Clinical Pharmacy & Administration

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COVID-19 in Nigeria; Is the pharmaceutical sector spread?
(Elsevier, 2020) Akande-Sholabi, W.; Adebisi, A. Y.; Bello, A.; Ilesanmi, O
Pharmacy students’ knowledge of psychotropic medicines and their attitude towards providing pharmaceutical care to patients with anxiety in Nigeria
(Nigeria Association of Pharmacists in Academia (NAPA), 2022) Akande-Sholabi, W.|| || ||; Bakare, O. E.; Adebisi, A. Y.; Odeku, O.
Background: Healthcare professionals, such as pharmacists, play critical roles in the management of mental disorders by assessing the potential for adverse reactions, providing medication counseling, and medication review optimize treatment regimens. Objectives: This study aims to assess the knowledge of pharmacy students in a Nigerian university regarding psychotropic medicines and their attitude towards providing pharmaceutical care to patients with anxiety. Method: A cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted in May 2021 among fourth- and fifth-year pharmacy students in a Nigerian university. The data were summarized using descriptive statistics, such as frequencies and percentages. Chi square was utilized to examine the association between the demographic characteristics and the respondents' overall knowledge and attitude. Results: The response rate was 85%, as 126 responses were received. About half of the respondents 69 (54.8%) reported that they have received training on psychotropic medicines and 9 (9.1%) have been previously diagnosed with anxiety disorders. Only 53 (42.1%) and 71 (56.3%) of our respondents knew that escitalopram and alprazolam are categorized as anxiolytics respectively. Most respondents would like to talk to patients with anxiety about their medications 110 (87.3%), attend training on pharmaceutical care for patients with anxiety 103 (81.7%), and obtain a medication history for people with anxiety 113 (89.7%). Ninety-four (74.6%) pharmacy students would like to suggest prescription medication for a patient with anxiety and only 88 (69.8%) would like to correct any errors in prescription in any anxiety cases. Our findings also revealed that there is a significant association between the students’ attitude and year of study (p=0.038) and previous training on psychotropic medicines (p=0.004). Conclusion: Findings from this study suggested that participants require improved knowledge and training of psychotropic medicines.
Prevalence, knowledge, and perception of self-medication practice among undergraduate healthcare students
(Taylor & Francis, 2021) Akande-Sholabi, W.; Ajamu, T.A.; Adebisi, A. Y.
Background: Globally, self-medication is a common practice, and an increasingly perceived necessity to relieve burdens on health services. However, inappropriate self-medication may result to reduced health outcomes, increased antimicrobial resistance and economic waste. Healthcare students are the future health professionals who will be consistently responsible for educating the public on rational use of medication. This study therefore aimed to assess the prevalence, knowledge and perception of self-medication practices among healthcare students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 866 healthcare students in a Nigerian University, comprising medical, nursing and pharmacy students. Information was garnered from respondents using a self-administered questionnaire. Data were summarized with descriptive statistics, while Chi-square and logistic regression tests were used for categorical variables at p<0.05. Results: Mean age was 21±2.8 years, and female respondents were 447 (51.6%). Prevalence of self-medication among respondents was 473 (54.6%). A total of 288 (55.3%) demonstrated good knowledge of self-medication practices, comprising 250 (52.2%) among those who have previously self-medicated and 229 (47.8%) among those who had not. Reasons for engaging in self-medication practices were mentioned to include treatment of minor ailments (357; 32.4%), while 248 (22.5%) believed they had the medical knowledge of what to use. Analgesic (353; 30.1%), anti‐malarial (352; 30.0%), and antibiotics (182; 15.5%) were the commonest classes of medication used for self-medication. Headache (363; 18.4%), malaria (334; 16.9%), and cough (184; 9.3%) were the most frequently treated conditions. More than half (281; 59.4%) of the respondents’ purchased their self-medicated drugs from the community pharmacy. Gender and respondents’ disciplines were found to be the independent predictors for good knowledge of self-medication practice. Conclusion: Prevalence of self-medication among the studied healthcare students is moderately high, while approximately half demonstrates good knowledge and perception of self-medication practices. Stimulation for self-medication practice largely arise from the perception of treating minor ailments. This underscores a need for advocacy on responsible self-medication practice during the formal training of these future health professionals, in order to avert its imminent/widespread negative consequences.
