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Item Efficacy of Diatomaceous Earth and Vitellariaparadoxa Seed Oil in Storage of Cowpea under Ventilated and Non-ventilated Conditions(Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2019) Omobowale, M. O.; Akomolafe, O.P.Sto.age of cowpea is highly constrained by insect pest infestation and losses caused by the cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus, F.) are high. Several methods have been used over the years to protect cowpea grains in storage, but the use of synthetic insecticides is very dominant and this has led to problems, such as the killing of non-target species, user hazards, harmful food residues, and evolution of resistance to chemicals. A search for alternative insect pest control methods which are relatively less harmful to the user and cheaper has become essential. The effectiveness of Diatomaceous earth (DE) and Vitellaria paradoxa seed oil (VPSO) for cowpea storage in polypropylene and jute bags under ventilated and non-ventilated storeroom conditions were investigated over three months period. Crude DE was applied at a dose rate of 1 g/kg of cowpea and a diluted concentration (10% v/v) of VPSO of 400 mL was mixed with 8 kg of cowpea. Live insect count, dead insect count, and germination percentage were assessed weekly while proximate analysis was carried out before and after storage. Mean live insect count increased in the ventilated store-room from 0.67±0.34 to 36.13±19.51insects/kg after 1 month and 3 months of storage respectively for untreated cowpea. Insect population in treated samples increased from 0.38±0.26to 24.78±23.33, and from 0.17±0.30 to 10.75±5.27 for DE and VPSO treated samples, respectively. In the non-ventilated storeroom, insect population increased from 0.33±0.26 to 36.96±19.09 for untreated cowpea, 0.17±0.20 to 33.08±30.07 for DE and 0.21±5.63 to 8.17±11.30 for VPSO treated cowpea. Based on insect count, both treatments were very effective in controlling cowpea weevil in the first two months of storage, however their potency reduced by the third month. The potency of DE deteriorated faster compared to VPSO however, DE treated cowpea was most effective , or retaining seed germination in both ventilated and non-ventilated storerooms. Proximate analysis showed that cowpea treated with both treatments had similar nutrient composition after storage. Diatomaceous earth and Vitellaria paradoxa seed oil have potentials in their raw form for short term insect pest control in the storage of cowpea.Item Assessing efficacies of insect pest management methods for stored bagged maize preservation in storehouses located in Nigerian markes(Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, 2019) Nwaubani, A.; Otitodun, G.O.; Ajao, S.K.; George P.O.; Ala, A.A.; Omobowale, M.O.; Ogwumike, J.C.; Grace I.E.; Ogundare, M.O.; Braimah, J.A.; Busari S.G.; Akhere E.O.; Kolayemi, O.R.; McNeill, S.G.; Ilelejif, K.E.Stored product insect pests cause significant losses in maize in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Control of these pests with conventional insecticides is fraught with health and environmental risks. Globally, several reduced-risk methods have been deployed as alternatives to conventional insecticides. In this study, conducted ir February—December 2016, efficacies of five treatments to control insects in bagged maize stored in Nigerian market storehouses were evaluated. Treatments included a botanical (Piper guineense), Bularafa diatomaceous earth (DE), permethrin powder (Rambo™), PICS (hermetic) bags and ZeroFly® bags. The study also had a negative control comprising untreated maize in polypropylene bags. Study locations were in three grain markets, namely Eleekara market in Oyo town and Arisekola market in Ladan, Oyo State, South West Nigeria, and Ago market in Ilorin, Kwara State, North Central Nigeria. Except in the case of PICS bags, each storehouse had six 100-kg bags for each storage method or trea.ment; these bags were sampled monthly. For PICS, each storehouse had 18 bags (~80 kg each) and six were destructively sampled every 4 months. Psocids (total 3,614) and S. zeamais (total 1,255) were the most abundant types of insects found during the study. However, among all treatments, PICS bags were the most effective at mitigating population growth of all species of stored product insects encountered, and the number of psocids and S. zeamais found in PICS bags during the entire study were 0 and 8, respectively. The order of effectiveness of the treatments were PICS > Permethrin > ZeroFly > DE > Botanical > control. Data showed PICS, Permethrin, ZeroFly, and DE when used according to manufacturer's instructions or label are effective and can be incorporated in integrated pest management of stored-product insects in maize storehouses. More research is required to explore how P. guineense can be made more efficaciouItem EFFECTS OF DIATOMACEOUS EARTH ON THE PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF STORED COWPEA VARIETY (IT96D-610K)(Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, 2019) Sunmonu M.O.A stuck' was carried out to determine the effect of a raw diatomaceous earth (DE) obtained fromBularafa community in Yobe State, Nigeria on the proximate composition of stored cowpea variety (IT96D-610K). Twelve small scale prototype silos made of two different structures (wooden and galvanised mild steel (GMS)) were constructed and used in the storage of the cowpea for a 4-month period. 