Medical Microbiology & Parasitology
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Item A 4-Year cross-sectional study of Hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women: need for policy decision(Ecronicon, 2022-03) Fowotade, A.; Omoruyi, E. C.; Adesina, O.; Adekanmbi, O.; Adetunji, S.; Akande, K. O.; Adepoju, A.Background: The elimination of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in Nigeria, especially among pregnant women requires commitment from the government and health policy makers. This is predicated on comprehensive surveillance and epidemiological data. The objective of the current study is to provide the epidemiological data and unique perspectives that will inform accurate advocacy and influence policy decisions. Materials and Methods: A 4-year cross-sectional study was conducted among 2,428 consecutively recruited consenting pregnant women attending antenatal care at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Venous blood was screened for HBsAg using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). HBsAg sero-negative samples were further tested for other HBV serological markers (anti-HBc, HBeAg and anti-HBe by ELISA. Socio-demographic and clinical details were obtained using a semi-structured questionnaire. Results: Overall HBsAg prevalence was 5.1% (2,305/2,482). Twenty three (1%) of the HBsAg sero-negative women tested positive to both anti-HBc and anti-HBe while 5.3% and 0.8% tested positive to only anti-HBc and anti-HBe, respectively. Additionally, 6.4% (38/594) of the HBV fully vaccinated pregnant women tested positive to HBsAg. Conclusion: Hepatitis B is endemic among Nigerian pregnant women. Serological patterns indicated possible occult hepatitis B infection. More political commitment from government and policy makers is urgently required.Item Multiple expansions of globally uncommon SARS-CoV-2 lineages in Nigeria(Nature Portfolio, 2022) Ozer, E. A.; Simons, L. M.; Adewumi, O. M.; Fowotade, A. A.; Omoruyi, E. C.; Adeniji, J. A.; Olayinka, O. A.; Dean, T. J.; Zayas, J.; Bhimalli, P. P.; Ash, M. K.; Maiga, A. I.; Somboro, A. M.; Maiga, M.; Godzik, A.; Schneider, J. R.; Mamede, J. I.; Taiwo, B. O.; Hultquist, J. F.; Lorenzo-Redondo, R.Disparities in SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance have limited our understanding of the viral population dynamics and may delay identification of globally important variants. Despite being the most populated country in Africa, Nigeria has remained critically under sampled. Here, we report sequences from 378 SARS-CoV-2 isolates collected in Oyo State, Nigeria between July 2020 and August 2021. In early 2021, most isolates belonged to the Alpha “variant of concern” (VOC) or the Eta lineage. Eta outcompeted Alpha in Nigeria and across West Africa, persisting in the region even after expansion of an otherwise rare Delta sublineage. Spike protein from the Eta variant conferred increased infectivity and decreased neutralization by convalescent sera in vitro. Phylodynamic reconstructions suggest that Eta originated in West Africa before spreading globally and represented a VOC in early 2021. These results demonstrate a distinct distribution of SARS-CoV-2 lineages in Nigeria, and emphasize the need for improved genomic surveillance worldwide.Item Multiple expansions of globally uncommon SARS-CoV-2 lineages in Nigeria(Nature Portfolio, 2022) Ozer, E. A.; Simons, L. M.; Adewumi, O. M.; Fowotade, A. A.; Omoruyi, E. C.; Adeniji, J. A.; Olayinka, O. A.; Dean, T. J.; Zayas, J.; Bhimalli, P. P.; Ash, M. K.; Maiga, A. I.; Somboro, A. M.; Maiga, M.; Godzik, A.; Schneider, J. R.; Mamede, J. I.; Taiwo, B. O.; Hultquist, J. F.; Lorenzo-Redondo, R.Disparities in SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance have limited our understanding of the viral population dynamics and may delay identification of globally important variants. Despite being the most populated country in Africa, Nigeria has remained critically under sampled. Here, we report sequences from 378 SARS-CoV-2 isolates collected in Oyo State, Nigeria between July 2020 and August 2021. In early 2021, most isolates belonged to the Alpha “variant of concern” (VOC) or the Eta lineage. Eta outcompeted Alpha in Nigeria and across West Africa, persisting in the region even after expansion of an otherwise rare Delta sublineage. Spike protein from the Eta variant conferred increased infectivity and decreased neutralization by convalescent sera in vitro. Phylodynamic reconstructions suggest that Eta originated in West Africa before spreading globally and represented a VOC in early 2021. These results demonstrate a distinct distribution of SARS-CoV-2 lineages in Nigeria, and emphasize the need for improved genomic surveillance worldwide.Item Hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women on antenatal visits: rapid tests or ELISA?