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    Efficacy of Diatomaceous Earth and Vitellariaparadoxa Seed Oil in Storage of Cowpea under Ventilated and Non-ventilated Conditions
    (Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2019) Omobowale, M. O.; Akomolafe, O.P.
    Sto.age of cowpea is highly constrained by insect pest infestation and losses caused by the cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus, F.) are high. Several methods have been used over the years to protect cowpea grains in storage, but the use of synthetic insecticides is very dominant and this has led to problems, such as the killing of non-target species, user hazards, harmful food residues, and evolution of resistance to chemicals. A search for alternative insect pest control methods which are relatively less harmful to the user and cheaper has become essential. The effectiveness of Diatomaceous earth (DE) and Vitellaria paradoxa seed oil (VPSO) for cowpea storage in polypropylene and jute bags under ventilated and non-ventilated storeroom conditions were investigated over three months period. Crude DE was applied at a dose rate of 1 g/kg of cowpea and a diluted concentration (10% v/v) of VPSO of 400 mL was mixed with 8 kg of cowpea. Live insect count, dead insect count, and germination percentage were assessed weekly while proximate analysis was carried out before and after storage. Mean live insect count increased in the ventilated store-room from 0.67±0.34 to 36.13±19.51insects/kg after 1 month and 3 months of storage respectively for untreated cowpea. Insect population in treated samples increased from 0.38±0.26to 24.78±23.33, and from 0.17±0.30 to 10.75±5.27 for DE and VPSO treated samples, respectively. In the non-ventilated storeroom, insect population increased from 0.33±0.26 to 36.96±19.09 for untreated cowpea, 0.17±0.20 to 33.08±30.07 for DE and 0.21±5.63 to 8.17±11.30 for VPSO treated cowpea. Based on insect count, both treatments were very effective in controlling cowpea weevil in the first two months of storage, however their potency reduced by the third month. The potency of DE deteriorated faster compared to VPSO however, DE treated cowpea was most effective , or retaining seed germination in both ventilated and non-ventilated storerooms. Proximate analysis showed that cowpea treated with both treatments had similar nutrient composition after storage. Diatomaceous earth and Vitellaria paradoxa seed oil have potentials in their raw form for short term insect pest control in the storage of cowpea.
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    EFFECTS OF DIATOMACEOUS EARTH ON THE PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF STORED COWPEA VARIETY (IT96D-610K)
    (Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, 2019) Sunmonu M.O.
    A stuck' was carried out to determine the effect of a raw diatomaceous earth (DE) obtained fromBularafa community in Yobe State, Nigeria on the proximate composition of stored cowpea variety (IT96D-610K). Twelve small scale prototype silos made of two different structures (wooden and galvanised mild steel (GMS)) were constructed and used in the storage of the cowpea for a 4-month period. 7000g of cowpea at 9.88% moisture content admixed withdiatomaceous earth havingtwo different particle sizes(0.075mm and 0.090mm) and three different concentrations(0.1g, 0.05g and 0g of DE/100g of cowpea)in varying combinations were loaded into each silo. The sample admixed with zero concentration of diatomaceous earth served as the control in each of the wooden and galvanised steel structures respectively. Temperature, relative humidity and moisture content within the storage structures were monitored. Proximate compositionsuch as ash, crude protein, fat, crude fibre, carbohydrate alongside moisture content were also measured.Significant differences (p<0.05) was observed between the control sample and treated samples.The values of moisture content, ash content and crude fibre increased while crude protein, fat and carbohydrate decreased with increased storage period. At the last month of storage, wooden silo recorded a higher temperature value (28.88˚C) compared to the galvanised steel (GMS) silo which showed (22.30˚C). An increase in moisture content was observed in both silos with wooden silos showing a higher percentage rise in both control and treated samples. At the end of the fourth month the average moisture content, ash content, crude protein, fat, crude fibre and carbohydrate content of control and treated samples were(10.57% and 13.39%), (4.12% and 4.16%), (22.75% and 22.69%),(1.95% and 1.90%),(2.21% and 2.23%) and (57.75% and 55.63%) in the GMS and wooden silos respectively.Cowpea admixed with diatomaceous earth stored in GMS silo showed the best nutritional quality. Hence of all the storage materials, storage time, particle size and concentration of DE used galvanised mild steel (GMS), 0.075mm particle size and 0.05g of DE/100g of cowpea for the first four weeks of storage were seen to be the best. These proved to be the best method of storage for cowpea as the procedure retained its proximate composition. The increased crude fibre level in the treated samples is a major indicator for good health
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