Scholarly works in Medical Microbiology & Parasitology
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Item Comparative analysis of Cervical Human Papillomavirus DNA testing and cytological findings among women presenting for “Pap” smear in a Tertiary Health Centre in Northern Nigeria(SCIENCE DOMAIN International, 2016) Manga, M. M.; Fowotade, A.; Abdullahi, Y. M.; El-Nafaty, A. U.; Adamu, S.; Bojude, A. D.; Pindiga, H. U.; Bakare, R. A.; Osoba, A. O.Aim: This study was conducted to compare different cytological findings with cervical HPV infection among women presenting for cervical cancer screening in Gombe north-eastern Nigeria. Study Design: It is a hospital based cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Departments of Obstetrics/Gynaecology and Histopathology Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe (FTHG) Nigeria, between August 2013 and May 2014. Methodology: Two hundred and nine (209) women were subjected to liquid-based cervical cytology and HPV DNA testing. Results: Of the 209 participants, cytological findings were normal in 126 (61.6%) women while 80 (39.0%) had abnormal features. Three (1.4%) respondents had unsatisfactory smears. The observed abnormal cytological features include HPV changes 30 (14.4%), HPV changes with inflammation 2 (1.0%), inflammatory changes alone 36 (17.3%), Low Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion; LSIL 3 (1.4%), High Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion; HSIL 5 (2.4%) and malignant changes 3 (1.4%). Positive HPV DNA testing was detected among 100 (48.1%) of the participants. Almost half 60 (47.6%) of the women with normal cytology were positive for HPV. Among women with cytologically detected HPV changes, only 16 (50%) were also HPV DNA positive. The sensitivity and specificity of cervical cytology in detecting HPV infection was 16.2% and 85.0% respectively. Conclusion: This study reports a very low sensitivity but relatively high specificity of cytology in detecting cervical HPV infection. It further justifies the need for introduction of HPV DNA testing to improve efficiency and maximise the sensitivity of cytology based cervical cancer screening for women above 30 years.Item Human papillomavirus correlates of high grade cervical dysplasia among HIV-Infected women at a major treatment centre in Nigeria: a cross-sectional study(African Field Epidemiology Network (AFENET), 2019) Yakub, M. M.; Fowotade, A.; Anaedobe, C. G.; Manga, M. M.; Bakare, R. A.; Abimiku, B. A.Introduction: persistent high-risk HPV (hrHPV) infection is higher among women living with HIV/AIDS thus increasing their risk for cervical cancer. We evaluated the virological and immunological correlates of cervical dysplasia in HIV-infected women. Methods: a cohort of 220 consenting women attending the antiretroviral clinic of the Federal Medical Centre, Keffi, Nigeria was tested for cervical human papilloma virus (HPV) infection using PCR. The prevalent HPV genotypes were determined by DNA sequencing. CD4+T count and type specific HPV was correlated with cervical cytology. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis of the data was done using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 20 (SPSS Inc, Illinois, USA) for analysis after validation. Results: overall HPV prevalence was 54.1% while the hrHPV prevalence was 35.9%. Premalignant and malignant lesions were observed among participants with CD4+T counts between 200-300/mm3. A statistically significant association was observed between cervical premalignant lesions and CD4+ count (X2=24.747, P value=0.001) as well as hrHPV infections (X2=46.800, P<0.001). Conclusion: risk stratification with HPV screening among HIV-infected women will help in early case management of cervical precancerous lesions.Item Seroprevalence of human T-Cell Lymphoma/Leukemia virus Type-1 (HTLV-1) Antibodies among blood donors at Ibadan, Nigeria(MedCrave, 2017) Yuguda, S.; Manga, M. M.; Fowotade, A.; Chukwuma, O. E.; Aken'Ova, Y. A.Background: Blood transfusion is an efficient mode of transmission of viruses and other infectious agents. Although human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) screening of blood donors is already routinely performed in developed countries, there is no routine screening of blood donors in our environment. As HTLV I and II are human retroviruses and are endemic in sub-Saharan African, including Nigeria, there is need to evaluate the burden of HTLV among blood donors in developing countries. Objective: The current study was carried out to determine the prevalence of HTLV I/ II among apparently healthy blood donors at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Material and Methods: A total of 1,000 consented, apparently healthy blood donors were recruited into a hospital-based cross-sectional study conducted at the Blood bank. 5mL of sera was obtained from each participant and