scholarly works Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://repository.ui.edu.ng/handle/123456789/560
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Item Application of the Gurnham equation in characterizing the compressibility of fonio and sweet potato starches and their paracetamol tablet formulations(Nigeria Association of Pharmacists in Academia, 2018-02) Akin-Ajani, O. D.; Itiola, O. A.; Odeku, O. A.Background: A number of empirical relationships have been proposed to describe the compaction of pharmaceutical materials, among them are the Heckel, Kawakita and Gurnham equations. Objective: To characterize the compressibility of fonio, sweet potato and corn starches and their paracetamol formulations using the Gurnham and Kawakita equations, and to determine the complementarity of these equations. Materials and Methods: Starches were extracted from fonio (Digitaria exilis) grains and sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) tubers and modified by acid hydrolysis for 96 h. Paracetamol formulations containing 2.5–10.0 %w/w starch binders were prepared by wet granulation. Packing and compaction properties of native and modified starches and their formulations were determined using tapping procedures. The data obtained was analyzed using the Gurnham and Kawakita equations. Results: The ranking for Gurnham compressibility, c, for the starches was sweet potatocornfonio, which was inversely related to the ranking for Kawakita maximum volume reduction, a and angle of internal flow, θ. There was no clear-cut pattern in the Gurnham compressibility of paracetamol formulation probably due to its multicomponent nature. There was correlation between c, a and θ for all the starches with the modified starches exhibiting higher compressibility than native starches. There appeared to be no correlation between c and Kawakita compressibility index, b. Conclusion: The Gurnham equation appeared useful in characterising compressibility in single component systems and could be used along with Kawakita functions, to gain a better understanding of the deformation of powdered materials under pressure.Item Evaluation of the disintegrant properties of native and modified forms of fonio and sweet potato starches(Wiley Online Library, 2016-10) Akin-Ajani, O. D.; Itiola, O. A.; Odeku, O AThe effects of acid modification on the disintegrant properties of two native starches obtained from Digitaria exilis (white fonio) and Ipomea batatas (sweet potato) were evaluated in comparison with official corn starch in paracetamol tablet formulations. The starches were extracted from grains of white fonio and tubers of sweet potato, and modified by acid hydrolysis using 6% w/w hydrochloric acid for 48 h. The native and modified forms of the starches were employed as exo-disintegrants in paracetamol tablet formulations at concentrations of 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0% w/w. The disintegrant properties were assessed using crushing strength (Cs), friability (Fr), disintegration time (DT), disintegrant efficiency ratio (DER), and the dimensionless quantity DERc. The results showed that crushing strength and friability of the tablets appeared to depend on the type, concentration, and nature of disintegrant used. Disintegration time generally decreased with increase in disintegrant concentration and the values complied with the pharmacopoeial standard for uncoated tablets (_15 min). Tablets containing acid modified starches showed longer disintegration times than those containing the native starches although there were no significant differences (p>0.05) in the values. Acid modification generally increased the disintegration efficiency ratio (DER) of the formulations while the values of DERc indicated that sweet potato starch would be the most efficient disintegrant with greater ability to enhance the balance between the mechanical and disintegration properties of the tablet. Thus, the experimental starches compared well with corn starch as disintegrants and could be useful for commercial tablet formulations.Item Effect of acid modification on the material and compaction properties of fonio and sweet potato starches(Wiley Online Library, 2014-03) Akin-Ajani, O. D.; Itiola, O. A.; Odeku, O. AStarches obtained from the grains of white fonio (Digitaria exilis) and tubers of sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) have been modified by acid hydrolysis at different steeping times – (0, 24 and 96 h) and the physicochemical, material and compaction properties of the modified starches have been evaluated in comparison with official corn starch. The effect of acid modification on the compaction properties of the starches were evaluated with the aim of determining their usefulness as excipients in direct compression. The results showed that the physicochemical and material properties of the starches varied considerably depending on their botanical source. Acid modification led to an increase in solubility and relative crystallinity but decrease in swelling and viscosity of the starches. The effects were found to depend on the steeping time during acid hydrolysis. The results of the compressional properties indicated that the starches formed intact tablets at relatively low compression pressure with acid modified starches forming tablets with higher tensile strength than the natural starches. The results indicate that the physicochemical and compaction properties of white fonio and sweet potato starches were improved by acidmodification yielding starches that could be suitable as directly compressible excipient.Item Effects of pigeon pea and plantain starches on the compressional, mechanical and disintegration properties of paracetamol tablets(Taylor & Francis Group, 2006-09) Dare, K.; Akin-Ajani, D. O; Odeku, O. A; Odusote, O. M; Itiola, O. A.A study has been made of the effects of pigeon pea starch obtained from the plant Cajanus cajan (L) Millisp. (family Fabaceae) and plantain starch obtained from the unripe fruit of Musa paradisiaca L. (family Musaceae) on the compressional, mechanical, and disintegration properties of paracetamol tablets in comparison with official corn starch BP. Analysis of compressional properties was done by using density measurements, and the Heckel and Kawakita equations, whereas the mechanical properties of the tablets were evaluated by using tensile strength (T-a measure of bond strength) and brittle fracture index (BFI-a measure of lamination tendency). The ranking for the mean yield pressure, Py, for the formulations containing the different starches was generally corn < pigeon pea < plantain starch while the ranking for Pk, an inverse measure of the amount of plasticity, was pigeon pea < plantain < corn starch, which indicated that formulations containing corn starch generally exhibited the fastest onset of plastic deformation, whereas those formulations containing pigeon pea starch exhibited the highest amount of plastic deformation during tableting. The tensile strength of the tablets increased with increase in concentration of the starches while the Brittle Fracture Index decreased. The ranking for T was pigeon pea > plantain > corn starch while the ranking for BFI was corn > plantain > pigeon pea starch. The bonding capacity of the formulations was in general agreement with the tensile strength results. The disintegration time (DT) of the formulation increased with concentration of plantain and corn starches but decreased with concentration of pigeon pea starch. The general ranking of DT values was plantain < pigeon pea < corn starch. Notably, formulations containing pigeon pea starch exhibited the highest bond strength and lowest brittleness, suggesting the usefulness of pigeon pea starch in producing strong tablets with minimal lamination tendency. Plantain starch, on the other hand, would be more useful where faster disintegration of tablet is desired. The results show that the starches could be useful in various formulations depending on the intended use of the tablets with the implication that the experimental starches can be developed for commercial purposes