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Assessment of pollution effect of direct use of poultry faecal waste in fish ponds
(2006) Ogedengbe, K; Ewemoje, T. A.
The performance of some environmental parameters in fish pond of 1.5ha at the National Institute For Freshwater Fisheries Research (NlFER) in New Bussa, Kainji dam resulting from the direct utilization of fresh poultry faecal waste as fish food was assessed along with three other ponds; South West Pond One (SWP1) using wheat offal, dough, maggot plus some poultry waste as fish feed and South West Pond Two (SWP2) using 100% concentrate, wheat offal and dough as fish feed. A Natural Water Pond (NWP) containing some fishes was also used as control pond along with SWPI and SWP2 to assess the pond at NIFER labeled Northern Pond ( NP). Environmental parameters of water quality in fish pond that are considered important in the assessment study are Dissolved Oxygen (DO); PH Value; Turbidity; Temperature, and 5-day Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5). The temperature range is between 26-35C throughout the assessment work and this correspond with the optimum temperature for warm water fish growth. PH value of the study ponds fall within the excellent range. Also, turbidity in NP and SWP1 are very good thereby promoting effective ecosystem while SWP2 and NWP turbidity values are rather on the high side, hence photosynthesis is slightly affected. Dissolved Oxygen (DO) for the four ponds fall within 5-12 mg/l which is excellent for fish culture in ponds. BOD5 in the ponds is fairly high due to heavy manure loading with the exception of SWP2 which uses only concentrates as feed. NWP sources have the highest BODs value of 3.3 mg/l due to recharge from runoff water. From this assessment work it is evident that the direct utilization of poultry faecal waste as fish feed in fish ponds has great prospects if well monitored.
Groundwater recharge estimation from modified soil moisture balance approach at the University Of Ibadan, lbadan, Nigeria.
(2006) Ewemoje, T. A.; Oluwalogbon, D. O.
Amount of water that may be extracted from an aquifer without depletion is primarily dependent on recharge. Thus, a quantitative evaluation of spatial and temporal groundwater recharge distribution is a pre-requisite for operating groundwater resource system in an optimal manner. A step-by step procedure of National Resources Conservation Services (NRCS) was used to estimate groundwater recharge based upon modified soil moisture balance approach at the University of Ibadan which covers about 1032 hectares of land. The methodology incorporates the theory of NRCS method of finding storage index. Water recharges were highest in sandy clay loam (59.0% Sand, 11.4% Silt, 29.6% Clay) between 113.1-122.5cm/hr, followed by sandy clay (58.1% sand, 8.9% silt, 33.0% clay) with values between 41.6- 55.3cm/hr and sandy clay (56.8% sand, 7.5% silt, 35.7% clay) between 38.4-47.9cm/hr. This methodology gives better estimates of groundwater recharge because it takes into consideration climatic data, land use pattern and soil properties of study location. However, conventional methods of precipitation minus evapotranspiration minus runoff, is subjective to measurement errors and the method of calculating groundwater recharge by multiplying a constant specific yield value by the water table rise over a certain time interval may also be erroneous, especially in shallow aquifers.
Cradle- to-gate life cycle assessment of poultry production system
(2011) Ewemoje, T. A.; Omotosho, O. A.; Abimbola, O. P.
The study assesses environmental impacts of hatchery production processes to point-of-lay and investigates effects of different scenarios on environmental load impacts in the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) results. Functional unit of this LCA study is one poultry bird at point of lay and the activities associated within the system boundary. Results obtained showed that total contributions of the egg-point of lay system to global warming was 9.708kg of CO2 equivalents, 11.34 kg of CH4 equivalent, 0.2kg of N02, acidification was 2,713 x10-4kg of SO2 equivalents, 1.948 x 10-3 kg of NH3 equivalents, 2.167 x 10-3 kg of NOx equivalents and energy consumption was computed at 59.79KJ per bird, Hatchery process accounted for the highest consumption of energy of about 543.2J per bird, waste disposal accounted for about 6J per bird, while water pumping process consumed about 16J per bird, while feed production process-required about 46.5Jof energy, The LCA results showed that minimizing energy consumption in the hatchery process is the way forward in reducing environmental impact loads in a poultry system.Scenario analysis showed that using 100% public power supply will reduce the CO2, NOx and SO2 equivalents by 95.56%, 10.64% and 15.58%, while using 50-50% diesel public power supply will reduce CO2, NOx and 502 equivalents by 47.78%, 5.22% and 21.50% respectively.
