Zoology
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Item Biosynthesis, characterization and antivenom activities of Moringa oleifera silver nanoparticles: an experimental approach(Zoological Society of Nigeria, 2023) Adeyi, A.O.; Olowookorun, T.O.; Ajisebiola, B.S.; Labulo, H.A.; Adeyi, O.E.; Ibrahim, H.Moringa oleifera has been previously established to possess neutralizing potentials against Echis ocellatus venom. This study however, investigated the bioefficacy of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized from M. oleifera leaf extract aimed at improving its bioactivity against E. ocellatus venom-induced toxicities using in vivo and in vitro methods. The intrinsic characteristics of the produced M. oleifera-Silver nanoparticles (MO-AgNPs) were carried out using energy dispersive X-ray, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Twenty-five male Wistar rats divided randomly into five groups (n=5) were used for the antivenom study. Group 1 received saline while groups 2 to 5 were envenomed intraperitoneally with 0.22mg/kg (LD50) of E. ocellatus venom. Group 2 was left untreated while groups 3 to 5 were treated with 0.2ml of antivenom, 5 and 10mg/kg MO-AgNPs post-envenomation, respectively. Blood and tissue of treated rats were analyzed for heamatological parameters and histopathology, respectively. The MO-AgNPs formation was confirmed with a colour change from light brown to yellowish-brown with maximum SPR band at 420nm from UV-Vis analysis, indicating a reflection of the bio-reduction of Ag+ to Ag0. The Transmission electron micrographs showed well dispersed spherical AgNPs with average particle size of 15.7nm. Treatment with MO-AgNPs caused a significant improvement of acute anemia, leucopenia and thrombocytopenia induced by the venom in the envenomed treated rats. Also, MO-AgNPs inhibited the haemorrhagic, haemolytic and anticoagulant activities of the venom. Tissue lesions observed in heart of envenomed untreated rats were attenuated after treatment with MO-AgNPs. The biosynthesized MO-AgNPs exhibited potent neutralizing potentials than M. oleifera crude extract against E. ocellatus venom toxicities.Item "Inhibition of phospholipase A2 from Naja haje and Naja nigricollis venoms by active fraction of Moringa oleifera leaves: in vitro and in silico methods"(Taylor & Francis, 2023) Adeyi, A.O.; Jimoh, A.O.; Ajisebiola, B.S.; Adeyi, O.E.; Metibemu, D.S.; Okonji, P.E.Phospholipases are one of the principal toxic enzymes in snake venoms inducing a wide variety of pharmacological effects after envenomation. Natural inhibitors from plants are known to inhibit the toxic enzyme activities of snake venoms. In this study, ethanol crude extract of M. oleifera leaves was partitioned using n-hexane and ethyl acetate after which fractionation was done using column and thin layer chromatography. Subsequently, the inhibitory activities of the crude extract and sub-fractions of M. oleifera were investigated against phospholipases A2 isolated from Naja haje and Naja nigricollis venoms using in vitro and in-silico approaches while EchiTab-PLUS polyvalent antivenom was used as the standard drug. The molecular weight of isolated N. haje phospholipase A2 (NH-PL) and N. nigricollis phospholipase A2 (NN-PL) were 24.11 and 35.22 kDa respectively. NH-PL enzyme had a specific activity of 2.70 lM/min/mg substrate while NN-PL activity was 2.10 lM/min/mg substrate. The Km of NH-PL was 0.330 lM with Vmax of 0.085 lM/mL min while NN-PL had Vmax of 0.198 lM/mL.min and Km of 0.670 lM. M. oleifera nhexane sub-fraction 5 (MOLH5) exhibited a total inhibition of NN-PL and NH-PL enzyme activities at all concentrations used. Molecular docking of the phytoconstituents of MOLH5 against the catalytic site of phospholipase A2 revealed 2-Hydrazino-8-hydroxy-4-phenylquinoline as the lead compound and a potential drug candidate with a docking score of _6.789 kcal/mol. Findings indicated that MOLH5 possesses phospholipase A2 natural inhibitors that could be explored as a therapy for snake envenoming.Item "Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Moringa oleifera Leaves Mollified Toxicological Activities Actuated by Bitis arietans (Puff adder) Venom"("Faculty of Physical Sciences and Faculty of Life Sciences, Univ. of Ilorin, Nigeria", 2022) Ajisebiola, B.S.; Oyinlola, R.R.; Akintunde, S.O.; Paul, O.; Adeyi, A.O.Bitis arietans (Puff adder) venom possess numerous biological active toxins exhibiting toxicological actions after envenoming. Moringa oleifera crude extract has been documented to extenuate toxicities induced by B. arietans venom. This study reported the efficacy of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol solvent fractions obtained from crude extract of M. oleifera against the lethal dose toxicity, biological activities and oxidative stress induced by B.arietans venom to ascertain the best fraction with active antivenom phytochemicals. Forty-five male rats were randomly selected into nine groups (n=5) for the anti-oxidative stress study. Groups 1 served as control; group 2 to 9 were envenomed by a single intraperitoneal injection of 1.5 mg/kg (LD50) of the venom. Group 2 was not treated post envenomation while groups 3 was treated with polyvalent antivenom. Group 4, 6 and 8 were treated with 