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Anti-malarial activity of methanol extracts of Anacardium Occidentale linn. (Anacardiaceae) and Psidium Guajava Linn. (Myrtaceae) leaves
(Ibadan Biomedical Communications Group, 2023) Tejumade, A. O.; Ajayi, T. O.; Adeyemi, A. A.; Elujoba, A. A.
The antiplasmodial activities of Anacardium occidentale L. and Psidium guajava L. have been severally reported in literature. β--hematin production is an exclusive method implemented by Plasmodium protozoan parasite to produce very high quantities of redox active free hemoglobin. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of methanol extracts of Anacardium occidentale L. and Psidium guajava L. leaves used to treat severe malaria attacks in Nigeria and their impact on the inhibition of β-hematin production. The LD50 values for the leaves of Psidium guajava L. and Anacardium occidentale L. in methanol extracts were >5000 mg/kg and 1600 mg/kg, respectively. On Day 4, Plasmodium berghei-infected mice (NK 65) displayed comparable chemo-suppression of parasitaemia for A. occidentale (73.88%) and P. guajava (72.75%). However, both extracts had lower activities than chloroquine (83.58 %; 20 mg/mL). A. occidentale had a higher inhibition of formation of β hematin, with IC50 of 36.1 ± 0.52 µg/mL than P. guajava with IC50 of l0.25 ± 0.07 µg/mL and chloroquine with IC50 of 2.71±0.39 µg/mL. According to the current study, methanol extracts of the leaves of Anacardium occidentale L. and Psidium guajava L. have similar antimalarial effects and are associated with a reduction in β-hematin production. The in vivo antimalarial activity of Psidium guajava L. and Anacardium occidentale L. were equivalent, but Psidium guajava L. possessed a more potent inhibitor of the production of β-hematin.
Anti-sickling activities of two isolated compounds from the root of Combretum racemosum P. beauv. (Combretaceae)
(Elsevier Inc., 2021) Famojuro, T. I.; Ajayi, T. O.; Fasola, F. A.; Fukushi, Y.; Omotade, O. O.; Moody, J. O.; Adeyemi, A. A.
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Evaluation of plants such as Combretum racemosum with claimed traditional use in the management of sickle cell anaemia in Nigeria and other parts of West Africa could serve as a useful research strategy in the search for potential anti-sickling drugs and templates. Aim of the study: This study aimed at evaluating the antisickling potential of C. racemosum by activity-guided purification and isolation of its active constituents. Materials and methods: Crude methanol extract of the root of C. racemosum and the fractions obtained by par titioning with chloroform, ethyl acetate, and aqueous were investigated for anti-sickling activity against sodium metabisulphite induced sickling of sickle cell haemoglobin (HbSS). Repeated chromatographic separations were conducted on the most active chloroform fraction to purify and isolate bioactive compounds for further tests for anti-sickling activity. The characterization of the isolated compounds was done by mass spectrometry (FD+MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 HNMR) spectroscopy. Results: The chloroform fraction (FA) (% sickled erythrocyte ranged from 3.0 to 34.1) exhibited better anti sickling activity than aqueous (% sickled erythrocyte ranged from 38.9 to 51.5) as well as the crude methanol (% sickled erythrocyte ranged from 19.1 to 30.4). Hence, the phytochemical investigation was focused on the chloroform fraction, which led to the identification of two ellagic acid derivatives (3,3′ ,4′ -tri-O-methyl ellagic acid (A) and 3,3′ -di-O- methyl ellagic acid (B). The two isolated compounds possessed good, comparable anti sickling activities with compound A exhibiting a slightly better in vitro activity. Conclusion: This paper reports for the first time anti-sickling principles from C. racemosum and therefore, provided some justification for the ethnomedicinal use of the plant in the management of sickle cell disease.
Antisickling activity of the fresh and dried roots of cissus populnea guill. Et perr (vitaceae)
(Nigerian Society of Pharmacognosy, 2015) Adebayo, E. M.; Adeyemi, A. A.; Omotade, O. O.; Fasola, F. A.; Ajayi, T. O.; Attah, F. A.; Famojuro, T. I.; Adebisi, L.; Moody, J. O.
Research into plants with claimed traditional use in the management of sickle cell anaemia constitutes a useful research strategy in the search for new antisickling drugs and templates. The root of Cissus populnea has been used traditionally in the management of sickle cell disease (SCD). Phytochemical screening of the fresh and powdered sample of the root of C. populnea (CP) was done using standard methods followed by in vitro antisickling evaluation of extracts, solvent-partitioned fraction (ethylacetate) and the vacuum liquid chromatographic fractions (VLC) of the fresh and dried roots of C. populnea with sodium metabisulphite induced sickling of HbSS erythrocytes. p-hydroxybenzoic acid and normal saline were used as positive and negative controls respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, saponins and cardiac glycosides. The result of this study showed that the extracts and solvent-partitioned fraction (ethylacetate) from the root of CP have antisickling property with a higher activity for the ethylacetate partitioned fraction of the dried roots compared to that of the fresh roots. The VLC fractions exhibited higher activity than the crude extracts; fraction 3 (FR3) had the maximum activity of 96.4% while 88.6% activity was demonstrated for the standard drug (PABA) at an incubation time of 45 min. This study has thus provided scientific evidence for the traditional use of CP in the management of SCD.