Scholarly works in Psychiatry
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://repository.ui.edu.ng/handle/123456789/536
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Item Spirituality and Suicidality Among Patients with Schizophrenia: A Cross-sectional Study from Nigeria(Springer Science+Business Media / Springer Nature, 2021) Esan, O. B.; Lawal, K.Studies which have explored the effect of spirituality on suicidality among patients with schizophrenia have been characterized by inconsistent results. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between spirituality and suicidality among stable patients with schizophrenia in Nigeria. The Daily Spiritual Experience Scale was applied to measure spirituality. There was found a significant relationship between spirituality and having had suicidal thoughts in a lifetime. Spirituality was negatively correlated with the severity of negative symptoms, total positive and negative syndrome scale score (PANSS), the severity of depression, and positively correlated with functioning.Item Body mass index (BMI) and obesity in Nigerians with schizophrenia(Taylor & Francis, 2021) Esan, O. B.; Esan, A.Background: Few Nigerian studies have examined BMI in people with schizophrenia. The aims of the present study were to assess the prevalence and distribution of obesity in Nigerians with schizophrenia and to examine the clinical correlates of BMI and obesity. Methods: A total of 207 people with schizophrenia met the inclusion criteria and were evaluated for BMI. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS) were rated for all participants. Anthropometric measures such as weight and height were taken using a standard protocol. Results: The prevalence of obesity was 12.6%. The non-obese participants were made up of underweight 24 (11.7%), normal weight 118 (57%) and overweight 38 (18.4%). Compared to non-obese participants, obese participants were older, more educated, more likely to be employed, had higher incomes, lower PANSS score (negative subscale), had fewer female participants, and better social and occupational functioning (p<0.05) BMI was positively correlated with age and monthly income. In the adjusted model, age, gender and education were independently associated with obesity while only age was associated with BMI. Conclusion: The present study suggests that unlike in high-income countries, obese patients with schizophrenia in Nigeria have better social and psychological functioning than non-obese patients.Item Neurocognitive Impairments (NCI) in bipolar disorder: Comparison with schizophrenia and healthy controls(Elsevier B.V, 2020) Esan, O. B.; Oladele, O.; Adediran, K. I.; Abiona, T. O.Background: Neurocognitive impairments (NCI) are common in patients with bipolar I disorder. However, reports about the affected domains, outcomes and magnitude have been inconsistent. The aim of this study was to compare the magnitude (severity) and specificity (domains), of (NCI) in euthymic Bipolar I Disorder (BD) patients with a demographically and educationally matched sample of patients with schizophrenia in remission (SC) and healthy controls (HC). Methods: The Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry (SCIP) was applied in this cross-sectional study, to all consecutive and consenting euthymic outpatients with bipolar I disorder (BD) (n = 76), remitted patients with schizophrenia (n = 130) and age and gender-matched healthy controls (HC) (n = 100). The cognitive tests done included Verbal List Learning-Immediate (VLT-I), Working Memory Test (WMT), Verbal Fluency Test (VFT), Verbal Learning Test-Delayed (VLT-D) and Processing Speed Test (PST). Within the bipolar group, the association between NCI and functioning was assessed. Results: There was a significant difference in the proportions of participants that had cognitive impairment from the 3 groups (37% (HC) vs. 71.1% (BD) vs. 91.5%(SC) (p=0.001) The BD group in comparison to the HCs did worse on all domains of the SCIP except WMT and PST. The BD group was not significantly different from the SC group in all neuropsychological domains of the SCIP except WMT. BD group significantly functions better than the SC group. The severity of depressive symptomatology and VLT-I were independent predictors of functioning in the BD group. Conclusion: Cognitive impairment affects almost all the neurocognitive domains of the BD group. The difference in NCI between euthymic BD patients and SC in remission are quantitative rather than qualitative.Item Spontaneous and emergent extrapyramidal syndromes in Black Africans with first-episode schizophrenia and first exposure to antipsychotics(Taylor & Francis, 2021) Ojagbemi, A.; Chiliza, B.; Bello, T.; Esan, O. B.; Asmal, L.; Emsley, R.; Gureje, O.Background: Persons of African ancestry are thought to carry a higher risk for extrapyramidal syndromes (EPS) in schizophrenia. Aim: We investigated the phenomenon of spontaneous and treatment-emergent EPS in a sample comprising Xhosa (South Africa) and Yoruba (Nigeria) Africans with first-episode schizophrenia and first exposure to antipsychotics. Methods: The Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS) and a variety of validated tools were used for the assessment of participants before, and two-weekly after treatment with low dose flupenthixol decanoate. Participants were followed up for 12 months. Association of EPS with clinical characteristics was investigated using Pearson’s correlation and linear regression analyses. Results: Of 88 participants at baseline, 16 (18.1%) had at least one definite EPS prior to antipsychotic exposure and 34 (38.6%) had treatment-emergent EPS. While spontaneous Parkinsonism was associated with negative symptoms (r¼0.2, p¼0.043; b¼0.6, p¼0.043), treatment-emergent EPS demonstrated non-significant correlations with clinical characteristics. Apart from dyskinesia, the frequency of treatment-emergent EPS decreased over 12 months observation. Conclusion: These findings support the hypothesis suggesting that spontaneously occurring Parkinsonism in schizophrenia may be the motor spectrum of negative symptomatology. Future studies of this relationship may lead to early identification of patients who may be more sensitive to EPS.Item Modeling psychological function in patients with schizophrenia with the PANSS: an international multi-center study(Cambridge University Press, 2021) Fountoulakis, K. N.; Dragioti, E.; Theofilidis, A. T.; Wiklund, T.; Atmatzidis, X.; Nimatoudis, I.; Thys, E.; Wampers, M.; Hranov, L.; Hristova, T.; Aptalidis, D.; Milev, R.; Iftene, F.; Spaniel, F.; Knytl, P.; Furstova, P.; From, T.; Karlsson, H.; Walta, M.; Esan, O. B.; Oladele, O.; Osunbote, C.; Rybakowski, J. K.; Wojciak P.Background: The aim of the current study was to explore the changing interrelationships among clinical variables through the stages of schizophrenia in order to assemble a comprehensive and meaningful disease model. Methods: Twenty-nine centers from 25 countries participated and included 2358 patients aged 37.21 11.87 years with schizophrenia. Multiple linear regression analysis and visual inspection of plots were performed. Results: The results suggest that with progression stages, there are changing correlations among Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale factors at each stage and each factor correlates with all the others in that particular stage, in which this factor is dominant. This internal structure further supports the validity of an already proposed four stages model, with positive symptoms dominating the first stage, excitement/hostility the second, depression the third, and neurocognitive decline the last stage. Conclusions: The current study investigated the mental organization and functioning in patients with schizophrenia in relation to different stages of illness progression. It revealed two distinct “cores” of schizophrenia, the “Positive” and the “Negative,” while neurocognitive decline escalates during the later stages. Future research should focus on the therapeutic implications of such a model. Stopping the progress of the illness could demand to stop the succession of stages. This could be achieved not only by both halting the triggering effect of positive and negative symptoms, but also by stopping the sensitization effect on the neural pathways responsible for the development of hostility, excitement, anxiety, and depression as well as the deleterious effect on neural networks responsible for neurocognition.