR]¼ 3.92; CI [2.28, 6.75], p <.001) and poor (OR ¼ 2.56; CI [1.85, 3.56], p <.001) access to information on family planning were more likely to use MC than those with no access to information on family planning. Sex preference showed no relationship with the use of MC. Families where husbands want more children than their wives inhibit (OR ¼ 0.62, CI [0.42, 0.90], p <.05) the use of MC compared with those families where husbands and wives fertility desire is the same. Public health programs by government and donors should intensify interventions to increase access to family planning information to promote the use of MC among married Igbo women.Item Maternal Education and Diarrhea among Children aged 0-24 Months in Nigeria(Health and Action Research Centre (WHARC), 2017) Adeyimika T. D.; Oluwasanu, M. M.; John-Akinola,Y. O.; Oladunni, O.; Adebowale S. A.Childhood diarrhea remains a problem in countries like Nigeria where access to potable water, good hygiene and sanitation are lacking. Maternal education is an important determinant of health status of under-five children. Very few studies have investigated the relationship between maternal education and diarrhea in children in Nigeria. Therefore, this study was implemented to fill the gap. The study design was cross-sectional and 2013 National Survey was used. Children aged 0-24 months were investigated and the dependent variable was diarrhea status of the index child in the last two weeks prior the survey. The main independent variable was maternal education. Data were analyzed using Chi-square and Logistic regression models (α=0.05). Diarrhea prevalence was 13.7% and higher (15.5%) among children of women who have no formal education, and mothers living in the North East region of Nigeria experienced the highest prevalence (26.4%). Children whose mothers had no formal education were 2.69(CI= 1.800-4.015, p<0.001) more likely to have diarrhea as compared to those who had higher education. Maternal education is an important predictor of diarrhea among children aged 0-24 months in Nigeria. Policies to reduce diarrhea among children in Nigeria should target children of the illiterate, less educated mothers and those living in the North-West.Item HIV Knowledge and Risk Behaviours of Junior Staff of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria(SCIENCEDOMAIN international, 2015) Oluwasanu, A. O.; Owoaje, E. T.; Oluwasanu, M. M.Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection remains a public health challenge and Nigerian universities are not immune to the effect of the epidemic. Despite the fact that non academic junior staff constitute a significant proportion of the workforce and are at risk due to their lower level of education and socio-economic status, few studies have focused on them. The broad aim of this study is to assess the HIV knowledge, risk perception and behaviours of junior staff of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 700 junior staff of the University of Ibadan. Respondents were selected using multistage sampling technique and completed structured interviewer-administered questionnaires. The quantitative data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (version 17) to generate frequencies and cross tabulations of The mean age of the respondents was 38.89.9 years, 74.6% were males, 76.4% were married and 51.6% had post secondary education. Majority identified blood transfusion 94.4% and sexual intercourse 97.3% as the main routes of transmission. The commonest methods of prevention known were condom use 79.6% and mutual fidelity 89.7%. Respondents aged 20-29 years, the single and those with post-secondary education (P=0.000) had higher HIV related knowledge. Only10% of the respondents perceived that they were at risk of contracting the disease; 30.3% did not think People Living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHAs) should continue to work. Fifteen percent reported sexual intercourse with a non-regular partner in the previous 12 months and 30.8% of this group did not use a condom. Workplace health education programmes to reduce HIV risk behaviours and stigmatizing attitudes are recommended .variables.Item Outcome of a reproductive health advocacy mentoring intervention for staff of selected non- governmental organisations in Nigeria(BMC Health Services Research, 2015) Momoh, G. T.; Oluwasanu, M. M.; Oduola, O. L.; Delano, G. E.; Ladipo, O. A."Background: Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) are expected to be in the vanguard, repositioning reproductive health as a central issue in population and development in Nigeria. However, most of them have insufficient knowledge or access to policy and planning processes necessary at engaging effectively with the government. This article highlights the processes and outcome of an intervention aimed at strengthening the capacity of 12 non-governmental organisations on advocacy and policy related activities with emphasis on reproductive health issues. Methods: The study employed a one group, pre and post test study design. Thirty six (36) staff from 12 NGOs was purposively selected and interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire at baseline to assess their knowledge and level of involvement in reproductive health, advocacy and policy issues. In-depth interviews were conducted with 6 officials of the ministries of health and women affairs to document previous reproductive health and policy related collaborative efforts with the NGOs. Baseline findings were used in developing and implementing a capacity building intervention. A post intervention evaluation was conducted to assess the outcomes. Results: All respondents (100 %) had tertiary level education and were from a multidisciplinary background such as nursing (41.7 %) medicine (25 %) and administration (13.9 %). The mean knowledge score on advocacy and policy issues at pre-test and post test was 39.1 ± 17.6 and 76.2 ± 14.2 respectively (p = 0.00). Participants reported making use of advocacy methods and the three most utilized were Phone calls (28.1 %), Face to Face meetings (26 %) and networking with other organisations for stronger impact (17.1 %). The outcome of their advocacy efforts include the provision of free air time by a television station to educate the populace on maternal health issues, donation of landed property to build a youth friendly centre, donation of a blog site for disseminating information on Reproductive health issues and training of other staff of their organisations on advocacy activities. The major challenges experienced by staff of the NGOs were financial (89 %) and time constraints (11 %). Conclusion: Empowered non-governmental organisations can effectively advocate for the implementation of reproductive health policies and programmes.