Promoting Cessation and a Tobacco Free Future: Knowledge and Attitude of Pharmacy Students Regarding Smoking Cessation in a Nigerian University
(Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 2022) Akande-Sholabi, W.; Adebisi, A. Y.
Tobacco smoking is a global public health threat and the largest single driver of health inequalities. Currently, there are over a billion smokers worldwide with approximately 80% of the smokers living in low-and-middle-income countries like Nigeria. Knowledge gaps on smoking cessation among pharmacy students might impact the quality of service these future pharmacists would provide in practice. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of pharmacy students regarding smoking cessation in a Nigerian university. A University-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 277 pharmacy students of a Nigerian university using a pretested self-administered questionnaire between August and December 2019. Data were summarised descriptively using IBM SPSS (version 23). Most of the pharmacy students 203 (73.2%) agreed it is the pharmacists’ responsibility to support patients with smoking cessation. The majority of our respondents 226 (81.6%) reported pharmacy students need more training on smoking cessation. Thirty-three (11.9%) pharmacy students knew nicotine does not cause cancer. Less than one-tenth 27 (9.7%) of the pharmacy students were aware of smoking cessation products. Overall, 203 (73.2%) respondents had poor knowledge (score < 60%) and an average positive attitude about smoking cessation. Pharmacy students have suboptimal knowledge about smoking cessation. However, they revealed a positive attitude towards smoking cessation. Therefore, there is a need for educational interventions to address the deficit in smoking cessation knowledge, as well as equip future healthcare providers. Thus, improving the quality of public health especially among smokers in Nigeria.
Public health activities: Evaluation of community pharmacists’ attitude, practice, and barriers in a Nigerian southwestern state
(Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 2023) Akande-Sholabi, W.; Akinbintan, A. A; Adebisi, A. Y.
The Nigerian health system continues to face double burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases. To meet the country’s health needs, the number of healthcare professionals participating in public health activities must be increased. The purpose of this study was to assess the attitudes, practices and barriers to rendering public health services among community pharmacists in a southwestern Nigerian state. We used a pretested self-administered questionnaire to collect data on 120 community pharmacists’ socio-demographic characteristics, practices, attitudes and barriers to providing public health services. Participating pharmacists must have at least one year of experience working in a community pharmacy. Data were summarised descriptively using IBM SPSS (version 23.0). Females’ respondents were (n = 69, 57.5%) and (n = 82, 68.3%) pharmacists had 1 year–5 years’ experience. Most (n = 116, 96.7%) of the respondents agreed that pharmacists should be involved in public health activities, and (n = 106, 88.3%) respondents disagreed that public health activities should be carried out only by doctors and nurses. Overall (n =89, 74.0%) of the respondents had positive attitude to public health activities (score ≥ 80%) and majority of the community pharmacists had been practicing public health activities. Insufficient time (n = 65, 54.2%) and lack of financial capital to implement changes (n = 84, 70.0%) were identified as prominent barriers that hindered community pharmacists from rendering public health services. Community pharmacists had positive attitude towards the practice of public health activities. However, further studies should emphasise on how to overcome barriers preventing their involvement in public health activities. Providing incentives for public health services rendered could increase community pharmacists’ involvement in public health activities.
The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on medicine security in Africa: Nigeria as a case study
(Pan African Medical Center for Public Information and Research, 2020) Akande-Sholabi, W.; Adebisi, A. Y.
