Scholarly Works

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    Perception of in-school adolescents about adolescent-friendly characteristics of healthcare services received in Ibadan metropolis, Nigeria
    (Association of Resident Doctors, U.C.H. Chapter, 2019) Adeleke O.; Balogun F. M.
    Introduction: Adolescence was previously assumed to be a diseases free stage of life. It is however now known that adolescents are not only involved in risky health behaviours but they also have their own share of health problems that other age groups face. The adolescent-friendly model helps to create adolescent-responsive health systems, Nigeria currently has no country-specific report on the adolescent friendly characteristics of the health services rendered to her adolescents. This study identified various health problems for which in-school adolescents in Ibadan North- East Local Government Area sought healthcare and determined their perception of received healthcare services with regards to its “adolescent-friendliness”. Methods: This was a school-based cross-sectional study that utilized quantitative method of data collection. A multi-stage systematic random sampling technique was employed to select 500 students for school survey. Self-administered, semi structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square test at =0.05 were used for data analysis. Results: Perceived malaria (52.4%), acne (36.2%), menstrual pain (17.0%) and depression (3.0%) were the common health problems adolescents sought health care for. Majority of the adolescents perceived the health services received as being adolescent-friendly. These health services were perceived to be accessible by (87%), acceptable by (93.2%), appropriate by (81.4%), effective by (91.4%), and equitable by (82.2%) of the respondents. Adolescents who sought mental care perceived least adolescent-friendliness of received healthcare services. Conclusion: Adolescents in Ibadan currently view received health services as adolescent-friendly. However, the management of mental health problems in adolescents should incorporate adolescent friendly elements entrenched at every level of the health system.
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    The state of adolescent immunization in Nigeria: A wake up call for all stakeholders
    (The PAMJ, 2019) Balogun, F. M.
    The number of children who survive to adolescence is increasing in Nigeria, significantly due to the success of child survival programs, with immunization as a major theme. However, the national immunization schedule in Nigeria is presently restricted to early childhood with no attention paid to immunization in adolescence. Presently, the vaccines that are readily available for adolescents include tetanus toxoid which is normally administered to pregnant women, so necessarily includes adolescent mothers; and a few research programs which offers hepatitis B vaccines. Also, there are few Nigerian adolescents who access immunization as a requirement for travelling outside the country or as a result of parental effort. Knowledge and awareness about adolescent immunization is generally poor. Nigerian adolescents have been shown to be poorly protected from tetanus, rubella and hepatitis B which are vaccine preventable. Neonatal, childhood and adult tetanus, congenital rubella syndrome, cervical cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma are just few of the diseases whose incidence can be reduced with an effective adolescent immunization program. This will also ensure that the gain of childhood immunization is concretized and socio-economic losses as a result of vaccine preventable diseases are eliminated to create a healthy and vibrant workforce. There is an urgent need to build a viable adolescent immunization program in Nigeria as adolescents represent a window of opportunity to prevent diseases which affect both the younger and older age group. This can be extended to other developing countries as well.
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    Recognition and Disclosure of Medical Errors Among Residents in Surgical Specialties in a Tertiary Hospital in Ibadan
    (Springer Nature, 2019) Balogun J. A.; Adekanmbi A.; Balogun F. M.
    Background Medical error (ME) remains central to discussions regarding patient’s safety and its frequency appears high in surgical specialties because of some peculiarities. We set out to study the perception of surgical residents about medical errors, their ability to recognize them and predisposition to disclosing their errors. Methods This was a cross-sectional study among surgical residents at the University College Hospital, Nigeria. Data about their knowledge, perception and recognition of medical errors were obtained. Knowledge and practice of medical error disclosure was also examined. Each of these was scored on Likert scale and scores categorized. Chisquare test and logistic regression were used for analysis with p at\0.05. Results 92 residents participated and 11(12.0%) were females. 32.6% of the respondents had less knowledge about medical errors and these were significantly junior residents. Residents with poor perception about ME were 43.5% and recent involvement with ME was significantly associated with good perception about ME. Delay in obtaining consultation and delay in diagnosis were identified respectively as MEs by only 40(43.5%) and 31(33.7) of the Participants. While 82(89.1%) agreed that all errors should be reported to the consultant, only 20(21.7%) believed patients/relatives should be informed of all errors, while 49(53.3%) were well disposed to disclosing ME. Only 4(4.3%) residents had a formal training on ME. Conclusions Knowledge of ME was low among junior residents and residents are less likely to disclose error to patients/relatives. A formal training on ME will impact on their recognition, practice, and disclosure of ME.
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    Knowledge of HIV and intention to engage in risky sexual behaviour and practices among senior school adolescents in Ibadan, Nigeria
    (Faculty of Basic Medical Scienecs, University of Ibadan. Ibadan, 2018) Ajide K. B.; Balogun F. M.
