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Item Influence of Atrazine and Diclofenac Co-exposure on Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Testicular Axis Function in Rats(2021) Adedara I. A.|| || || || ||; Godswill U. S.; Amorha C. C.; Sule, J.; Mike M. A.; Farombi E.O.Humans and animals are commonly exposed to numerous chemicals through diverse sources causing unpredictable real-life health effects. This study evaluated the influence of joint exposure to the herbicide atrazine (ATZ) and the NSAID diclofenac (DCF) on the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis function in pubertal rats. The animals were jointly exposed to ATZ (20 and 40 mg/kg body weight) and DCF (10 and 20 mg/kg body weight) for 42 days. In comparison with individual exposures, the current data illustrated that combined exposure to ATZ and DCF exacerbated the reductions in follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), serum and intra-testicular testosterone levels with testosterone/LH ratio. Additionally, co- exposure to ATZ and DCF worsened the sperm quality and quantity with marked disruption in the testicular function marker enzymes activities. The diminution in the epididymal, testicular and hypothalamic antioxidant defense mechanisms was intensified in animals co-exposed to ATZ and DCF. Moreover, the induction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, lipid peroxidation, inflammatory stress and histopathological lesions in the epididymal, testicular and hypothalamic tissues was intensified in co-exposed animals. These data accentuate the possible male reproductive dysfunction related to ATZ and DCF co-exposure in mammals and, by extension, provide useful insights into the public health threats associated with combined exposure to pesticides and pharmaceuticals.Item Kolaviron suppresses dysfunctional reproductive axis associated with multi-walled carbon nanotubes exposure in male rats(Springer-Verlag GmbH, 2021) Adedara, I. A.; Awogbindin, I. O.; Maduako, I. C.; Ajeleti, A. O.; Owumi, S. E.; Owoeye, O.; Patlola, A. K.; Farombi, E. O.Reproductive toxicity associated with excessive exposure to multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), which are commonly used in medicine as valuable drug delivery systems, is well documented. Kolaviron, a bioflavonoid isolated from Garcinia kola seeds, elicits numerous health beneficial effects related to its anti-inflammatory, anti-genotoxic activities, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant properties. However, information on the role of kolaviron inMWCNTs-induced reproductive toxicity is not available in the literature. Herein, we assessed the protective effects of kolaviron onMWCNTs-induced dysfunctional reproductive axis in rats following exposure toMWCNTs (1 mg/kg) and concurrent treatment with kolaviron (50 or 100 mg/kg body weight) for 15 successive days. Results showed thatMWCNTs-induced dysfunctional reproductive axis as evidenced by deficits in pituitary and testicular hormones, marker enzymes of testicular function, and sperm functional characteristics were abrogated in rats coadministered with kolaviron. Moreover, co-administration of kolaviron-abated MWCNTs-induced inhibition of antioxidant enzyme activities increases in oxidative stress and inflammatory indices. This is evidenced by diminished levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen, and nitrogen species as well as reduced activity of myeloperoxidase in testes, epididymis, and hypothalamus of the rats. Biochemical data on the chemoprotection of MWCNTsinduced reproductive toxicity were corroborated by histological findings. Taken together, kolaviron suppressed dysfunctional reproductive axis associated with MWCNTs exposure via abrogation of oxidative stress and inflammation in male rats.