7000g of cowpea at 9.88% moisture content admixed withdiatomaceous earth havingtwo different particle sizes(0.075mm and 0.090mm) and three different concentrations(0.1g, 0.05g and 0g of DE/100g of cowpea)in varying combinations were loaded into each silo. The sample admixed with zero concentration of diatomaceous earth served as the control in each of the wooden and galvanised steel structures respectively. Temperature, relative humidity and moisture content within the storage structures were monitored. Proximate compositionsuch as ash, crude protein, fat, crude fibre, carbohydrate alongside moisture content were also measured.Significant differences (p<0.05) was observed between the control sample and treated samples.The values of moisture content, ash content and crude fibre increased while crude protein, fat and carbohydrate decreased with increased storage period. At the last month of storage, wooden silo recorded a higher temperature value (28.88˚C) compared to the galvanised steel (GMS) silo which showed (22.30˚C). An increase in moisture content was observed in both silos with wooden silos showing a higher percentage rise in both control and treated samples. At the end of the fourth month the average moisture content, ash content, crude protein, fat, crude fibre and carbohydrate content of control and treated samples were(10.57% and 13.39%), (4.12% and 4.16%), (22.75% and 22.69%),(1.95% and 1.90%),(2.21% and 2.23%) and (57.75% and 55.63%) in the GMS and wooden silos respectively.Cowpea admixed with diatomaceous earth stored in GMS silo showed the best nutritional quality. Hence of all the storage materials, storage time, particle size and concentration of DE used galvanised mild steel (GMS), 0.075mm particle size and 0.05g of DE/100g of cowpea for the first four weeks of storage were seen to be the best. These proved to be the best method of storage for cowpea as the procedure retained its proximate composition. The increased crude fibre level in the treated samples is a major indicator for good healthItem Efficacy of phosphine and insect penetration ability in ZeroFly bags(Durable Crop Research Department, Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute, P.M.B. 1489, Ilorin, Nigeria, 2018) otitodun O.G.The deltamethrin incorporated woven polypropylene ZeroFly® storage bag is a promising novel technology for grain storage. However, if grain stored in ZeroFly bags gets infested and has to be fumigated using phosphine (PH3), data on the effectiveness of such treatments are needed. Additionally, obtaining field data on ability of stored-product insect pests to breach ZeroFly bags would facilitate insect management. Therefore, efficacy of PH3 in immature and adult Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky), Prostephanus truncatus (Horn), Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) in experimental cages in maize stored in 100-kg polypropylene (PP), jute and ZeroFly bags was investigated. Postfumigation mortality of adults was recorded after 7 d, and after 7 wk for immatures. The ability of either S. zeamais or P. truncatus to penetrate fabric of PP, jute and ZeroFly bags was assessed. Phosphine efficacy was good in all the three types of bags and resulted in complete mortality of adults and im- matures of the four species tested. Sitophilus zeamais and P. truncatus were more successful in penetrating Lhe P. bag fabric and on average made 84 and 780 holes per bag over a 4 mo-period, respectively; this was followed by jute with 37 and 614 holes. The ZeroFly bag was harder to breach and <3 holes per bag were made for both species. This study shows that PH3 is highly efficacious in insects that infest maize stored in ZeroFly bags, and that these bags are not easily penetrated by stored product insect pests. Hitherto, ZeroFly bags are a good technology for storing grain that is not infested, and fumigation using PH3 can be effectively conducted if infestation occurs. Therefore, ZeroFly bags can be incorporated in integrated stored product insect management (IPM) programs for bagged grainsItem COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF NOVEL LOW-COST MOISTURE METERS SUITABLE FOR GRAIN MOISTURE MEASUREMENT(Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2013) Ajao S.K.Monitoring grain quality is an importa. * postharvest activity which starts at harvest, continuing during stcage and up to the