Economics
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Item EXCISE TAXATION IN NIGERIA(1970) ADEWUMI, M. O.Item THE DEMAND FOR CIGARETTES IN NIGERIA, 1950 - 1971; AN ECONOMETRIC STUDY(1973) ADIKIBI, O. T.Cigarette, besides being an important source of Excise tax revenue to many countries, has interesting theoretical implications mainly because of the very peculiar consumer needs it satisfies and because it has no exact direct substitute, except substitution among the different brands that exist. Over the years, the consumption of cigarettes in Nigeria has increased remarkably despite all the medical, social and religious campaigns against smoking. This study attempts at explaining the observed variations in the National consumption of cigarettes within the period 1950-71 as influenced by some variables, the strength of which the study tries to measure by applying econometric methods. The variables considered are economic and demographic factors; the economic factors include income and prices while the demographic variable is changes in the proportion of smokers in the population. The study therefore estimates the elasticities of demand for cigarette with respect to income, average price of cigarettes, price index of all other commodities and the demographic factor. The single equation model is adopted to analyse idle annual time- series used in the study. National aggregates as well as per capita data formulations were tested. For the dependent variable (i.e. quantity of cigarettes consumed) aggregation logically means the assumption that cigarettes are homogeneous. The function adopted is non-linear in the original data but linearized in logarithms, the parameters of which were derived by least squares. Besides these other variables, a war-year dummy was introduced in the function to take care of "erractic factors" which affected the consumption of cigarettes during the Nigerian civil-war period, 1967-70. The analysis was carried out on two levels; the static and the dynamic approaches. While in the former the current value of the independent variables influenced the current value of the dependent variable, in the latter, a lagged variable (the quantity variable was lagged) was introduced into the function explicitly. The latter analysis - i.e. the dynamic approach - was applied to test the habit- persistence hypothesis. The results obtained in the study are: (a) the elasticities of demand with respect to income and an average of cigarette prices are low though the income elasticity is comparatively higher. In both cases none was up to 0.7. The price elasticity was particularly low, it was under 0.4. (b) the cross elasticity of demand 'with respect to the price of all other commodities v/as positive and nearer 2 than 1. In other words, it was far greater than unity and thus tends to indicate that consumers were more sensitive to changes in the prices of other commodities than to cigarette prices. (c) 'population', perhaps the changes in the proportion of smokers to non-smokers or the extension of the smoking habit to -the women and members of the lower age group, is a significant factor accounting partly for variations in the National consumption of cigarettes. (d) the habit-persistence hypothesis was supported by the results of this study, that is, the more a person ha3 consumed cigarettes in the past, the more he will consume currently. The estimated "coefficient of adjustment' was about 0.86 which indicates a speedy adjustment of consumption to changes in prices and income. (e) the dummy variable shows positive sign which shows that the National consumption of cigarettes increased during the civil-war despite the temporary loss of the Eastern market. It was suggested from the above result that during major political upheavals the consumption of cigarettes will increase ceteris-paribus. This increase might have been due partly, to the high tension and depressive mood that engulfed the country and, of course, the military consumption. In conclusion, the economic and policy implications of the results were discussed. To the Government, cigarette is one of the products to tax to raise revenue. To the firms engaged in the Tobacco Industry, it might be profitable to pursue a relatively stable retail price policy in view of the high sensitivity of consumers to changes in the prices of other commodities.Item A DEMAND ANALYSIS FOR CEMENT IN NIGERIA(1970) ADEJUGBE, M. O. A.This study was motivated by the fact that although there are several works on the supply of cement in Nigeria, the demand aspect has not been examined in detail and quantitatively. This study attempts to estimate the price and income elasticities of demand for both imported cement and for aggregate demand for cement in Nigeria. It also attempts to assess the impact of custom tariff on imported cement and appraise the import substitution effects of the domestic manufacturing of cement in Nigeria. And finally, the thesis attempts to show the trend of cement consumption in Nigeria between 1948 - 66, the annual rate of growth of consumption during this period as well as the future time path of this rate of growth. The market analysis in chapter two deals with the supply and demand determinants and the pricing policies of the firms. The market structure is also analyzed and the results of the carefully managed government foreign policy in respect of importation of cement. An appropriate model is postulated in chapter three to grapple with the problem of the demand equations. The theoretical framework is also discussed in this chapter. Chapter four is devoted to the discussion of the results of the estimated demand equations. The least squares method is used to estimate the parameters of the equations. Prom the results it is concluded that cement is price inelastic; both aggregate and imported cement exhibit low and shifting price elasticity. Aggregate demand for cement is "income" elastic. The income elasticity for imported cement is however low, this is a sign of increasing import substitution. The impact of tariff on imported cement is somewhat low when measured in terms of elasticity. The trend of cement consumption during the reference period shows that cement consumption has been growing at a decreasing rate. The rate of growth tends to about 2% with time though the level of consumption grows infinitely large with time.Item A DEMAND ANALYSIS FOR CEMENT IN NIGERIA(1970) ADEJUGBE, M. O. A.This study was motivated by the fact that although there are several works on the supply of cement in Nigeria, the demand aspect has not been examined in detail and quantitatively. This study attempts to estimate the price and income elasticities of demand for both imported cement and for aggregate demand for cement in Nigeria. It also attempts to assess the impact of custom tariff on imported cement and appraise the import substitution effects