Community Medicine

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Willingness of tobacco retailers in Oyo State to participate in tobacco control programmes
(E.U. European Publishing, 2018) Uchendu, O.; Adebiyi, A. O.; Adeyera, O.
INTRODUCTION Tobacco control strategies have not incorporated retailers, despite being the focus by the tobacco industry to promote its products. Few studies exist on their possible roles in tobacco control. This study, therefore, assessed retailer awareness of tobacco control laws and willingness to be involved in control activities. METHODS A cross sectional study was carried out on all 218 tobacco retailers in Ibarapa Central and Ibarapa East Local Government Areas of Oyo State. The willingness of tobacco retailers to participate in tobacco-use control was evaluated using a questionnaire. RESULTS The majority of the respondents were females (95%), and 30-39 years old with respect to age. Almost two-thirds (65%) of the respondents reported the sale of tobacco as a profitable business, and a third reported that their income would decrease if they stopped tobacco sales. Up to 35% of retailers were aware of laws restricting smoking in public places and 45% aware of a ban on the sale of tobacco products to minors. Retailers were willing to: support anti-tobacco legislations (84%), counsel smokers to quit smoking (84%), and display anti-tobacco messages in their shops (77%). CONCLUSIONS The sale of tobacco products is a profitable venture for retailers. Willingness to participate in tobacco control was high among the retailers. There is a need to raise awareness and co-opt tobacco retailers as change agents in tobacco control efforts.
Perceived effectiveness of graphic health warnings as a deterrent for smoking initiation among adolescents in selected schools in southwest Nigeria
(BioMed Central Ltd, 2016) Adebiyi, A. O.; Uchendu, O. C.; Bamgboye, E.; Ibitoye, O.; Omotola, B.
Background: There has been a sustained increment in young people initiating smoking in low middle income countries like Nigeria. Health warnings on cigarette packages are a prominent source of health information and an effective means of communicating specific disease risks to adolescents and young adults alike. This study evaluated the perceived effectiveness of selected graphic warnings on smoking initiation amongst in-school adolescents. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted amongst secondary school students aged 13–17years in Igbo-Ora, Nigeria. A two-stage sampling technique with the school classes as the final sampling unit was used to select the students. An interviewer assisted questionnaire was used to obtain information on students demographic characteristics and their perception of graphic warnings using four images from the pictorial health warning galleries of the World Health Organization showing: ‘cigarette smoking causes cancer of the airways, harms children, causes stroke and causes impotence respectively'. Results: A total of 544 senior secondary students were included in this study with a male female ratio of 0.8:1. Of those interviewed, 40 (7.4 %) indicated that they had ever considered smoking, nine (1.7 %) responded that they had ever smoked and two students indicated that they were current smokers. With all the images, fear was the dominant emotion expressed by the respondents. This was expressed by 307 (56.4), 215 (39.5), 203 (37.3) and 228 (41.9 %) respondents to images 1, 2, 3, and 4 respectively. Furthermore, 76.7, 44.7, 58.5 and 62.1 % of respondents felt Images 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively will to a large extent prevent people from initiating smoking. There was no association between perceived effectiveness and gender. However, those younger than 15 years rated images on cancer of the airway and impotence as probably effective to a larger extent than did those who were 15 years and older (p = 0.032). Conclusion: Introduction of graphic health warnings, especially with an imagery depicting cancer and impotence may influence non-smokers to remain abstinent. Therefore, this study provides a template for a future policy-relevant study on graphic health warning in Nigeria.
Falls and outcomes amongst old people in rural dwellings
(Association of Resident Doctors (ARD), University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan, Nigeria., 2009) Adebiyi, A. O.; Uchendu, O. C.; Ikotun, O. T.; Oluleye, O. W.; Olukotun, O. P.
Background: Falls are the leading cause of injury deaths among people 65 years and older. This study gives an insight into the prevalence of falls among older people and how they occur in a rural setting in Nigeria. Methods: A community based survey of 210 consenting old people aged 65 years and above selected using a multi-stage sampling technique was done. Study instrument was a semi-structured interviewer administered questionnaire and visual acuity was tested using Snellens chart. Results: Incidence of falls was 21.4%. Of those who had falls, 86.7% were walking while 11.1% were either sitting or running when it occurred. The nature of the fall was tripping in 44.4%, slipping in 35.6% and hitting an object in 17.8% of cases. Consequences of falls included pain 48.9%, bruises 22.2%, lacerations 13.3% and fractures 11.1%. Females had more falls than males; 23.8% vs 19.0%, p = 0.40. Major injuries resulting from falls also occurred more frequently amongst females than males; 30.7% vs. 15.0%, p = 0.3. History of diabetes and alcohol use increased the odds of falling (OR 4.1, 95% CI 1.0 – 16.0; OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.0 – 4.6 respectively). Being in a monogamous marriage and having normal sight were protective of having falls (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2 – 0.9; OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2 – 0.9 respectively). Conclusion: Falls often occur from tripping and slipping while females are more likely to have major injuries. Risk factors for falls were alcohol use and diabetes while having normal sight and being monogamous were protective. Prevention should aim at a life course approach to addressing these intrinsic and extrinsic factors.

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