Medical Microbiology & Parasitology
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Item Malaria and COVID-19 co-infection: a symptom diagnostic challenge in a malaria endemic setting(Verduci International, 2021) Fowotade, A.; Bamidele, F. R.; Adekanmbi, O.; Fasina, O. N.; Famuyiwa, O.; Alonge, T. O.Objective: To determine the prevalence and risk factors for malaria and COVID-19 co-infection. Patients and methods: A total of 135 COVID-19 positive patients were consecutively recruited from the Infectious Diseases Hospital, Olodo, Ibadan, Oyo State. Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab samples were obtained during hospitalization and tested by Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) using the BGI SARS-Cov-2 kit (China). Blood was also obtained by needle prick and malaria tests were performed using the SD BIOLINE Malaria Ag P.f/Pan test. Risk factors were entered into individual case investigation forms. Results: Malaria and COVID-19 co-infection rate was 7%. The predominant clinical manifestation was fever (28.1%) and the study showed that COVID-19 and malaria co-infection was associated with increased odds of fever compared to COVID-19 mono-infection (p-value=0.415, OR=4.960). Significant risk factors for malaria/COVID-19 are age of participants (p= 0.000) and CT values for by SARS-Cov2 RTPCR (p=0.013). Fever is a common symptom in either malaria or COVID-19 infection thus posing a diagnostic challenge. Proper risk assessment of febrile patients and laboratory evaluation for COVID-19 and/ or malaria is a prerequisite for appropriate distinction.Item Serological profile of convalescent COVID-19 patients at an infectious diseases hospital in Nigeria(Sciencedomain International, 2021) Fowotade, A.; Fasuyi, T. O.; Omoruyi,E. C.; Alonge, T. O.Background: IgG antibodies may serve as promising targets to detect and evaluate immune responses against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Both IgA and IgM antibodies target the spike protein’s receptor binding domain and are rapidly decayed, while IgG antibodies remain relatively stable for longer periods in COVID-19 patients. Objectives: The current study was designed to detect the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among convalescent COVID-19 patients and to evaluate the relationship between these antibodies, the symptom grade and their baseline Cycle Threshold (CT) by RT-PCR. Methods: Eighty-nine convalescent COVID-19 patients on admission were recruited and tested until negative by RT-PCR. Sera obtained from participants were screened for SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies using rapid lateral flow assays. Results: It was observed that 93,3% and 77,5% respectively had IgM and IgG antibodies against the S1 protein of SARS-CoV-2. Majority (74,0%) presented with mild COVID-19 symptoms with a mean RT-PCR Ct value of 31,4. Conclusion: Convalescent COVID-19 patients develop a fairly good level of IgG antibodies. Theantibody status is not dependent on CT value or symptom grade. However, there was a significant correlation between baseline CT and time taken to test negative by RT-PCR.Item Association of the ABO blood group with SARS-CoV-2 infection in a community with low infection rate(International Society of Blood Transfusion, 2021) Kotila, T. R.; Alonge, T. O.; Fowotade, A.; Famuyiwa, O. I.; Akinbile, A. S.Background and objectives Reports on the association of the ABO phenotypes with infection by the SARS-CoV-2 virus have mostly come from countries with high infection rates. This study examined the possible association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the ABO phenotype in Black Africa. Materials and methods This report is from a single centre where both asymptomatic and symptomatic patients were quarantined. At the time of this report, Oyo State, Nigeria had carried out 15 733 tests of which 3119 were positive for the virus with 1952 recoveries and 37 deaths. The ABO distribution of patients was compared with that of a blood donor population. Results Of the 302 participants, 297 (98%) had their blood group determined, asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals were 123 (40_7%) and 179 (59_3%) respectively. Blood group O was significantly less represented among the patients (P < 0_01) while blood groups B and AB were significantly more represented (P < 0_01, P = 0_03 respectively). Patients with anti-B (groups A and O) were significantly less represented than those without anti-B (B and/or AB): B and AB (P < 0_001), B (P = 0_002), AB (P = 0_01). There was no difference in the blood group distribution of symptomatic and asymptomatic patients (v2 (3, N = 302) = 2_29; P = 0_51), but symptomatic patients with anti-A (groups B and O) were more represented than asymptomatic patients with anti-A (v2 4_89; P = 0_03). Conclusion The higher prevalence of blood group O and more potent beta haemolysins (anti-B antibodies) are likely reasons for the lower infectivity by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and severity of COVID-19 disease in the community.Item Haemocytometric profile of Nigerian patients with Covid-19(Faculty of Basic Mdical Sciences, University of Ibadan, 2021) Arinola, O. G.; Edem V. F.; Rahamon, S. K.; Fowotade, A.; Onifade, A. A.; Adekanmbi, O. B.; Salami, O. I.; Fashina, O. A.; Ishola, O. C.; Akinbola, I. O.; Akinbile, A. S.; Eegunjobi, O. A.; Bello, M. D.; Famuyiwa, O. I.; Olaoti, A. J.; Olaniyan, O. A.; Oke, C. A.; Johnson, O. J.; Fagbemi, S. O.; Alonge, T. O.The haemocytometric changes and possible interplay with duration of hospital stay, gender and age in Nigerians with COVID-19 were determined in this study. Routine haemocytometry was evaluated using a standard method and thereafter, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR); a marker of inflammation was calculated. Neutrophil percentage, total white blood cell (WBC) count and NLR were significantly higher while lymphocyte percentage was significantly lower in patients with COVID-19 compared with the controls. In females with COVID-19, neutrophil percentage was significantly higher compared with the males. Considering length of hospital stay, monocyte percentage was significantly higher in patients who spent more than 10 days on admission compared with those with 10 or fewer days of admission. At discharge, the proportion of patients with monocyte percentage above the reference range was significantly lower compared with baseline. Also, monocyte percentage in COVID-19 patients had significant positive correlation with days on admission. Alteration in haemocytometry worsens with increasing age as percentages of monocyte and neutrophil, NLR and WBC count were significantly higher while the lymphocyte percentage was significantly lower in patients aged 40 years and above compared with younger patients. Also, age had significant positive correlation with percentages of monocyte and neutrophil, NLR and WBC count but a significant negative correlation with lymphocyte percentage. Haemocytometric changes and inflammation in COVID-19 patients increase with age. Also, monocyte count could be an indicator of longer hospital stay and its reduction might be an indicator of recovery from the disease.