COVID-19 is an unprecedented pandemic posing major threat to global public health. In the past decades of years or so, one could have heard of how dangerous it is to be virtually reliant on medicine supply from other countries. Nonetheless, no action was taken because it seemed to many that the global trade system was operational and Nigerians as well as citizens of African countries appear to have sufficient supply of the medications required at quite appealing cost. Currently in 2020, this apprehension has revolved from an imaginary problem to an actual challenge that might have consequences for millions nationwide due to COVID-19 pandemic. Now, African countries can realize that putting all our eggs in one basket was not such a good idea. In Nigeria, over 70% of the prescribed medications are produced from active ingredients (API) primarily sourced from firms in China and India. Access to medicine is an integral part of healthcare systems, uninterrupted access to medicine is much needed and essential for the well-being of the population. We are now approaching the conclusion that it is more reasonable to probably invest a little more to resuscitate a domestic pharmaceutical synthesis and herbal medicine research capacity in Nigeria and across African countries to improve public health.
Therapeutic lifestyle strategies taught in Nigerian pharmacy schools
(West African Postgraduate College of Pharmacists (WAPCP), 2022) Akande-Sholabi, W.; Adebisi, A. Y.; Odeku O.
Background: Therapeutic lifestyle modifications are the basis of treatment and prevention of numerous chronic diseases. Objectives: To describe the therapeutic lifestyle modifications taught in Nigerian pharmacy schools. METHODS: A short self-administered online questionnaire (using Google Form), to ascertain the curricular coverage of therapeutic lifestyle modification in undergraduate pharmacy training programs was sent to the Deans of all accredited schools of pharmacy in Nigeria (n = 20). The collected data were summarized using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Thirteen schools of pharmacy participated in the study. All the schools taught at least one of the 10 specified therapeutic lifestyle strategies. Less than a third taught smoking cessation (2.0, 15.4%), lifestyle modifications for pregnant women (2.0, 15.4%) and patients with mental health issues (1.0, 7.7%). CONCLUSIONS: There are variations in the content of teaching of therapeutic lifestyle approaches in Nigerian pharmacy schools. To enhance therapeutic lifestyles, it is essential to improve the content and teaching of therapeutic lifestyle strategies in Nigerian pharmacy schools. All schools should do more to ensure that they are providing adequate training to enable students to be prepared for delivering support to all patients (including pregnant women and mental health patients) on therapeutic lifestyles.
Toward pharmacy-based smoking cessation services in Nigeria: Knowledge, perception and practice of community pharmacists
(European Publishing, 2021) Akande-Sholabi, W.; Adebisi, A. Y.
Introduction Worldwide, tobacco smoking is one of the leading causes of avoidable deaths. In Nigeria, there is currently no clinical guidelines for tobacco dependence treatment. However, globally, pharmacy-based smoking cessation intervention has been associated with improved cessation rates and quality of life. This study aims at assessing the knowledge and perception of community pharmacists about smoking cessation and tobacco harm reduction as well as barriers to the practice of pharmacy-based smoking cessation intervention. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was carried out among 104 community pharmacists, between August and December 2019, using a self-administered paper questionnaire. Data entering, cleansing, and analysis were done using IBM SPSS (version 23). Descriptive statistics including frequencies and percentages were used to summarize the data. RESULTS Thirteen pharmacists (12.5%) were providing smoking cessation services. One-tenth (10.6%) of the pharmacists were aware of tobacco harm reduction. The majority (89.4%) were willing to attend smoking cessation training. Among the respondents, 65 (62.5%) had poor knowledge regarding smoking cessation and tobacco harm reduction. Lack of knowledge and skills were reported by all (100%) as a barrier to providing the service. However, 101 (97.1%) community pharmacists agreed that smoking cessation treatment is an important role of pharmacists. CONCLUSIONS A suboptimal level of knowledge of smoking cessation and tobacco harm reduction was noted among the community pharmacists. However, they believed smoking cessation intervention is an important role of pharmacists. It is advocated that smoking cessation training should be included as part of the Pharmacists’ Council of Nigeria Mandatory Continuing Professional Development Training. Thus, it is imperative to establish basic national smoking cessation guidelines that can be functional towards reducing mortality and morbidity associated with tobacco smoking in Nigeria.