point of sale. High moisture in stored maize can be detrimental to food safety because of the likelihood of aflatoxin contamination and other forms of deterioration. Moisture meters are devices which provide real-time access to measuring moisture levels thereby allowing farmers .' m eet grain quality requirements. A newly developed low- co ^ moisture meter known as the Post-Harvest Loss (PHL) moisture meter is a device with potentials for massive deployment among smallholder farmers. This study was therefore set up to compare the efficiencies of some existing moisture meters co m’ ared with this newly developed device. Two commercially available moisture meters — Dickey john GAC 2100 and John Deere me ters were compared with the PHL moisture meter and oven- dried method (ASABE standards) used as control. Maize grains from a bagged storage experiment were used as samples over a 12- month period. Results showed that the moisture meters had a positive difference of <3% MCwb relative to oven-dried method. Average measurements showed variances of 2.34, 1.08 and 0.56% MCwb for John Deere, PHL and GAC 2100 meters respectively, when compared with the oven-dried method. Thus, it was concluded that the low cost PHL moisture meter may serve as an effective alternative to the more expensive types and may be relatively easy to adopt for laboratory and field use among smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa.Item OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF TIGERNUT (CYPERUS ESCULENTUS) AS INFLUENCED BY MOISTURE CONTENT AND WAVELENGTH(Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo state, 2016) omale A.Tigemut (Cyperus esculentus) is one among the underutilized crops in Nigeria despite its high economic value. This study investigated the absorbance, transmittance and colour of yellow tigernut as influenced by moisture content at 8%, 16%, 24%, 32% and 42% (db) respectively. The tigernut samples were collected directly from a farm in Minna, Niger state and cleane d to remove all foreign materials, initial moisture content w, ’ determined using ASAE standard after which samples were conditioned to the desired moisture levels following standard method. Using a spectrophotometer, the absorbance ranged from 3.04 to 6.35 and transmittance ranged from 0.00 to 0.19 within a wavelength range of 320nm to 720nn. while he colour using a Chroma meter ranged from 3.73 to 4.14, 5.19 to 8.18 and 13.1 to 19.0 for L (brightness), a (red) and b (yellow) respectively. ANOVA also revealed that moisture has significant effect at p<0.05 on abs, 'bance, transmittance and colour of the tigernut. Correlation and regression analysis revealed a positive linear relationship between all moisture contents with absorbance, transmittance and colour.Item MAIZE STORAGE IN TERMITE MOUND CLAY, CONCRETE, AND STEEL SILOS IN THE HUMID TROPICS: COMPARISON AND EFFECT ON BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL COUNTS(2015) Omobowale M.O.Considering the inadequacy of grain storage structures in Nigeria, which has been partly attributed to high cost and unavailability of construction materials, this study investigated the suitability of using readily available termite mound clay (TMC) for grain silo construction in comparison to conventional reinforced conczu (RC) and galvanized steel (GS) silos for maize storage in the humid tropics. The extent to which temperature and relative humidity affected the quality of stored grain during 8-month unaerated storage, covering both dry and rainy seasons, was evaluated using bacterial and fungal counts as performance parameters. The initial bacterial count of3500 colony forming units (CFU) per gram (CFU g-1) increased to 120000, 11000, and 8800 CFU g-1 for TMC, RC, and GS silos, respectively. There was no fungal activity at the beginning of storage, but fungal activity increased to 1500, 5500, and 350 CFU g-1 in TMC, RC, and GS silos, respectively. Fungal activity was noticed in the TMC silo in the fourth month of storage, which coincided with the start of the rainy season. Fungal counts exceeded the acceptable threshold of 1000 CFU g-1 in the TMC and RC silos. Relative humidity was of greater significance than temperature in affecting all. maize quality parameters considered. TMC was found suitable for constructing silos for short-term grain storage under unaerated conditions. Modification of the current TMC silo design to address permeability issues is expected to improve its performance for longer-term maize storage.Item Comparative Analysis Of Tomato Plant (Lycopersiconesculentum) And Stubborn Grass (Eleusineindica)In The Phyto-Remediation Of Soils Polluted With Heavy Metals(Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2015) Omobowale M.O.Item Performance evaluation of termite-mound clay, concrete and steel silos for the storage of maize grains in the humid tropics(Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, 2016) Omobowale M.O.