(African Society for Clinical and Experimental Microbiology, 2021) Fowotade, A.; Adetunji, S. O.; Amadi, E.; Ishola, I. O.; Omoruyi, E. C.Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global public health challenge with over 360 million people infected worldwide, and is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The hepatitis B surface antigen (HBSAg) is the most important marker for HBV screening, and HBSAg rapid screening test methods are the most widely used compared with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and nucleic acid testing methods. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the comparative efficacy of rapid test kits and ELISA for HBV screening among pregnant women on antenatal visits and to screen for other HBV serological markers among HBsAg positive patients. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study of 172 pregnant women who were recruited consecutively on their first antenatal visit at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria between November 2018 and February 2019. All participants were screened for HBsAg using both rapid immunochromatographic test (ICT) and ELISA techniques. HBsAg negative samples were further screened for anti-HBeAg/Ab, anti-HBcAg and anti-HBs by ELISA. Socio-demographic data of the participants were obtained using a semi-structured questionnaire, and data were analyzed using EPI INFO 7.2 statistical software. Results: The prevalence rate of HBsAg among pregnant women in this study was 10.5% (18/172). The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV) and the negative predictive value (NPV) of the rapid ICT kit were 72.2%, 97.4%, 94.8%, 76.5% and 96.8% respectively. Level of education, previous history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and previous positive HBV results were significantly associated with HBsAg seropositivity. Majority of the pregnant women (66.9%) tested negative to all the serological markers. Conclusion: The low efficacy of rapid ICT kits compared to ELISA justifies the need to develop a safer antenatal screening strategy for HBV by combining the use of the less sensitive rapid screening techniques with the more sensitive ELISA method to limit vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus.Item Serosurvey of human T cell lymphotropic virus I/II among blood donors in Gombe (Nigeria)(EDORIUM Journals, 2016) Manga, M. M.; Fowotade, A.; Yuguda, S.; Iya, G. A.; Yahaya, M.; Sheriff, Y. M.; Omoruyi, E. C.; Yola, I. M.; Bakare, R. A.Aim: This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of human T cell lymphotropic virus I/II (HTLV I/II) among blood donors at the Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe (FTHG), North-eastern, Nigeria. Methods: A total of 355 blood donors were recruited at the hematology department of FTHG for a hospital based crosssectional study and were screened/confirmed for HTLV I/II by ELISA and western blot methods. Results: Seroprevalence of HTLV I/II among the 355 participants with mean age of 30.77 years (±8.27) was 6.5% on screening with ELISA but confirmed to be 0% by western blot. Majority were males, 352 (99.2%) and mostly (45.9%) between 21–30 years of age. Donors for family replacements predominated (85.1%) with more than half (58.6%) being first time blood donors. Conclusion: This study reveals the absence of HTLV I/II among blood donors in Gombe Northeastern Nigeria. It also highlights the possibility of false positivity in some of the reported prevalence of HTLV I and II from some parts of Nigeria that were based on screening tests only. The importance of confirmatory testing in all research works on HTLV (including HTLV 3 and HTLV 4) is further strengthened with this study. There is however the need for a larger study and the use of molecular diagnostics to reconfirm this assertion.