Petroleum Engineering
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Item Experimental investigation of the potential of liquified petroleum gas in vapour compression refrigeration system(Faculty of Engineering and Technology, LAUTECH, 2023) Adeaga, O. A.; Alabi, O. O.; Akintola, S. A.The essence of refrigeration systems cannot be overemphasized especially in this part of the globe. Perishable items are to be preserved for some periods before usage while human comfort should also be also be paramount since we are in the northern hemisphere of the globe. The device hat doe this uses refrigerants as working fluids which are traditional harmful to human beings through depletion of the ozone layer. Majorly Ozone layer protects the earth from warming which could lead to flooding. Common economical refrigerants like CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons) have been discovered to be harmful to the earth. This article therefore, experimented the quantity replacement of CFCs with Liquefied Petroleum Gas in various mixes. The LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) used consists a mixture of propane and butane in the ratio 6:4 by mass. The blend of the two refrigerants were shaped essentially by blending at least two single-part refrigerants, the GWP (Global Warming Potentials) of a refrigerant mix is the mass-weighted normal of GWPs of individual parts in the mix. That is, to compute the GWP of a mix, one essentially adds the GWP of the singular parts with respect to their (GWP (LPG) x M (LPG)) + (GWP(R-134a) x M(R-134a)) = GWP (blend). From the evaluated GWP of the 6 different % mass composition, the % mass of (100%/0%) was the only refrigerant to adhere to the preferred GWP. The mass composition of blend (100%/0%) LPG/R-134a was first performed. In order to achieve this, 8kg of each of the refrigerant was used. The blend was formed in an empty cylinder which was measured as 2482g with the aid of a digital beam balance, by gradually injecting LPG into the empty cylinder till the mass percentage of the 2000g entered, making the mass read as 4,482g (i.e., 2482g of the empty cylinder + 2000g of LPG). Based on the above observations, it could be inferred that the COP (Coefficient of Performance) of mixed refrigerants blends was higher than that of R-134a indicating that each of the blend exhibit higher performance. The experiment discovered that LPG could be used in the place of R134a without affecting the operation efficiency of a vapor compression refrigeration system. The study concludes that LPG offers the best alternative when the COP and flammability are combined as performance metrics.Item Application of micronized Carboxymethyl starch as additive in water–based mud(Vyskumny ustav pre ropu a uhlovodikove plyny (VURUP), 2023) Akintola, S. A.; Orisamika, O. B.Biodegradable natural products are increasingly investigated for different industrial applications mostly due to wider range of disposal options with minor health, safety and environmental impacts. In the petroleum industry, research into the products of natural polymeric materials to substitute synthetic chemical products used as additives in drilling fluids is aimed at reducing the overall cost and environmental impact of drilling operations. In this study, micronized carboxymethyl starch (CMS) was investigated and compared with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as additive in water–based mud. Natural starch obtained from yam, potato tubers, and rice was modified by carboxymethylation, micronized to different particle sizes, and analyzed using Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) Spectrometry. The rheological properties of the mud were determined at different micro–sizes (63µm and 75µm) and concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 grams) of the additives, and temperature ranging between 30⁰C to 85⁰C following the American Petroleum Institute recommended practice (API RP 13B–1). The major functional groups identified in the starch products are six–membered ring carbonyl group at 1735cm–1, carboxyl group at 1605cm–1 and 1650cm–1, and methyl group between 1450cm–1 to 1300cm–1. The CMS at 63µm compared favourably with CMC and had approximate average yield point/plastic viscosity ratio of 1.5 above 30oC. The results further showed that CMS is a suitable alternative viscosifier to CMC for water based mud and recommended for field trials.Item Fuel energy potential of pyrolyzed municipal solid wastes(Slovnaft VURUP, 2021) Okareh, O. T.; Adegoke, S. O.; Richard, R.; Akintola, S. A.; Adeleke, A. A.; Ikubanni, P. P.Municipal wastes have become a menace and the recycling of these wastes has been the focus of many researches. In this study, municipal plastic wastes were converted to energy fuel using pyrolysis using a locally fabricated vacuum pyrolyzer. 6 kg of municipal plastic wastes (PP, PET and PS) were collected, grounded into chips using a knife milling machine and were fed into the pyrolyzer to undergo thermal degradation at a temperature of 500oC with holding time of 4-5 hours. The pyrolyzed oil was collected into a Pyrex condenser unit and subjected to pseudo-distillation at 100oC to obtain the volatile components. The percentage pyrolyzed oil mass yield was calculated using mass balance equation. The liquid fuel was analyzed for its physical properties using ASTM methods, while the chemical properties were characterized using FTIR and GC-MS. The pyrolytic process showed the percentage mass yield of the pyrolyzed oil for the municipal plastic wastes oil, char, and non-condensable gas as 82.0, 16.0 and 2.0%, respectively. The derived energy fuel indicated a cloud point, pour point, density and flash point of -26.0oC, -28.0oC, 0.839 g/cc, and 50.0oC and -28.0oC, -35.0oC, 0.744 g/cc, and 30.0C for pyrolyzed oil and distillates oil, respectively. The