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Item Ethnobotanical study of plants used in the management of benign prostate hyperplasia in Ilorin, Nigeria(African Journals Online, 2023) Gegele, I. B.; Ajayi, T. O.; Attah, A. F.; Moody, J. O.Background: Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH) is a prevalent illness in older men. It is a condition where the prostate becomes enlarged and blocks the ease of urine passage out of the bladder. Around 50% of the male population develops symptoms of BPH around 51- 60 years of age. Current therapeutic management options come with undesirable side effects like weight gain, dizziness, and impotence, hence, the need to source for safer alternatives initiated by the acquisition, recording, and preservation of traditional knowledge of medicinal plants. Objective: This study aims to preserve indigenous knowledge by documenting medicinal herbs in use as therapy for BPH. Materials & method: Ethnobotanical survey was carried out in the study areas through interviews using a semi structured questionnaire. Respondents included elderly members of the communities, herbalists, and practitioners of traditional medicine. Quantitative ethnobotany index (Use value index) and descriptive statistics were used to analyse data. Results: 50 respondents were interviewed, 64% were Herb sellers, 22% TMPs, Others 14%. 37 plants belonging to 24 plant families were mentioned in the survey. Methods of preparation of recipes mentioned includes: maceration (37%), decoctions (52%), juice (7%), infusions and paste/powder (4%). Method of administration were majorly oral route. The plant family Fabaceae (19%) had the highest representation. This was followed by the families Annonaceae (8%), Euphorbiaceae (6%), Curcubitaceae, Menispermaceae, Combretaceae, Apocynaceae and Rutaceae with 5% each. Other plant families represented 42% of the total number of plants mentioned. Conclusion: The study areas are endowed with abundant flora which serves as a repository for researchers in the quest to develop less toxic drugs with little or no side-effect for the management of BPH.Item Anti-inflammatory activity of the Methanol Extracts of Cissus Populnea GUILLS & PERS and Cissus Arguta HOOK. F.(University of Ibadan, 2022) Ogunmefun, S. A.; Ajayi, T. O.; Moody, J. O.Inflammation, characterized by pain, heat, swelling, redness, and loss of body function, is a living tissue's initial response to injury. There are ethno-botanical claims made about these plants for their wound-healing abilities which have not been scientifically validated. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the anti-inflammatory activity of the two related Cissus species. The plant samples (leaf, stem and root) were dried, powdered and extracted with methanol (100%) and concentrated in vacuo and evaporated to dryness at room temperature. The anti-inflammatory activity of the plant extracts was evaluated using the in vitro protein denaturation and carrageenan-induced foot pad assay in chick, Diclofenac sodium as the reference and saline as control. Anti-inflammatory effects were observed in a dose-dependent manner. The phytochemical screening performed on the extracts showed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, tannin, anthraquinone, glycosides, saponin and alkaloid. The leaf extract of C. arguta and the stem extract of C. populnea inhibited protein denaturation with a value of 64.46±0.10 and 53.34±0.04 at 3 mg/mL respectively compared to the control group and diclofenac (52.86±0.00) at 3 mg/mL. All concentrations of extract tested; 10, 30, 100 mg/kg) for in vivo study had a significant effect in reducing total edema (AUC) (P < 0.01), and in most case they performed better than diclofenac. However, root extracts of C. populnea at 30 mg/kg (7.13±1.06) had better result in inhibiting edema in chicks than C. arguta extracts at 30 mg/kg (5.64±0.05). The plants exhibited anti-inflammatory activity which can be of great pharmacological importance.Item Anti-sickling activities of two isolated compounds from the root of Combretum racemosum P. beauv. (Combretaceae)(Elsevier Inc., 2021) Famojuro, T. I.; Ajayi, T. O.; Fasola, F. A.; Fukushi, Y.; Omotade, O. O.; Moody, J. O.; Adeyemi, A. A.Ethnopharmacological relevance: Evaluation of plants such as Combretum racemosum with claimed traditional use in the management of sickle cell anaemia in Nigeria and other parts of West Africa could serve as a useful research strategy in the search for potential anti-sickling drugs and templates. Aim of the study: This study aimed at evaluating the antisickling potential of C. racemosum by activity-guided purification and isolation