The development and evaluation of a flat-type wooden incubator
(School of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology (SAAT), Federal University of Technology, Akure, 1998) Ewemoje, T. A.; Olorunnisola, A. O.
"A flat-type, 60-egg capacity incubator was designed, constructed and tested. The incubator differs from existing designs in that the cabinet was made from a 3-ply, 4mm thick interior grade plywood to reduce cost and at the same time enhance heat insulation. Also, two domestic kerosene lanterns were provided to supplement heat generation by three 40 W electric bulbs during electricity outages as commonly experienced in Nigeria.When tested with 30 eggs of a commonly sold chicken breed, incubated at average temperature of 38° C and relatively humidity of 58%, the chicks were hatched within 20 days. Relatively high percentages of fertility and hatchability of 86.2% and 76% respectively, as well as a relatively low chick mortality rate of 18.5% were recorded. "
Determination of discharge coefficient of rectangular side weirs
(2001) Ogedengbe, K; Ewemoje, T. A.
The characteristics of flow over side weirs are taken into consideration to verify the discharge coefficient for suberitical flow conditions under the assumption of constant- specific energy. The main channel discharge, length of weir crest and sill height of the weir are treated as controlled variables. The discharge coefficient Cd is found to depend on the upstream Froude No F1 and also on the ratio of sill height to upstream flow depth S/Y1. Simple linear regression analysis was conducted to establish the relationship of Cd with both F1 and S/Y1 taken separately while multiple regression analysis was conducted to establish the relationship of Cd with both F1 and S/Y1 taken together. Cd decreases with increase in F1 while Cd increases with increase in S/Y1 ratio when taken separately. When taken together, it was clearly evident that variation in Cd was largely due to S/Y1 ratio while the effect of F1 was relatively negligible.
Design of a gravitational drip irrigation system
(2005-02) Ewemoje, T. A.
The design and cost analysis of gravitational drip irrigation system was carried out in the Department of Agricultural Engineering Faculty of Technology University of Ibadan. This irrigation system was designed to suit farmlands not more than one hectare for small-scale farmers to irrigate vegetable crops. Before the design proper, preliminary studies were carried out and climatological data were collected, which was used to determine the rate of crop evapotranspiration used for the system's design i.e. 4.56mm/day for Ibadan climatic zone. The system has 100 laterals each of which is 50m long with each lateral having pressure-compensating emitters to distribute water and the mainline also 100m long. A model of the gravitational drip irrigation system was designed and tested. The test carried out on the model system shows that it can deliver 2.1-liter/hour of water with an operating head of 0.969m and the overall system's efficiency was found to be 94%. The efficiency of the system coupled with the installation and cost analysis shows that the system can be acquired and maintained by peasant farmers and still performs creditably well, when compared to the conventional drip irrigation system.
Potentials and projections of freshwater resources in Sub-Saharan Africa; focus on Nigeria
(2009) Ewemoje, T. A.
This paper discusses the abundance of freshwater availability in Nigeria which is approximately 0.51 % of world freshwater resources. It further highlights the projected freshwater crises in Nigeria and Africa as a whole. Based on analyzed country data retrieved from International Organizations.Nigeria and in fact many developing countries in Sub Saharan Africa is presently termed water secure based on total Actual Renewable Water Resources, but projections into the nearest future (2025) classify Nigeria as water stress/scarce due to lack of economic, financial and skilled human resources to tap water for basic human needs, food production and maintenance of freshwater ecosystem. Causes of this projected impending danger were attributed to increase in freshwater quantity supply made available through unsustainable water resources development and inappropriate water management programmes.
Assessing environmental impact of wastes from animal husbandary practices in a tropical environment
(Namik Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture., 2011) Ewemoje, T. A.; Ewemoje, O. E.