analyzed for antibodies to HTLV-1 using a one-step incubation double-antigen sandwich ELISA (enzymelinked immunosorbent assay) kit. Participants’ sociodemographic characteristics and possible risk factors associated with HTLV-1 infection were assessed using a questionnaire. Statistical analysis of results was done using SPSS version 17. Results: Of the 1000 blood donors, 942 (94.2%) were male, while the average age of the blood donors was 32.26 (±8.96) years. Thirty-two (3.2%) of the blood donors tested positive for HTLV I/II antibodies. All the positive cases were males. The major risk factors for HTLV I/II seropositivity among participants include; age less than 30 years, single status and previous history of blood transfusion. Other significant risk factors include; first time commercial blood donors and drug addiction. . Conclusion: This study documents the Seroprevalence of HTLV I/II infection in our environment, thus highlighting the need for large scale multi-centered studies and routine screening of blood donors for HTLV-1 infection.Item Serosurvey of human T cell lymphotropic virus I/II among blood donors in Gombe (Nigeria)(EDORIUM Journals, 2016) Manga, M. M.; Fowotade, A.; Yuguda, S.; Iya, G. A.; Yahaya, M.; Sheriff, Y. M.; Omoruyi, E. C.; Yola, I. M.; Bakare, R. A.Aim: This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of human T cell lymphotropic virus I/II (HTLV I/II) among blood donors at the Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe (FTHG), North-eastern, Nigeria. Methods: A total of 355 blood donors were recruited at the hematology department of FTHG for a hospital based crosssectional study and were screened/confirmed for HTLV I/II by ELISA and western blot methods. Results: Seroprevalence of HTLV I/II among the 355 participants with mean age of 30.77 years (±8.27) was 6.5% on screening with ELISA but confirmed to be 0% by western blot. Majority were males, 352 (99.2%) and mostly (45.9%) between 21–30 years of age. Donors for family replacements predominated (85.1%) with more than half (58.6%) being first time blood donors. Conclusion: This study reveals the absence of HTLV I/II among blood donors in Gombe Northeastern Nigeria. It also highlights the possibility of false positivity in some of the reported prevalence of HTLV I and II from some parts of Nigeria that were based on screening tests only. The importance of confirmatory testing in all research works on HTLV (including HTLV 3 and HTLV 4) is further strengthened with this study. There is however the need for a larger study and the use of molecular diagnostics to reconfirm this assertion.Item Epidemiological patterns of cervical human papillomavirus infection among women presenting for cervical cancer screening in North-Eastern Nigeria(BioMed Central Ltd, 2015) Manga, M. M.; Fowotade, A.; Abdullahi, Y. M.; El-nafaty, A. U.; Adamu, D. B.; Pindiga, H. U.; Bakare, R. A.; Osoba, A. O.Background: Sub-Saharan countries including Nigeria have the highest burden of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection in the world. Most studies on HPV surveillance in Nigeria were done in the southern part of the country. Geographical and socio-cultural diversity of Nigeria makes these data unlikely to be universally representative for the entire country. Northern Nigeria especially the North-East carries a higher prevalence of cervical cancer and many of its risk factors. The region may be harbouring a higher prevalence of HPV infection with a possibility of different genotypic distribution. This study was carried out to determine the burden and confirm the predominant HPV genotypes among women presenting for cervical cancer screening at the Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe (FTHG), North-eastern, Nigeria. Methods: The study was an observational hospital based cross sectional study among women who presented for cervical cancer screening in FTHG. A total of 209 consenting women were tested for cervical HPV infection using PCR. DNA sequencing was carried out on positive samples to determine the prevalent HPV genotypes. Results: The prevalence of cervical HPV infection among the participants with mean age of 39.6 ± 10.4 years was 48.1 %. The five most predominant genotypes were 18, 16, 33, 31 and 35, with prevalence of 44.7 %, 13.2 %, 7.9 %, 5.3 % and 5.3 % respectively. Other genotypes observed were 38, 45, 56, 58, 82 and KC5. Multiple HPV infections were detected among 7.9 % of participants. Risk factors such as level of education (X2 = 15.897; p = 0.007), age at sexual debut (X2 = 6.916; p = 0.009), parity (X2 = 23.767; p = 0.000), number of life time sexual partners (X2 = 7.805; p = 0.005), age at first pregnancy (X2 = 10.554; p = 0.005) and history of other malignancies (X2 = 7.325; p = 0.007) were found to have a statistically significant association with HPV infection. Conclusion: This study identified a high burden of HPV infection