300 mg/kg while group 5, 7 and 9 were treated with 600 mg/kg of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol solvent fractions of M. oleifera respectively. High dose of M. oleifera ethyl acetate solvent fraction best neutralized the lethal dose toxicity and strongly inhibited the heamorrhagic and anticoagulant activities of B. arietans venom. The venom induced oxidative stress with significant (P<0.05) enhancement of Superoxide Dismutase, Catalase and Malondialdehyde levels in serum and heart tissues of untreated envenomed rats. However, ethyl acetate solvent fraction was most effective in normalizing the antioxidant enzyme activities of envenomed treated rats. Results showed that ethyl acetate fraction of M. oleifera possesses active antivenom phytochemicals against B. arietans venom induced toxicities.Item Inhibition of Echis ocellatus venom metalloprotease by flavonoid-rich ethyl acetate sub-fraction of Moringa oleifera (Lam.) leaves: in vitro and in silico approaches(Taylor & Francis, 2021) Adeyi, A.O.; Mustapha, K.K.; Ajisebiola, B.S.; Adeyi, O.E.; Metibemu, D.S.; Okonji, R.E"Envenoming by Echis ocellatus is potentially life-threatening due to severe hemorrhage, renal failure and capillary leakage. These effects are attributed to snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs). Due to drawbacks in the use of antivenin, natural inhibitors from plants are of interest in studies of new antivenin treatment. Antagonizing effects of bioactive compounds of Moringa oleifera is yet to be tested against SVMPs of E. ocellatus (SVMP-EO). Ethanol crude extract of M. oleifera was partitioned using n-hexane and ethyl acetate. Each partitions was fractionated using column chromatography and tested against SVMP-EO purified through ion exchange chromatography with EchiTab-PLUS polyvalent antivenin as control. Phytoconstituents of ethyl acetate fraction was screened against catalytic site of crystal of BaP1-SVMP while drug-likeness and ADMET toxicity of compound was equally determined. The molecular weight of isolated SVMP-EO was 43.28 kDa, with specific activity of 245 U/ml, percentage yield of 62.83 % and purification fold of 0.920. The Vmax and Km values are 2 mg/ml and 38.095 imol/ml/min, respectively while the optimal pH and temperature are 6.0 and 40 °C, respectively. Polyvalent antivenin, crude extract and ethyl acetate fraction of M. oleifera exhibited complete inhibitory effect against SVMP-EO activity. Inhibitions of P-1 and P-II metalloprotease's enzymes by ethyl acetate fraction are largely due to methanol, 6, 8, 9-trimethyl-4-(2-phenylethyl)-3-oxabicyclo[3.3.1]non-6-en-1-yl)- and paroxypropione, respectively. Both compounds are potential drug candidates with little or no concern of toxicity as revealed from in-silico predictions. The inhibitory effects suggest that this compound might be therapeutic candidate for further exploration for treatment of Ocellatus' envenoming."Item "Moringa oleifera Extract Extenuates Echis ocellatus Venom‐Induced Toxicities, Histopathological Impairments and Inflammation via Enhancement of Nrf2 Expression in Rats"(MDPI, 2021) Adeyi, A.O.; Adeyemi, S.O.; Effiong, E‐O.P.; Ajisebiola, B.S.; Adeyi, O.E.; James, A.S.Echis ocellatus snakebite causes more fatalities than all other African snake species combined. Moringa oleifera reportedly possesses an antivenom property. Therefore, we evaluated the effectiveness of M. oleifera ethanol extract (MOE) against E. ocellatus venom (EOV) toxicities. Thirty male rats were grouped as follows (n = 5): Group 1 (normal control received saline), groups 2 to 6 were administered intraperitoneally, 0.22 mg/kg (LD50) of EOV. Group 2 was left untreated while group 3 to 6 were treated post‐envenoming with 0.2 mL of polyvalent antivenom, 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg of MOE respectively. MOE significantly (p<0.05) normalized the altered haematological indices and blood electrolytes profiles. MOE attenuated venom‐induced cellular dysfunctions, characterized by a significant increase in NRF2, and concomitant downregulation of increased antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) activities in the serum and heart of the treated rats. MOE normalized the elevated TNF‐α and IL‐1β in serum and heart tissues. Furthermore, the IgG titre value was significantly (p<0.5) higher in the envenomed untreated group compared to the MOE‐treated groups. Hemorrhagic, hemolytic and coagulant activities of the venom were strongly inhibited by the MOE dose, dependently. Lesions noticed on tissues of vital organs of untreated rats were abolished by MOE. Our findings substantiate the effectiveness of MOE as a potential remedy against EOV toxicities.Item "Neutralization of Bitis arietans venom-induced pathophysiological disorder, biological activities and genetic alterations by Moringa oleifera leaves"(Taylor & Francis, 2020) Ajisebiola, B.S.; Rotimi, S.; Anwar, U.; Adeyi, O.A.Bitis arietans venom (BAV) is known to cause various pathophysiological disorders by altering the cellular inclusions and enzymatic activities of different organs. Moringa oleifera leaf has been reportedly used for treatment of snake envenoming but there is no information on its neutralizing potentials against Bitis arietans venom. This study investigated