FTIR and GC-MS results of the liquid pyrolyzed oil indicate the presence of aliphatic, alkane, alkene, and aromatic hydrocarbons of carbon number C9-C44 in the energy fuel. Physicochemical characterization of the recovered oil indicated similarities with the conventional fossil fuels. The technology has proven to be effective in solving the environmental problems.Item Optimization of drilling cost using artificial intelligence(Medwin Publishers, 2021) Akintola, S. A.; Olawoyin, A. B.Drilling operations in the oil and gas industry takes most of the well cost and how fast the drilling bit penetrate and bore the formation is termed the Rate of penetration (ROP). Since most of the cost incurred during drilling is related to the drilling operations, there is need not only to drill carefully, but also to optimize the drilling process. A lot of parameters are related to the rate of penetration which are actually interdependent on each other. This makes it difficult to predict the influence of every single parameter Drilling optimization techniques have been used recently to reduce drilling operation costs. There are different approaches to optimizing the cost of drilling oil and gas wells, some of which include static and /or real time optimization of drilling parameters. A potential area for optimization of drilling cost is through bit run in the well but this is particularly difficult due to its significance in both drilling time and bit cost. In this sense, as a particular bit gets used, it gets dull as its footage increases, resulting from the reduction in the bit penetration rate. The reduction in penetration rate increases total drill time. In order to optimize bit cost, it is desirable to find a trade-off between the two by a bit change policy This study is aimed at minimizing drilling time by use of artificial intelligent for the bit program. Data obtained from a well in the Niger delta region of Nigeria was used in this study and the cost optimization modelled as a Markov decision process where the intelligent agent was to learn the optimal timings for bit change by reinforcement policy Iteration learning. This study was able to achieve its objectives as the reinforcement learning optimization process performed very well with time as the computer agent was able to figure out how to improve drilling cost over time. Better results could be obtained with a better hardware and increased training time.Item Application of agro–waste materials for improved performance of water–based drilling fluid(Petroleum Technology Development Fund, 2021) Akintola, S. A.; Orisamika, B. O.; Odetola, K. O.Bio–resources and its derivatives have distinctive potential in various industrial applications and solutions especially for captivating usage in drilling fluid formulations for the petroleum industry. Drilling fluids formulations have tremendously advanced through increasing research and development of unique additives to improve their functionalities and meet specific properties in well design operations. In this article, water–based mud formulated with powdered and ash products derived from plantain and banana peels were evaluated. The effects of varying concentrations of these additives and the blends on the performance of the mud were examined by comparison with Low Viscosity Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose (LV CMC) for rheology and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for pH control. The rheology of the mud improves with increasing concentration of the powdered products in a way similar to that of LV CMC. However, powdered banana peels most effectively improved the rheology of the mud to attain 10cp plastic viscosity (PV), 13lb/100sq.ft yield point (YP), 16lb/100sq.ft and 23lb/100sq.ft gel strength at 10seconds and 10minutes respectively. Plantain peel ashes compared favourably with NaOH in controlling the pH of the mud. Further modification of the products to achieve the same properties as LV CMC is recommended in subsequent studies.Item Potentials of Musa Sapientum, Solanum Tuberosum and Elaeis Guineensis as additive to water base mud(Society for Multidisciplinary & Advanced Research Techniques (SMART), 2024) Akintola, S. A.; Okunade, D.; Adeoti, P.Oil and gas sector plays vital roles in global economy and energy, and drilling operation is undoubtedly a critical component as drilling fluid is essential during drilling operations. In order to achieve safe and successful drilling operations, optimal drilling fluid is required. Drilling fluids are complex heterogeneous fluid having diverse functionality with chemical additives to enable ultimate performance. Though, these additives expensive, but none-biodegradable. This led to search for environment-friendly additive. This study explored locally sourced degradable agricultural wastes form Banana (musa sapientum) Potato,(solanum tuberosum) and Palm head (elaeis guineensis) as alternative to conventional additives in enhancing the properties of a simple water-based mud. The agricultural wastes were characterized using the FTIR and SEM-EDS, for chemical and elemental composition, respectively. Varying concentration (1g, 2g, 3g, 4g and 5g) of these additives were used at temperature 250C, 400C, 600C, and 800C and aging time of 24hours, 48 hours and 72 hours to were determine rheological and filtration properties, using the API Recommended Practice 13B-1. Results revealed that rheological and filtration properties of water-based mud improved as the concentration of additives increases. The use of these additives is not only environmentally friendly but also economically efficient than other chemical-based additives.Item Numerical modeling and investigation of flow of incompressible non-Newtonian fluids through uniform slightly deformable channel(IEEE Xplore, 2023) Alabi, O. O.; Adeaga, O. A.; Akintola, S. A.Numerical