Dumping of decaying wastes from animal pen as soil conditioners and pen wash water for irrigation is a common practice in developing countries. Releasing wastes to land and water may affect biological, chemical and physical properties of soils, plants and water. Hence, this paper assesses pollution effects of untreated animal husbandry wastes in tropical environment. Samplings were done on a daily basis over a 6-weeks period from the University of Ibadan Teaching and Research Farm which had been in operation for over 25-years. Assessing the degree of pollution was performed on the basis of Nitrate, Phosphorous, Potassium and Magnesium measurements in dump yard soil samples with average values ranging 0.38-0.40, 0.54-0.86, 0.16-0.37, and 0.58- 1.05 mg/I respectively. These values are higher than recommended FEPA standard, which makes the wastewater and slurries unsuitable for irrigated farming. Consumption of soluble nitrates and nitrites at this concentration could result to health problems such as methemoglobin. The pH of feacal discharge, wastewater, dump yard Soil being 6.5, 5.8, and 6.2 respectively were acidic. Heavy metals; Manganese and Iron ranged between 191-324 and 1.3-2.3 mg/kg respectively. Presence of heavy metals and trace elements in excess of FEPA/WHO recommended standards makes both feacal discharges and wastewater unsuitable for use as manure. Values of BODs, DO, and Temperature ranged 1350-1420mg/l, 0.55-0.75mg/l, and 27.0-0-33.5°C respectively. Observed high BODs and low DO values at an average temperature of 28-33°C fall short of the WHO water standard for irrigation, this is indicative of high polluting power of the wastewater.
Simulating the sensitivity of maize crop propagation to seasonal weather change
(2011) Ewemoje, T. A.; |Okanlawon, S. A.
The paper simulmates the sensitivity of maize crop yield response to temperature increase with appropriate irrigation scheduling that may obviate the negative impact of temperature increase on crop yield. The model was run with weather records from International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Ibadan for the period 2000 to 2008 with the yearly weather records divided into quarterly records depicting maize crop growth seasons from planting to harvesting. Quarterly growth seasons of January -May (I), May - September (II), September- January (III), seasons respectively for maize crop were considered. Simulation results were analyzed using the SPSS statistical tool and the method of Least Square Deviation (LSD). The study revealed that an increase in the average temperature by 1°C, 2°C and 3°C for the growth seasons results in average yield reduction. Average yield reduction ranges were 5.3%-8.7% (season-I), 0% (season-II) and 0.5%-1.7% (season-III) when irrigation was done at interval of 3 days; 6.1%-8.4%(season-I) 0%(season-II) and 1.7%-0.8%(season-III) when irrigating at critical depletion of 2mm water application depth and at rainfed condition; 17%- 21%(season-1), 0%(season-II) and 3.6%-7.2%(season-III) respectively. This shows that in season-II, temperature rise has no effect on maize yield due to the availability of rainfall at optimum growth condition. However, temperature negatively impacted on the yield of maize crop in seasons I and III with little or no rainfall. Hence, interval of 3 days and 2mm water application depth is best suitable under the study conditions for the three seasons
Variable irrigation scheduling effects on growth parameters of celosia Argentea in HumidTropical Environment
(CIGR Publication, 2007) Ewemoje, T. A.
This work experimentally determines crop water requirements as well as effects of varying irrigation schedules on growth parameters of Celosia Argentea. Irrigation treatments of refilling the soil back to 100%fc, 75%fc and 50%fc were applied to predominant three soil samples from different locations within the South Western part of Nigeria having the same sandy loam textural class. Irrigation application was based on daily maximum crop evapotranspiration. Leaf Area, Number of Leaves, Plant Height and Stem Girth were measured twice a week. Cumulative irrigation treatments of 100%fc. 75%fc, and 50%fc amounted to 749, 583, and 454mm depth of water at 6 weeks after planting (WAP) with a yield of 11.8, 8.9. and 8.6 Kg per 5m2 respectively. Statistical results of crop growth parameters and yields indicated that significant differences existed at P>0.05 when 50%fc treatment was compared to 75%fc and/or 100%fc treatments. Biomass yield (edible weight) showed significant differences across the three treatments and also falls within the recommended range of 8 - 14 Kg per 5m2 for optimal propagation of Celosia Argentea in West Africa. However, for biomass yield at 6WAP; treatment of 100%fc was significantly different from 75%fc and likewise, treatment of 75%fc was significantly different from 50%fc for the three soil samples. Results also indicated that bulk weight (edible weight plus root weight) appeared best under treatment at 100%fc when compared with the other two treatments. It was thus concluded that if irrigation scheduling is aimed at maximizing Celosia yields per unit of irrigated area, 100%fc treatment is recommended. But if scheduling is to maximize yield per depth of water applied, preference should be given to 75%fc treatment for propagation of Celosia Argentea.

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