Theses & Dissertations
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://repository.ui.edu.ng/handle/123456789/3
Browse
2 results
Search Results
Item NUTRITIONAL, SENSORY AND STORAGE PROPERTIES OF SNACK PRODUCED FROM MAIZE (ZEA MAYS LINN) AND AFRICAN YAM BEAN SEED (SPHENOSTYLISSTENOCARPAHOCHST EX A. RICH) FLOUR BLENDS(2014) IDOWU, A. O.Low nutritional value and inconsistent sensory qualities arising from crude and non-standardised processing operations characterise most Nigerian maize-based snacks including kokoro. African Yam Bean Seed (AYB) is an underutilised crop with high nutritional value, but literature is sparse on its utilisation to enrich maize snacks. This study was designed to improve nutritional valueof kokoro by incorporating AYB Flour (AYBF). Varieties of maize (BR-9928-DMR-SY and TZL-Comp-4C2) and AYB (Tss-9 and Tss-30) were tested for processing suitability using physical and chemical properties. The better quality maize and easier to dehull AYB were processed into flours at ratios 100:0, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 and 0:100. Proximate composition, Trypsin Inhibition Activity (TIA), beta-carotene and amylose contents, functional and pasting properties of the flour blends were determined by standard methods. Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) experimental design, batters produced from blends of maize and AYBF at ratios 80:20, 70:30 and 60:40 were deep fried at varied temperatures (150, 160 and 170oC) and time (8, 10 and 12 min.) according to 17 combinations associated with three independent variables. Processing conditions including frying temperature, frying time and quantity of AYBF in the flour blends were independent variables while products' qualities were dependent variables. Proximate composition, TIA and texture of snacks were determined using AOAC methods. Kokorowith highest products' qualities were obtained from RSM as the optimum processing conditions. Kokoro was prepared at these optimum conditions and subjected to rancidity test weekly for fourteen weeks to determine its storage life using free fatty acid test. The kokoroand casein diet were separately fed to male wistar rats (90-110g) for 28 days using casein diet as standard to determine its protein availability. Sensory attributes of the products were determined using semi-trained panelists. Data were analysed using ANOVA at p=0.05. The BR-9928-DMR-SY maize was selected for its higher nutrient density (beta-carotene, 1.8μg/g). The AYB (Tss-30) was chosen based on its better ease of dehulling. Crude protein (10.5-15.7%), total ash (1.5-2.2%), crude fibre (1.3-4.1%), sugar (4.1-5.3%), TIA (2.9-6.7%) increased, while crude fat (4.9-3.9%), starch (66.6-51.2%), amylose (26.5-24.8%) and beta-carotene (1.8-0.9μg/g) decreased with increase in AYBF in the flour blends. Functional parameters showed no significant change among the flour blends except oil absorption capacity (80.1-57.1%). Peak viscosity (479-580cp) increased but pasting temperature (89.8-82.1oC) decreased with increase in AYBF. While crude protein content was not adversely affected with higher frying temperature and time, TIA (6.7-2.9%) decreased significantly, but crude fibre, crude fat, sugar and starch contents increased. Texture increased with increase in frying time. The best product was obtained from blend of Maize-AYB at ratio 70:30, fried at temperature, 155oC and time, 11.5min. Level of rancidity of the snack was tolerable up to 12 weeks. Protein availability of the kokorowas not significantly different (p<0.05) from that of casein. The kokoroproduced was acceptable to panelists up to 10 weeks of storage. Addition of African yam bean seed flour to kokoroimproved its nutritional content, creating a novel use for African yam bean seed. Standard processing conditions for producing kokoroof consistent sensory qualities was established.Item INCOME DIVERSIFICATION AND POVERTY AMONG RURAL FARM HOUSEHOLDS IN SOUTHWEST NIGERIA(2011) IDOWU, A. O.Rural development has been erroneously equated to agricultural development. The former works to diversify income through non-farm activities to complement proceeds of the latter. However, the actual role of non-farm income in poverty alleviation is not yet known among rural households. There is therefore the need to critically explore the roles of non-farm income diversification in rural poverty alleviation. The patterns and contributions of non-farm income diversification to poverty reduction among rural farm households in Southwest Nigeria were investigated. A multistage sampling technique was used to obtain data from rural farm households. Three states (Ekiti, Ogun and Osun) from the six south western states were randomly selected. Five agricultural zones were randomly selected from the three states based on probability proportionate to size. In each zone, four blocks and three cells per block were selected. Lastly, two farming communities per cell and four farming households per community were selected to make 480 farming households. Structured questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-economic characteristics, household assets, income generating activities, labour-use, income and expenditure. Descriptive statistics, Foster-Greer-Thorbecke poverty measures, Herfindal index, Tobit and Probit regression methods were employed for data analyses at p = 0.05. Mean age of household heads, household size and dependency ratio were 49.9 ± 0.6 years, 6.8 ± 0.1 and 0.7 ± 0.1, respectively. The mean year of schooling of household heads was 8.8 ± 0.2 and 83.7% of households were headed by male. The mean per capita income was N206.7 ± 160.3/day while the per capita cost of basic needs was N253.4 ± 28.6/day. The incidence, depth and severity of poverty were 76.4%, 32.9% and 17.3% respectively. Ninety four percent of the households derived their income from a diversified portfolio of livelihood activities, with non-farm activities accounting for 67.1% of the income. The non-farm activities included skilled (18.0%) and unskilled (22.9%) wage employment, self-employment (81.3%) and social and community service (8.8%). Self-employment was the largest non-farm income source contributing 42.1%. Involvement in non-farm labour activities was significantly higher among poor than non-poor farm households. The level of income diversification depicted by Herfindal index was 2.8 ± 0.04 and it was significantly higher among poor than non-poor farm households. The implicit wage rate of household labour use in farming activities (N1,773.4/manday) was significantly higher than in non-farm activities (N878.0/manday). Education (0.1) and electricity (0.5) significantly increased non-farm income diversification while distance to urban centre (-0.04), landholding (-0.6) and animal asset base (-0.2) significantly reduced non-farm income diversification. Participation in non-farm skilled (-0.1) and unskilled (-0.1) wage employments significantly reduced the probability of being poor. Other characters of respondents that significantly reduced the probability of being poor included education (-0.1), landholding (-0.4), investment asset base (-0.000005) and rural electricity (-0.1) while household size (0.1) increased the probability. Participation in skilled and unskilled wage employment significantly reduced poverty among rural farm households in Southwest Nigeria.