    A high proportion of adolescents still engage in risky sexual behaviours that put them at risk of infection complications of risky sexual behaviours including Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection despite the different interventions already in place. This study was designed to determine the adolescents’ knowledge of HIV, intention to engage in risky sexual behaviour and sexual practices. A 3-stage sampling technique was used to select 240 adolescents in senior secondary schools in Ibadan, Nigeria. Data were obtained using a pretested, semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square test at 5% level of significance. The mean age of the respondents was 16.3±1.4 years and 126(52.5%) were females. Only 34.3% had good knowledge of HIV and there were misconceptions about its transmission. Most of the respondents (95.0%) had intention to engage in risky sexual behaviour and those with good knowledge of HIV were willing to engage in risky sexual behavour with familiar people. Good knowledge was associated with intention to engage in low-risk sexual behaviour. Seventy-nine (32.9%) were sexually active and they had better knowledge of HIV. Knowledge of HIV was low among this study group and was not associated with their intention to engage in risky sexual behaviour. There is need for more effective and appropriate school and community-based intervention programmes which can impact positively on the adolescents’ sexual behaviour.
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    Access to the Intensive Care Unit by Severe Head Injury Patients
    (Scientific Scholar, 2019) Balogun J. A.; Akwada O.; Awana E.; Balogun F. M.
    Background The management of severe traumatic brain injury is directed at avoidance of secondary brain injuries. The intensive care unit (ICU) provides the ideal environment to achieving improved survival and functional outcome. The study sets out to identify the factors that determine the access of patients with severe head injury presenting at our hospital, to the ICU and their impact on outcome. Materials and Methods This was a longitudinal study at the University College Hospital, Ibadan. Data of all consecutive severe head injury patients over a 9-month period, presenting to the accident and emergency department, was collected and analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-squared test. The level of significance was p < 0.05. Result There were 36 males (80.0%) in our study, with road crashes (25; 79.5%) as the most common mechanism of injury. Most patients (33; 73.3%) were transferred to our center after initial care in another hospital. Though 31(68.9%) patients had access to the ICU, they were all delayed, with the most common reason for the delay being lack of ICU space. More patients who got admitted into ICU (14; 45.2%) were alive at 28 days into admission (p = 0.04). The females (6; 13.3%) significantly survived till 28 days on admission compared with males (p = 0.03), but there was no difference in the survival rates between children and adults. Conclusion Our study underscores the need for ICU admission in these patients to optimize outcome and identify the non-availability of beds, as the most important cause of delayed access, as well as the need for increased manpower capacity and organized resource utilization.
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    Sexting: Prevalence, predictors and associated sexual risk behaviors among post-secondary school young people in Ibadan, Nigeria
    (Frontiers Media, 2017) Olatunde O.; Balogun F. M.
    Background and aims: Sending and receiving sexually suggestive or explicit images or texts (sexting) have been shown to be associated with health risk behaviors but liter-ature about this phenomenon is scarce in Nigeria. This study looked at the prevalence, predictors, and associated sexual risk behaviors of sexting among postsecondary school young persons in Ibadan, Nigeria. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using a self-administered questionnaire. Data were obtained for sociodemographic characteristics and sexual orientation, sexting behavior, personality assessment (using the International Personality Item Pool Big-Five factor markers), indicators for problematic phone use (using Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale), and sexual behavior. Chi square test and logistic regression were used for data analysis with p = 0.05. Results: Five hundred seventy-five participants were recruited, age range 14–24 years, and 46.0% were males. Twenty percent had sent sexts, while 33.2% had received sexts. Fifty-four percent had high scores in extraversion, 46.5% had moderate–severe prob-lematic phone use. Sixteen percent had ever had sex, and 40.0% of these had multiple sexual partners. Males were more likely than females to have sent sexts (OR = 2.67, 95% CI: 1.68–4.24). Having a high extraversion score (OR = 2.44, 95% CI: 1.35–4.41) and moderate–severe problematic phone use (OR = 5.56, 95% CI: 2.73–11.32) was predictive of sexting. Sending and receiving of sext were significantly associated with ever having sexual intercourse (OR = 4.01, 95% CI: 2.25–7.17 and OR = 2.96, 95% CI: 1.72–5.12, respectively). Conclusion: Sexting was prevalent among postsecondary school young persons in Ibadan and was associated with male sex and problematic phone use. Intervention targeted at the identified susceptible group of young people may reduce its associated problems in this study group.
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    Self-reported sleep pattern, quality and problems among schooling adolescents in Southwestern Nigeria.
    (Nigerian Medical Association, Rivers State Branch, 2017) Balogun F. M.; Alohan A. O.; Orimadegun A. E.
