Zoology

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Kaempferol alleviates neurodegenerative disorders induced by Naja nigricollis venom via mechanisms of antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, dopaminergic and neuronal functions
(Elsevier, 2024) Ajisebiola, B.S.; Mustapha, A-R.K.; Oyedara, O.O.; Oladele, J.O.; Adeyi, A.O.
"Naja nigricollis venom (NnV) contains neurotoxins that influence neurological functions. Kaempferol is a bioactive compound present in edible plants with numerous pharmacological activities. This study investigated the ameliorative potential of kaempferol against NnV-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Fifty male Wistar rats were randomized into five groups (n =10). Group 1 rats were the control while 1.0 mg/kg􀀀1 (LD50) of NnV was injected intraperitoneally into rats in groups 2–5 to observed neurotoxicity. Group 2 was untreated post en- venomation, while groups 3–5 were treated with polyvalent antivenom, 4 and 8 mg/kg of kaempferol, respec- tively. The biochemical analysis, neurotoxicity, and pathomorphological defects were assessed in the brain of the envenomed treated rats. Envenomation with NnV elevated oxidative and inflammatory biomarkers, and induced neurotoxicity accompanied with neurobehavioral deficits, and severe pathohistological defects were seen in the brain of untreated envenomed rats. However, treatment with kaempferol significantly (p <0.05) decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and upregulated levels of reduce glutathione (GSH) antioxidant including su- peroxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) antioxidant enzymes, while inflammatory bio- markers; nitric oxide (NO) levels and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity significantly decreased in envenomed treated groups. Kaempferol upregulated dopamine concentration with significant suppression of acetylcholin- esterase (AchE) activity, and restored neurobehavioral and locomotor activities in envenomed treated rats. Also, severe pathomorphological alterations observed in the cortex of the brain were attenuated after kaempferol treatment. The underlaying ameliorative mechanisms of kaempferol are linked to its antioxidant activity, lipid peroxidation inhibition, anti-inflammatory activity, acetylcholinesterase suppression, and alleviation of dopa- mine system and neurobehavioral abilities."
"Inhibition of phospholipase A2 from Naja haje and Naja nigricollis venoms by active fraction of Moringa oleifera leaves: in vitro and in silico methods"
(Taylor & Francis, 2023) Adeyi, A.O.; Jimoh, A.O.; Ajisebiola, B.S.; Adeyi, O.E.; Metibemu, D.S.; Okonji, P.E.
Phospholipases are one of the principal toxic enzymes in snake venoms inducing a wide variety of pharmacological effects after envenomation. Natural inhibitors from plants are known to inhibit the toxic enzyme activities of snake venoms. In this study, ethanol crude extract of M. oleifera leaves was partitioned using n-hexane and ethyl acetate after which fractionation was done using column and thin layer chromatography. Subsequently, the inhibitory activities of the crude extract and sub-fractions of M. oleifera were investigated against phospholipases A2 isolated from Naja haje and Naja nigricollis venoms using in vitro and in-silico approaches while EchiTab-PLUS polyvalent antivenom was used as the standard drug. The molecular weight of isolated N. haje phospholipase A2 (NH-PL) and N. nigricollis phospholipase A2 (NN-PL) were 24.11 and 35.22 kDa respectively. NH-PL enzyme had a specific activity of 2.70 lM/min/mg substrate while NN-PL activity was 2.10 lM/min/mg substrate. The Km of NH-PL was 0.330 lM with Vmax of 0.085 lM/mL min while NN-PL had Vmax of 0.198 lM/mL.min and Km of 0.670 lM. M. oleifera nhexane sub-fraction 5 (MOLH5) exhibited a total inhibition of NN-PL and NH-PL enzyme activities at all concentrations used. Molecular docking of the phytoconstituents of MOLH5 against the catalytic site of phospholipase A2 revealed 2-Hydrazino-8-hydroxy-4-phenylquinoline as the lead compound and a potential drug candidate with a docking score of _6.789 kcal/mol. Findings indicated that MOLH5 possesses phospholipase A2 natural inhibitors that could be explored as a therapy for snake envenoming.
Antivenom activity of Moringa oleifera leave against pathophysiological alterations, somatic mutation and biological activities of Naja nigricollis venom
(Elsevier, 2020) Adeyi, A.O.; Ajisebiola, S.B.; Adeyi, E.O.; Alimba, C.G.; Okorie, U.G.
Moringa oleifera is a plant that has several medicinal properties, however, there are dearth of scientific information on the antivenom activities. This study therefore focused on the neutralizing activities of ethanol leaves extract of M. oleifera against Naja nigricollis venom toxicity in rats. For the in vivo study, forty male Albino wistar rats weighing between 180 and 195 g were randomly divided into eight groups of five rats each. Group 1 were in- jected with normal saline. Groups 2–7 were envenomed by a single intraperitoneal injec- tion of 1.0 mg/kg (LD 50 ) of the venom while groups 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 were treated with 100, 20 0, 30 0, 40 0 mg/kg of the extract and 0.2 ml of EchiTAB PLUS-ICP polyvalent antivenom, respectively. Group 7 was not treated post envenomation and group 8 was administered with plant extract only. Treatment with M. oleifera reversed acute anemia, significantly de- creased ( P < 0.05) plasma levels of the liver enzymes compared to the untreated group. There was significant increase in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythro- cytes in the treated groups compared to the normal control. There was a dose depen- dent inhibition of the hemorrhage and hemolysis induced by the venom in the groups treated with extract. The clotting time was prolonged in groups treated with extract and antivenom compared to the untreated group. Also, the antibodies (IgG) titre was signifi- cantly higher ( p < 0.5) in untreated group compared to other treated groups. The results obtained in this study indicated that M. oleifera possesses potent antivenom properties and emphasized its potential use for the treatment of snakebites.

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