Petroleum Engineering
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Item Investigation of the effect of some salts on the rheological properties of Xanthan Gum and Gum Arabic present in a drilling fluid(National Institute of Professional Engineers and Scientists, 2022) Okaome, P.; Akintola, S.The rheological properties of a drilling fluid are important because they allow for extensive examination of the viscosity, fluid flow profile, pressure loss, equivalent circulation density, and hole cleaning capability making it the foundation for all wellbore hydraulics. The viscosity, gel strength, and yield point of Gum Arabic and Xanthan Gum contained in a fresh water-based drilling fluid were investigated in the presence of three distinct salts: calcium chloride (CaCl2), potassium chloride (KCl), and sodium chloride (NaCl). The salts were introduced separately to three distinct fresh water-based drilling fluid samples in increasing weights. The Fann V-G viscometer was used for the required rheology properties measuring the RPM and gel strength. The plastic viscosity, apparent viscosity, and yield point were calculated from the experimental data. With increasing the salt concentration, the plastic viscosity, apparent viscosity, yield point, and gel strength all decreased, which was observed for all three salts used. This research aimed to investigate the effect of three different salts; Calcium chloride (CaCl2), Potassium Chloride (KCl), and Sodium Chloride (NaCl) on the rheological properties of Gum Arabic and Xanthan Gum viscosified water-based drilling fluid.Item Drilling cost optimization for extended reach deep wells using artificial neural networks(Scholars Middle East Publishers, 2021) Akintola, S.; Ojuolapel, T. T.Global Petroleum reserves are currently getting depleted. Most of the newly discovered oil and gas fields are found in unconventional reserves. Hence there has arisen a need to drill deeper wells in offshore locations and in unconventional reservoirs. The depth and difficulty of drilling terrains has led to drilling operations incurring higher cost due to drilling time. Rate of Penetration is dependent on the several parameters such as: rotary speed(N), Weight-On-Bit, bit state, formation strength, formation abrasiveness, bit diameter, mud flowrate, bit tooth wear, bit hydraulics etc. Given this complex non-linear relationship between Rate of Penetration and these variables, it is extremely difficult to develop a complete mathematical model to accurately predict ROP from these parameters. In this study, two types of models were developed; a predictive model built with artificial neural networks for determining the rate of penetration from various drilling parameters and an optimization model based on normalized rate of penetration to provide optimized rate of penetration values. The Normalized Rate of Penetration (NROP) more accurately identifies the formation characteristics by showing what the rate should be if the parameters are held constant. Lithology changes and pressure transition zones are more easily identified using NROP. Efficient use of Normalized Penetration Rate (NROP) reduces drilling expenses by: Reducing the number of logging trips, minimizing trouble time through detection of pressure transition zones, encouraging near balanced drilling to achieve faster penetration rate.Item Evaluating the rheological properties of a synthentic based mud formulated from Avocado Pear Oil(Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE), 2024) Ogbemudia, O.; Ayodele, E.; Akintola, S.With the oil and gas sector increasingly focusing on deep offshore drilling in challenging conditions, there is a requirement to create drilling fluids that can perform exceptionally well in such environments. It is crucial to take into account the proper disposal of drilling fluid waste in compliance with environmental regulations. Synthetic-based muds have been suggested as a viable substitute for oil-based muds. Also, the majority of studies on synthetic-based muds have concentrated on base oils that are not indigenous to the area. This study investigates the characteristics of a synthetic-based mud derived from avocado pear oil, which is a readily available and abundant resource, and determines its appropriateness for utilisation in offshore drilling activities. Avocado pear oil was obtained, subjected to transesterification, and utilised in the creation of synthetic-based muds with oil-to-water ratios of 70:30, 75:25, and 80:20, respectively. After 24 hours, it was discovered that the electrical stability remained above 400 at temperatures of 1500 °F. The sample with an oil-water ratio of 80:20 exhibited the maximum plastic viscosity at 1500 °F after 24 hours, indicating superior rheological performance at high temperatures compared to the other samples. The sample with an oil-water ratio of 80:20 exhibited the most minimal mud filter cake in comparison to all other samples, making it the optimal choice for preventing formation damage. The pH level exceeded 8, indicating its suitability for drilling operations.Item Investigation of the effect of some salts on the rheological properties of xanthan gum and gum arabic present in a drilling fluid(2022) Okaome, P.; Akintola, S.The rheological properties of a drilling fluid are important because they allow for extensive examination of the viscosity, fluid flow profile, pressure loss, equivalent circulation density, and hole cleaning capability making it the foundation for all wellbore hydraulics. The viscosity, gel strength, and yield point of Gum Arabic and Xanthan Gum contained in a fresh water-based drilling fluid were investigated in the presence of three distinct salts: calcium chloride (CaCl2), potassium chloride (KCl), and sodium chloride (NaCl). The salts were introduced separately to three distinct fresh water-based drilling fluid samples in increasing weights. The Fann V-G viscometer was used for the required rheology properties measuring the RPM and gel strength. The plastic viscosity, apparent viscosity, and yield point were calculated from the experimental data. With increasing the salt concentration, the plastic viscosity, apparent viscosity, yield point, and gel strength all decreased, which was observed for all three salts used. This research aimed to investigate the effect of three different salts; Calcium chloride (CaCl2), Potassium Chloride (KCl), and Sodium Chloride (NaCl) on the rheological properties of Gum Arabic and Xanthan Gum viscosified water-based drilling fluid.Item Drilling cost optimization for extended reach deep wells using artificial neural networks(Scholars Middle East Publishers, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 2021) Akintola, S.; Toheeb, T. O.Global Petroleum reserves are currently getting depleted. Most of the newly discovered oil and gas fields are found in unconventional reserves. Hence there has arisen a need to drill deeper wells in offshore locations and in unconventional reservoirs. The depth and difficulty of drilling terrains has led to drilling operations incurring higher cost due to drilling time. Rate of Penetration is dependent on the several parameters such as: rotary speed(N), Weight-On-Bit, bit state, formation strength, formation abrasiveness, bit diameter, mud flowrate, bit tooth wear, bit hydraulics e.t.c. Given this complex non-linear relationship between Rate of Penetration and these variables, it is extremely difficult to develop a complete mathematical model to accurately predict ROP from these parameters. In this study, two types of models were developed; a predictive model built with artificial neural networks for determining the rate of penetration from various drilling parameters and an optimization model based on normalized rate of penetration to provide optimized rate of penetration values. The Normalized Rate of Penetration (NROP) more accurately identifies the formation characteristics by showing what the rate should be if the parameters are held constant. Lithology changes and pressure transition zones are more easily identified using NROP. Efficient use of Normalized Penetration Rate (NROP) reduces drilling expenses by: Reducing the number of logging trips, minimizing trouble time through detection of pressure transition zones, encouraging near balanced drilling to achieve faster penetration rate.