of its active constituents. Materials and methods: Crude methanol extract of the root of C. racemosum and the fractions obtained by par titioning with chloroform, ethyl acetate, and aqueous were investigated for anti-sickling activity against sodium metabisulphite induced sickling of sickle cell haemoglobin (HbSS). Repeated chromatographic separations were conducted on the most active chloroform fraction to purify and isolate bioactive compounds for further tests for anti-sickling activity. The characterization of the isolated compounds was done by mass spectrometry (FD+MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 HNMR) spectroscopy. Results: The chloroform fraction (FA) (% sickled erythrocyte ranged from 3.0 to 34.1) exhibited better anti sickling activity than aqueous (% sickled erythrocyte ranged from 38.9 to 51.5) as well as the crude methanol (% sickled erythrocyte ranged from 19.1 to 30.4). Hence, the phytochemical investigation was focused on the chloroform fraction, which led to the identification of two ellagic acid derivatives (3,3′ ,4′ -tri-O-methyl ellagic acid (A) and 3,3′ -di-O- methyl ellagic acid (B). The two isolated compounds possessed good, comparable anti sickling activities with compound A exhibiting a slightly better in vitro activity. Conclusion: This paper reports for the first time anti-sickling principles from C. racemosum and therefore, provided some justification for the ethnomedicinal use of the plant in the management of sickle cell disease.Item Antifungal evaluation of formulated ointment from sphenocentrum jollyanum root extract(Natural Product Research group, University of Benin, 2020) Ajayi, T. O.; Nyong, E. E.; Odeniyi, M. A.; Moody, J. O.In the light of high cost and frequent reoccurrence of current antifungal drugs, there is a need to explore the natural product resources in managing fungal infection, candidiasis, in which Candida albicans is the causative agent. This study is aimed at evaluating the in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of Sphenocentrum jollyanum in view of the folkloric use in dressing chronic wounds. The ethylacetate fraction of 70% w/v methanol extract of S. jollyanum root (SJRME) was assessed for in vitro anticandidal activity using agar dilution method. Five groups of Candida albicans infected albino rats were treated with graded concentrations of ethylacetate fraction formulated ointment (50 - 200 mg/mL), with tioconazole cream 1% and normal saline as controls. Skin swabs were taken on days 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 and placed on tryptone soya broth for three days. Serial dilution of the skin swabs was carried out and fungal loads determined using colony counter. The physical properties of the ointment formulated were evaluated. The ethylacetate fraction of SJRME was found to be active at tested concentrations against Candida albicans with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 12.5 mg/mL. Significant activity was also observed against other species of Candida and plant fungi. The formulated ointment had moderate viscosity, smooth texture, bland odour and bright yellow color. Treatment groups showed a significant reduction in fungal loads of skin swabs and ethylacetate fraction of SJRME possess antifungal activity and may therefore be potent templates in antifungal drug development.Item Lipid altering potential of moringa oleifera lam seed extract and isolated constituents in Wistar rats(Ibadan Biomedical Communications Group, 2020) Ajayi, T. O.; Moody, J. O.; Odumuwagun, O. J.; Olugbuyiro, J. A. O.The use of natural products have become popular because of their minimal adverse effect, cost effectiveness and accessibility. Moringa oleifera, is a valued plant that has found use ethnomedicinally and economically. The leaves have been investigated in various researches for different activities. This study is aimed at evaluating the seeds for its serum lipid profile altering activities in animal models. Five groups of five animals (120-150 g) per group were made obese by feeding with a high fat diet (HFD) for 10 weeks. The basal lipid profile was determined, and treatment commenced with methanol extracts of Moringa oleifera seed (MOSE) at 100 and 200 mg/kg b w for 6 weeks. Control groups were the Orlistat treated (50 mg/kg b w), untreated and normal diet groups. The antihyperlipidemic activity in-vivo and an enzyme anti lipase assay in-vitro were determined respectively. The characterisation of isolated compounds and derivative was by spectroscopic techniques. A significant decrease in Very Low Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDLc) at p< 0.01 was observed across the five