in Northern Nigeria while also confirming HPV 18 and 16 as the most predominant genotypes. It further justifies the potential benefit of the currently available HPV vaccines in the area. A larger and community based study is however recommended for better representation of the area.Item Apparent rarity of asymptomatic herpes cervicitis in a woman with intra-uterine contraceptive device(PAGEPress, 2013) Fowotade, A.; Okolo, A. C.; Manga, M. M.; Anaedobe, C. G.; Salami, A. A.; Akang, E. E. U.Infection with genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) remains a common viral sexually transmitted disease, often subclinical and a major worldwide problem of women of reproductive age group. Herpes cervicitis is an unusual presentation of Herpes simplex virus infection in females. The finding of herpes cervicitis on routine pap smear of an asymptomatic woman on Intrauterine contraceptive device still further supports the need for increased awareness on the possibility of Herpes simplex virus infection among women, particularly those on Intrauterine contraceptive device. The index case is a 28 years old Nigerian female who was referred to our Special Treatment Clinic on account of an abnormal pap smear cytology which was in keeping with Herpes cervicitis. There was no history of genital ulcer in this patient; however ELISA for HSV 2 IgM was positive in her. We therefore describe a case of herpes cervicitis in an asymptomatic woman on intrauterine contraceptive device. This case highlights to clinicians the need to be aware of the possibility of this association and to carry out relevant investigations so as to identify and treat these patients appropriately. Therefore, there is a need to put in place adequate public health intervention strategy to prevent genital herpes in women of reproductive age group with a view to preventing the possibility of congenital herpes in subsequent pregnancy.Item Utilization of Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA detection for cervical cancer screening in developing countries: A myth or reality(Academic Journals, 2013) Fowotade, A.; Manga, M. M.Persistent infection by human papillomavirus (HPV) is considered to be the main causative agent of cervical cancer and other anogenital cancers. Of the more than 30 genotypes capable of infecting the anogenital tract, it is estimated that, worldwide, HPV 16 and 18 cause 70% of the cervical cancers. Control through primary prevention has become a distinct reality through a prophylactic vaccine, which may take quite some time for its widespread use. Thus control of cervical cancer through cervical screening strategy is the only viable solution now. Despite the high rates of false negative results associated with cervical cytology, it is still considered as the gold standard for cervical cancer screening in developing countries. The advent of highly sensitive and specific HPV DNA detection techniques has offered a lot of promise for cervical cancer prevention. The severe restriction on the availability of infrastructure, resources and funding in developing countries has made it difficult to adopt HPV DNA detection as a routine cervical cancer prevention strategy. This present discourse is a review of relevant literature using internet search engines such as; PubMed and Google. Due to the limitations of Pap smear, there is need to consider HPV DNA detection as a useful adjunct to Pap smear screening, in order to effectively control cervical cancer in developing countries.Item Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection in Males: A Need for More Awareness(IntechOpen Press, 2019) Manga, M. M.; Fowotade, A.; Yahaya, M.Globally, human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common viral sexually transmitted pathogen, which is significantly associated with high morbidity and mortality in both sexes. Except those vaccinated, virtually all sexually active individuals will be infected with HPV in their lifetime. Although most HPV infections are transient, association with anogenital warts, cervical, penile, and other malignancies have been reported. HPV can be transmitted from one person to another through contact especially during sexual contact including anal, vaginal, or oral. Although HPV infection affects both males and females, its causal association with cervical cancer has made most literature to be mainly on females. In view of its sexual transmissibility and the increasing prevalence of HPV-related malignancies among males worldwide, there is need for more awareness on the infection in males. Most developed countries offer HPV vaccination for girls, but vaccine recommendations for boys are still relatively uncommon especially in developing countries where the burden of HPVrelated malignancies is still very high. The current discourse highlights the need for increased awareness on HPV vaccination among this neglected gender group.