of the domestic manufacturing of cement in Nigeria. And finally, the thesis attempts to show the trend of cement consumption in Nigeria between 1948 - 66, the annual rate of growth of consumption during this period as well as the future time path of this rate of growth. The market analysis in chapter two deals with the supply and demand determinants and the pricing policies of the firms. The market structure is also analyzed and the results of the carefully managed government foreign policy in respect of importation of cement. An appropriate model is postulated in chapter three to grapple with the problem of the demand equations. The theoretical framework is also discussed in this chapter. Chapter four is devoted to the discussion of the results of the estimated demand equations. The least squares method is used to estimate the parameters of the equations. Prom the results it is concluded that cement is price inelastic; both aggregate and imported cement exhibit low and shifting price elasticity. Aggregate demand for cement is "income" elastic. The income elasticity for imported cement is however low, this is a sign of increasing import substitution. The impact of tariff on imported cement is somewhat low when measured in terms of elasticity. The trend of cement consumption during the reference period shows that cement consumption has been growing at a decreasing rate. The rate of growth tends to about 2% with time though the level of consumption grows infinitely large with time.Item AN APPLICATION OF GOAL PROGRAMMING TO ACADEMIC RESOURCE ALLOCATION PLANNING(1982-12) SOYIBO, A.Since the last decade, universities in Nigeria have been experiencing a progressive decline in required inputs, like funds, materials and academic staff. In spite of this, there has been a continuing rise in the demand for their services, as shown by rising student enrolment figures (Nigeria, 1981). Confronted with such a problem, universities require more than ever before, formal decision models for planning the allocation of their scarce resources as efficiently as possible. This study applies goal programming for planning the academic resource allocation--a major input--of the University of Ibadan for 1982/83-l986/87. The goal programming model used modifies that of Schroeder (1974) by defining explicitly a student enrolment goal and introducing an academic staff level goal, which is designed to cater for academic staff advancement, at least according to the historical rate in each faculty. Furthermore, it redefines the academic rank distribution goal to incorporate the controversial 30%-40%-30% rank distribution ratios introduced in 1981. The study seeks principally to determine the distribution of academic staff by rank, in each faculty/college, over a five-year period and recommend the planning implications of such a distribution. In addition, it attempts to find the effects of dropping the controversial rank distribution goal on the model solution. The model was solved using the Revised Simplex Goal Programming Algorithm developed by Kang (l980) on an I.B.M. VM 370 computer in the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, U.S.A. The analysis of the model solution: suggests that from a purely theoretical point of view, it is desirable to use a rank distribution goal, for an optimization model of the type used in the study; otherwise, the model will select least cost allocation alternatives only and such a solution cannot be used effectively for planning. However, the distributional ratios to be used should not be rigid like the controversial ones of 1981, but should reflect the historical advancement rates in the respective faculties. The result of solving such a model should be, used for indicative planning only; -confirms the fear that the use of fixed rank distribution ratios might inhibit promotion rate; -indicates that the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry appears to be operating very much below the minimum level of academic staff requirement to meet the student enrolment goal of that faculty as of now; -suggests that by the beginning of 1986/87, the University of Ibadan will require a minimum of 1,133 academic staff of various ranks to meet its student enrolment goal. This is over 60% above the minimum requirement at the beginning of 1982/83; -recommends that the University should pursue a vigorous Staff Development Programme in which the training of the best of its graduates--through a type of Junior Fellowship Programme--will be the core, as one approach of augmenting the supply of academic staff normally obtained through recruitment; -corroborates the findings of Kang (1980) that CPU time of the Revised Simplex Goal Programming Algorithm, tends to increase with increasing negative deviational variables in the objective function.Item AN ECONOMETRIC STUDY OF EXPENDITURE PATTERNS OF CONSUMERS IN SELECTED URBAN AREAS OF NIGERIA(1972-02) ADAMU, S. O.Optimum utilization of available statistical data is an objective which a country, particularly a developing one, should pursue. Adequate information about the structure of an economy is necessary for purposeful and meaningful planning, but a developing country lacks long statistical series that can make such information available. The objective of this study is to construct a simultaneous equation model of expenditure patterns of consumers based on the theory of consumer’s behavior; estimate parameters of the model; examine statistically various other factors, in addition to income, which affect consumption; and subsequently, with the help of certain assumptions on consumer preference orderings, derive income and price elasticities using Nigerian family budget data. The achievement of this objective depends on sound theoretical basis and appropriate data. These are covered in chapters 2, 3 and 4. The findings are discussed in chapters 5 and 6. These findings show: that different levels of factors like area and occupation affect average group expenditures (test between means) but the slopes of group expenditures with respect to total expenditures (the B’s) are not significantly affected by these factors; that areas effects are reasonably explained by occupational composition of areas; that the way estimates of B vary with family size confirms common indication of economics of scale particularly for commodities like food and transport: that because of broad classification of commodities, family composition cannot be meaningfully incorporated into the analysis: that two-way classification by income and family size is superior to one-way classification by income alone and; that with the aid of the leser-Frisch approach to assumptions concerning substitutability or complementarity between broadly classified commoditites, some kind of estimates of price elasticities is possible in addition to the usual income elasticities from family budget data.