groups when compared with the standard Orlistat. A significant increase in High Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) at p< 0.01 was observed in the group treated with 200 mg/kg MOSE. However, a dangerous significant increase in Athereogenic index (AI) was observed in the group treated with 100mg/kg MOSE The derived 4- acetyl benzylisothiocyanate-O –α-L rhamnopyranoside (2) from isolated 4- hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate-O-α-L rhamnopyranoside (1) revealed the highest activity of 99.17% at 0.5 mg/mL. The methanol extract of Moringa oleifera seed could alter lipid profile and a structure activity relationship was observed with respect to the isolated compound and its derivatized analogue.Item Two New phytoecdysteroids from sphenocentrum jollyanum pierre root(Elsevier Inc., 2019) Ajayi, T. O.; Srivedavyasasri, R.; Nyong, E. E.; Odeniyi, M. A.; Moody, J. O.; Ross, S. A.The crude methanol extract of Sphenocentrum jollyanum root exhibited 98% and 80% antimicrobial activity against Aspergillus fumigatus Pinh and Vancomycin resistant enterococcus (VRE) at a concentration of 200 μg/mL, with ICso 11.45 and 12.95 μg/mL, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction of methanol extract showed in-vitro antimicrobial activity against A. fumigatus Pinh at 83% with ICso of <8 μg/mL. The phytochemical investigation of ethyl acetate fraction yielded six compounds, which were identified by their NMR, IR and MS spectral analyses as two new phytoecdysteroidal glycosides Sphenocentroside A (1), and NUSART Sphenocentroside B (2), and four known phytoecdysteroids: polypodoaurein (3), polypodine B (4), ecdysterone (5), and 20, 26-dihydroxyecdysone (6).Item Ethnobotanical survey of plants used in the management of hypertension in Ibadan north local government area of Oyo state, Nigeria(African Journals Online, 2019) Ajayi, T. O.; Moody, J. O.; Anthony, C. S.Background: Among diseases that affect humans, the non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are quite a number of which hypertension is a leading member of the group and a leading contributory cause of death worldwide. Objective: To identify and document medicinal plants used in ethno-medical management of hypertension in selected communities within Ibadan metropolis. This is with the aim of contributing to a database of plants for future systematic biological and chemical evaluation for possible templates of anti-hypertensive agents and drug leads. Materials and methods: An inventory of plant species/natural remedies used in folk medicine to manage hypertension in Ibadan North Local Government Area of Oyo State was undertaken. Interviews using semi-structured questionnaires and open-ended conversations were conducted among one hundred and seventy-six (176) respondents aged 30 years and above to obtain relevant information. Results: A total of one hundred and one (101) plants belonging to fifty-four (54) families were identified of which the highest number of plants mentioned belong to family Compositae. The usage profiles of the plants were quantified by the quotation frequency/ mention index. Conclusion: It was observed that Ibadan is a rich source of plants indicated in management of hypertension. More scientific work especially biological studies are needed to ascertain the efficacy, toxicity, safety and appropriate dosage regimen of these ethno-medicinal remedies.Item Safety profile of citrullus mucosospermus fursa fruit in wistar rats and characterization of its major toxic constituent(Natural Product Research group, University of Benin, 2019) Ajayi, T. O.; Moody, J. O.Citrullus mucosospermus Fursa known as 'Egusi baara' in Southwest Nigeria is a pale yellow green bitter fruit used ethnomedicinally for hyperlipidemia and weight gain management. There, however, exist few references to the safety profile of C. mucosospermus as it is known to contain toxic principles known as curcubitacins. Hence, this study evaluated the safety profile of C. mucosospermus, isolated and identified its major toxic curcubitacin constituent. The methanol extract of C. mucosospermus at graded doses of 100, 200, 400 and 1000 mg/kg body weight was administered orally to five groups of rats for 28 days including a control on a daily basis. The biochemical, histopathological and hematological indices were evaluated using standard procedures. The isolated compound was obtained from the purification of the ethyl acetate fraction of the fruit extract and the characterization was by spectroscopic (IR, NMR) procedures. An increase in neutrophil concentration after extract administration at a dose of 200 mg/kg was observed and a decrease in