the antivenin activity of ethanol crude extract of M. oleifera leaf on B. arietans envenomed rats and its inhibitory effects on some biological activities of the venom. The lethal dose (LD50) of BAV was estimated at 1.5 mg/ kg_1. BAV induced various toxic effects in the in vivo study however, treatment with M. oleifera leaf extract (MOLE) ameliorated BAV-induced hypernatraemia and hypercalcemia. Acute anemia observed in untreated envenomed rats was reversed after treatment with various concentrations of MOLE with a significant (p<0.05) dose dependent increase in hematological indices. Liver damage in untreated envenomed rats as indicated by higher concentration of serum liver enzymes and higher concentration of antioxidant enzymes were significantly (p<0.05) decreased in MOLE treated rats. Also, BAV exhibited hemorrhagic, hemolytic and coagulating activities which were inhibited in a dose dependent manner by MOLE. A mild DNA fragmentation noticed in tissues of the heart of untreated envenomed rats was ameliorated in the MOLE treated rats. Results obtained in this study indicated that M. oleifera leaf have antivenin activity against B. arietans venom induced toxicities and underscores its use in folk medicine for the treatment of snake bites.Item Antivenom activity of Moringa oleifera leave against pathophysiological alterations, somatic mutation and biological activities of Naja nigricollis venom(Elsevier, 2020) Adeyi, A.O.; Ajisebiola, S.B.; Adeyi, E.O.; Alimba, C.G.; Okorie, U.G.Moringa oleifera is a plant that has several medicinal properties, however, there are dearth of scientific information on the antivenom activities. This study therefore focused on the neutralizing activities of ethanol leaves extract of M. oleifera against Naja nigricollis venom toxicity in rats. For the in vivo study, forty male Albino wistar rats weighing between 180 and 195 g were randomly divided into eight groups of five rats each. Group 1 were in- jected with normal saline. Groups 2–7 were envenomed by a single intraperitoneal injec- tion of 1.0 mg/kg (LD 50 ) of the venom while groups 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 were treated with 100, 20 0, 30 0, 40 0 mg/kg of the extract and 0.2 ml of EchiTAB PLUS-ICP polyvalent antivenom, respectively. Group 7 was not treated post envenomation and group 8 was administered with plant extract only. Treatment with M. oleifera reversed acute anemia, significantly de- creased ( P < 0.05) plasma levels of the liver enzymes compared to the untreated group. There was significant increase in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythro- cytes in the treated groups compared to the normal control. There was a dose depen- dent inhibition of the hemorrhage and hemolysis induced by the venom in the groups treated with extract. The clotting time was prolonged in groups treated with extract and antivenom compared to the untreated group. Also, the antibodies (IgG) titre was signifi- cantly higher ( p < 0.5) in untreated group compared to other treated groups. The results obtained in this study indicated that M. oleifera possesses potent antivenom properties and emphasized its potential use for the treatment of snakebites.Item Moringa oleifera leaf fractions attenuated Naje haje venom-induced cellular dysfunctions via modulation of Nrf2 and inflammatory signalling pathways in rats(Elsevier, 2020) Adeyi, A.O.; Ajisebiola, B.S.; Adeyi, O.E.; Adekunle, O.; Akande, O.B.; James, A.S.; Ajayi, B.O.; Yusuf, P.O.; Idowu, B.A."Naja haje envenoming could activate multiple pathways linked to haematotoxic, neurological, and antioxidant systems dysfunctions. Moringa oleifera has been used in the management of different snake venom-induced toxicities, but there is no scientific information on its antivenom effects against Naja haje. This study thus, investigated the antivenom activities of different extract partitions of M. oleifera leaves against N. haje enve- noming. Forty five male rats were divided into nine groups (n =5). Groups 2 to 9 were envenomed with 0.025 mg/kg (LD50) of N. haje venom while group 1 was given saline. Group 2 was left untreated, while group 3 was treated with polyvalent antivenom, groups 4, 6 and 8 were treated with 300 mg/kg1 of N-hexane, ethylacetate and ethanol partitions of M. oleifera, respectively. Groups 5, 7 and 9 were also treated with 600 mgkg1of the partitions, respectively. Ethanol extract and ethyl acetate partition of M. oleifera significantly improved hae- matological indices following acute anaemia induced by the venom. Likewise, haemorrhagic, haemolytic and anti-coagulant activities of N. haje venom were best inhibited by ethanol partition. Envenoming significantly down-regulated Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) with the consequent elevation of antioxidant enzymes activities in the serum and brain. Treatment with extract partitions however, elevated Nrf2 levels while normalising antioxidant enzyme activities. Furthermore, there were reduction in levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and interleukin-1β) in tissues of treated envenomed rats. This study concludes that ethanol partition of M. oleifera was most effective against N. haje venom and could be considered as a potential source for antivenom metabolites."