    Objective: Understanding sleep patterns and related factors is vital to development in adolescence, but there is a dearth of this information among adolescents in developing countries such as Nigeria. Therefore, this study describes the sleep patterns, problems, and predictors of poor sleep quality among schooling adolescents. Methods: In a cross-sectional study design, 450 adolescents were selected and interviewed about their sleep experience and problems over the preceding one-month period using a validated form with components adapted from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, c2, and logistic regression model with p set at 0.05. Results: The mean age of respondents was 13.4 ± 1.2 years. Only half (50.2%) had a global PSQI score of <6, suggesting little or no difficulty with sleep. Significantly, a higher proportion of respondents spent a short time in bed before sleep, _15 min among those who had good sleep quality (81.4%) compared with those who had poor sleep quality (65.2%) (p < 0.001). The odds of having poor sleep quality was significantly higher in the subgroup who had _8.5 h sleep than those who had 8.5 h sleep or more (adjusted odds ratio ¼ 4.62; 95% confidence interval ¼ 2.61, 8.17, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Remarkably poor sleep quality exists among schooling adolescents in Ibadan, Nigeria, and sleep problems are prevalent, especially among those with short sleep duration.
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    A qualitative study on stakeholders’ perception of child car safety and acceptability of selected interventions to improve child-passenger safety practices in Ibadan, Nigeria
    (Nigerian Medical Association, Rivers State Branch, 2016) Olumide A. O.; Adebayo E. S.; Cadmus E. O.; Folajimi Y.; Amodu O. K.; Balogun F. M.
    Background: Child car-passenger safety practices remain low in Nigeria. Findings from the formative phase of a project to deliver an m-health intervention on child-passenger safety to mothers/caregivers attending selected child-immumzation clinics in Ibadan are presented in this paper. The aim of this study was to describe stakeholders’ awareness of child passenger safety measures; to determine the cost of child car seats and acceptability of interventions to improve child-passenger safety practices. Methods: Twenty-four key-informant interviews with traffic enforcement officers (four), physicians (five), and mothers of children (fifteen) ;and a market survey was conducted. Results: Physicians and traffic law enforcement officers were more knowledgeable about child passenger safety measures compared to mothers. Cost of infant seats ranged from N6, 000.00 - N36, 000.00 (USD27.9 - USD167.67) and toddler seats, N6, 000.00 - N81, 000.00 (USD27.95 - USD377.27). Acceptance of a mobile-phone intervention and its accompanying law enforcement was very high. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that an intervention to improve child-passenger safety practices using mobile technology is acceptable to stakeholders in the study area. The intervention should address caregivers’ misconceptions about current child passenger safety measures as this could further enhance compliance with these safety measures.
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    Spectrum of behavioural abnormalities in children with nephrotic syndrome in southwestern Nigeria
    (JSciMedCentral, 2015) Balogun, F. M.; Ademola, A. D.
    Nephrotic syndrome is a chronic childhood disease characterized by relapses and children with this condition tend to have behavioural problems associated with the disease. These behavioural problems are usually not anticipated in most resource limited settings and can be frightening thereby making the children and the care givers to be distressed. Seven children with nephrotic syndrome who developed various behavioural abnormalities while on admission were discussed. There were four girls and three boys with age range seven to fourteen years. The abnormal behaviours noted were visual and auditory hallucinations, inappropriate speech and behaviour, attempted suicide, attention seeking behaviour and social withdrawal. These behavioural abnormalities were related to prednisolone therapy in five of the children. Diagnosis made were psychosis and delirium while treatment given included counselling, Risperidone, Halloperidol, Diazepam and reduction or withdrawal of Prednisolone. Abnormal behaviour was not anticipated in these children so the caregivers were taken unaware. This can be worse in infants or in mild cases. Most of the behavioural abnormalities were also associated with the use of prednisolone. There is an urgent need to design guidelines for the management of behavioural abnormalities in nephrotic syndrome especially steroid therapy in resource limited settings. Harmonisation of the skills of paediatric nephrologist and child psychiatrist is also important to obtain the best outcome.
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    How acceptable are the prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV services among pregnant women in a secondary health facility in Ibadan, Nigeria?
    (Association of Resident Doctors, U.C.H. Chapter, 2015) Balogun, F. M.; Owoaje, E. T.
    Background: Prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) programme was designed to reduce mother to child transmission (MTCT) of HIV and it has been shown to be effective. However, the uptake of the services is still very low in Nigeria. Objective : This study was designed to determine how acceptable the different services of PMTCT are to pregnant women in Ibadan, Nigeria. Method : Systematic random sampling was used to recruit 500 pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in a secondary health facility. Questionnaires were used to obtain data regarding socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge about MTCT of HIV and prevention, the awareness and attitude towards infant feeding options for HIV positive mothers. Data were analysed using student’s t test and Chi-square test with p set at 0.05. Results: Mean age of respondents was 27.4±6.1years. Most known routes of MTCT of HIV were during pregnancy (86.0%) and from breastfeeding (86.0%). More than 80% knew that having good antenatal care, appropriate supervised delivery, taking antiretroviral drugs and not breast feeding a baby are ways of PMTCT. About two thirds had a positive attitude towards HIV testing and counseling (HTC). Only 18.4% were aware of the exclusive breast feeding option for feeding infants of HIV positive mothers while 52.2% would not comply if asked not to breast feed. Women aged 35 years and above had better attitude towards non breast feeding. Conclusion : Intensified health education on the importance of HTC and promotion of exclusive breast feeding for infants of HIV positive mothers is recommended.