the liver enzymes at all doses tested confirming its hepatoprotective potential with mild to moderate changes observed in tissues of the kidney at 100 and 400 mg/kg and liver at all doses tested. The isolated compound was one of the toxic cucurbitacins identified as cucurbitacin E. The fruit pulp of C. mucosospermus could offer hepatoprotective effects despite its curcubitacin content.Item Comparative total phenolic content, anti-lipase and antioxidant activities of two Nigerian aframomum species(Nigerian Society of Pharmacognosy, 2016) Ajayi, T. O.; Moody, J. O.; Abiose, I. M.; Ezeoku, N. J.The anti-obesity drug development is presently not a bright story. So far, drugs reported to be effective have stimulated controversies due to side effects they elicit. Obesity and its co-morbidities continue however to constitute major problems in both developed and developing countries. This has resulted in a continuous search for novel, cost-effective, safe and potent alternatives. This study investigated the ethanolic extracts of two Nigerian Aframomum species for their anti-lipase and anti-oxidant activities as well as estimates of their polyphenol contents. Lipase activity was determined using glyceryltrioleate emulsion as a substrate and measuring the release rate of oleic acid from it. Percentage inhibition of lipase by the methanolic extracts of plants was determined spectrophotometrically at T€ and Tƒ € (30 minutes after incubation at 37ÚC). DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity of the extracts and that of gallic acid as control was measured using the stable radical DPPH method and absorbance at 515 nm using a spectrophotometer. The IC50 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) value was calculated by linear regression analysis and the total phenolic content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteau method at 765 nm. The standard curve was prepared by solutions of Gallic acid in methanol: water (50:50, v/v). Total phenol values are expressed in terms of Gallic acid equivalent (w/w of dry mass). Aframomum melegueta exhibited the highest phenolic content of 60.4 ± 2.36 mgGAE/g, a percentage antioxidant activity of 86.6 % at 200µg/ml and percentage lipase inhibition of 89% at 1mg/ml while Aframomum danielli revealed a total phenolic content of33.3 ± 2.71mgGAE/g, a percentage antioxidant activity of 77.3% at 200µg/ml and percentage lipase inhibition of 73% at 1 mg/ml. The result provides some justifications for the use of these plants in ethno-medicine for the management of obesity. The species exhibited properties that are beneficial to health and therefore could find use as an alternative and/or complementary strategy in managing associated co-morbidities of obesity, and also as possible template for future anti-obesity drug development.Item Toxicological evaluation of Moringa oleifera Lam seeds and leaves in Wistar rats(Phcog. Net, 2016) Ajayi, T. O.; Moody, J. O.; Akintayo, C. O.Miracle tree (Moringa oleifera) as it is popularly called, has been found useful both medicinally and economically. Its consumption both in the raw and as processed preparations has increased a great deal thus making the fast growing plant a highly valued and cultivated one in the tropics and sub-tropics. There is however, little reference to its toxicity profile and evaluation. Hence, this study evaluated the toxicity profiles of the leaves and seeds of M. oleifera and the corresponding effects on vital organs of Wistar rats using the biochemical, heamatological and histopathological indices. Daily doses of 100, 200, 400 and 1000 mg/kg body weight of crude methanol extracts of M. oleifera leaves and seeds were administered orally to 8 groups of 5 rats per group each for 28 days. A control group of 5 rats was also included in the experiment. Heamatological, biochemical and histopathological indices were evaluated by standard methods. Data were analyzed using one way analysis of variance and statistically significant difference was considered at p <0.05, p<0.01 and p<0.001. Histopatho- logical changes were observed in the heart, liver, lungs, spleen and kidneys of rats treated with the extracts at all doses tested. Some other physical changes like agitation, confusion and disorientation were observed at the highest dose tested (1000 mg/kg) of the seed extract. A significant increase (p<0.05) in neutrophil, white blood cell (WBC) and platelet were observed. However, a significant decrease in aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase, (ALP) was also observed. The results suggest that the leaf and seed extracts of M. oleifera could boost immunity and offer hepatoprotective effects.