investigations of peristaltic flow of three non-Newtonian viscous fluids arising within modelled gut were performed to show their thermal and hydrodynamic behaviour in the gut. A 3-D numerical model of the human intestine was derived using Autodesk Inventor 2017 and simulated using ANSYS FLUENT 16.0. Thyme and produced Ogi, Soymilk and Sobo are considered working fluids. The density and viscosity of the produced fluid were determined experimentally, while the density and viscosity of the digester were obtained from previous work. The results of the experiments carried out showed that the densities of the produced fluid supplements were; 1024 kg/𝑚3 , 920 kg/𝑚3and 800 kg/𝑚3 for Ogi, soybean milk and sobo respectively; their equivalent viscosities were; 1.095 Pa.s, 0.95 Pa.s, and 0.316 Pa.s. From the results, it can be seen that the velocity behaviour of the four fluids is similar, as is the thermal behaviour. The results also showed that at inlet velocity of 0.005 m/s, Ogi had the largest pressure change of 25 Pa and a heat transfer of Nu=9, while sobo had the smallest heat transfer of Nu=9 among the three fluid supplements produced. Nu=5.Item Effect of Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Delonix regia Sawdust on rheological and filtration properties of water based drilling fluid(Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2021) Imohiosen, O. U.; Akintola, S. A.Over the past years, there has been an increase in the importation of Sodium Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), an important drilling mud polymer additive, in the Nigerian oil and gas industry. However, the ripple effects of the importation of this polymer and other oilfield chemicals on the Nigeria oil and gas industry includes rising cost of oil and gas field development, limited oil and gas industry growth, and capital flight. In order to mitigate this trend, studies on the use of local substitutes such as starch and its derivatives have gathered momentum with risk such as competition with food supply and increase in food cost. The use of sawdust wastes which offers a non-competing and a cheap source of feedstock in the production of CMC have rarely been investigated. The study therefore investigated production of CMC from sawdust waste of a highly underutilized wood (Delonix regia), after which drilling mud tests were conducted to determine the rheological and filtration properties of mud treated with the CMC products. The CMC production adopted the Williamson ether synthesis process in a slurry medium involving two main reactions of mercerization and etherification. All reaction parameters were held constant except the etherifying agent concentration. The CMC products were characterized using FTIR Spectroscopy. The synthesized carboxymethyl cellulose products yielded good filtration and rheological properties suitable for drilling fluid applications. The use of low concentrations of about 0.5g to 1.0g of the synthesized products per laboratory barrel of mud could reduce filtration volume by 11.4% to 32.9% at low temperature and pressure conditions. The synthesized CMC products obtained from this work can be used as local substitute of low viscosity foreign CMC products.Item Development of modified fractional fluid flow equation for non–darcy flow in computer simulation of oil reservoirs(Innovative Societies & Technology Academic Multidisciplinary Society, 2021) Akintola, S. A.; Adeaga, O. A.; Muritala, O. K.Upon the depletion of oil reservoir, huge amount of oil is usually left behind. This oil, in some cases double the initial oil recovered, in order to recover the unrecovered oil, different types of secondary oil recovery techniques can be explored. A more common technique is water flooding which involve the injection of water into reservoir to displace oil into the wellbore. To determine the relative flow rates of oil and water at any point in a porous flow system while also examining factors such as fluid properties, rock properties, reservoir structural properties, pressure gradient, and flow rate which affect the displacement efficiency of a water flooding project, the fractional flow equation is employed. But the convectional fractional flow equation is applicable just to Darcy flow. The use of Darcy flow equation is not applicable in low permeability sandstone reservoir, hence non Darcy flow have been used one of such equation is the Forcheimer equation, as a result this study is aimed at modifying the Forcheimer equation and validating the new fractional flow equation using literature . The result obtained showed that the proposed equation predicts better than Forcheimer equationItem Corrosion protection by novel conversion coatings on structural AI 6061(2022) Oki, M.; Adediran, A. A.; Ikechukwu, A.; Onokohwomo, C. O.; Bosa, C.; Akintola, S. A.; Adesina, O. S.Chromate conversion coatings have witnessed limited acceptability in recent times. The coatings contain Cr (VI) species that have been classified as environmental hazards and injurious to human. Thus, the use of environment-friendly and non-carcinigenic novel inorganic- inorganic hybrid conversion coatings are being explored. Vanadate (VCC), hybrid Vanadate/Molydate (HCC) conversion coatings on A16061 have been classified in terms of corrosion and adhesion performance with reference to the untreated alloy. Natural exposure tests in the atmosphere and stanant near-neutral 3.5% sodium chloride solution, as well as patentio-dynamic polarization measurements showed that the corrosion rate for HCC is lower for Vanadate, which in turn outclassed the ‘bare’ alloy. However, clusters of passive incipient pits were revealed on the former after 120 h of exposure in stagnant chloride solution. Both conversion coatings outperformed the untreated aluminiun alloy after atmospheric corrosion and adhesion tests.