Petroleum Engineering
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Item Experimental investigation of the potential of liquified petroleum gas in vapour compression refrigeration system(Faculty of Engineering and Technology, LAUTECH, 2023) Adeaga, O. A.; Alabi, O. O.; Akintola, S. A.The essence of refrigeration systems cannot be overemphasized especially in this part of the globe. Perishable items are to be preserved for some periods before usage while human comfort should also be also be paramount since we are in the northern hemisphere of the globe. The device hat doe this uses refrigerants as working fluids which are traditional harmful to human beings through depletion of the ozone layer. Majorly Ozone layer protects the earth from warming which could lead to flooding. Common economical refrigerants like CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons) have been discovered to be harmful to the earth. This article therefore, experimented the quantity replacement of CFCs with Liquefied Petroleum Gas in various mixes. The LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) used consists a mixture of propane and butane in the ratio 6:4 by mass. The blend of the two refrigerants were shaped essentially by blending at least two single-part refrigerants, the GWP (Global Warming Potentials) of a refrigerant mix is the mass-weighted normal of GWPs of individual parts in the mix. That is, to compute the GWP of a mix, one essentially adds the GWP of the singular parts with respect to their (GWP (LPG) x M (LPG)) + (GWP(R-134a) x M(R-134a)) = GWP (blend). From the evaluated GWP of the 6 different % mass composition, the % mass of (100%/0%) was the only refrigerant to adhere to the preferred GWP. The mass composition of blend (100%/0%) LPG/R-134a was first performed. In order to achieve this, 8kg of each of the refrigerant was used. The blend was formed in an empty cylinder which was measured as 2482g with the aid of a digital beam balance, by gradually injecting LPG into the empty cylinder till the mass percentage of the 2000g entered, making the mass read as 4,482g (i.e., 2482g of the empty cylinder + 2000g of LPG). Based on the above observations, it could be inferred that the COP (Coefficient of Performance) of mixed refrigerants blends was higher than that of R-134a indicating that each of the blend exhibit higher performance. The experiment discovered that LPG could be used in the place of R134a without affecting the operation efficiency of a vapor compression refrigeration system. The study concludes that LPG offers the best alternative when the COP and flammability are combined as performance metrics.Item Application of micronized Carboxymethyl starch as additive in water–based mud(Vyskumny ustav pre ropu a uhlovodikove plyny (VURUP), 2023) Akintola, S. A.; Orisamika, O. B.Biodegradable natural products are increasingly investigated for different industrial applications mostly due to wider range of disposal options with minor health, safety and environmental impacts. In the petroleum industry, research into the products of natural polymeric materials to substitute synthetic chemical products used as additives in drilling fluids is aimed at reducing the overall cost and environmental impact of drilling operations. In this study, micronized carboxymethyl starch (CMS) was investigated and compared with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as additive in water–based mud. Natural starch obtained from yam, potato tubers, and rice was modified by carboxymethylation, micronized to different particle sizes, and analyzed using Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) Spectrometry. The rheological properties of the mud were determined at different micro–sizes (63µm and 75µm) and concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 grams) of the additives, and temperature ranging between 30⁰C to 85⁰C following the American Petroleum Institute recommended practice (API RP 13B–1). The major functional groups identified in the starch products are six–membered ring carbonyl group at 1735cm–1, carboxyl group at 1605cm–1 and 1650cm–1, and methyl group between 1450cm–1 to 1300cm–1. The CMS at 63µm compared favourably with CMC and had approximate average yield point/plastic viscosity ratio of 1.5 above 30oC. The results further showed that CMS is a suitable alternative viscosifier to CMC for water based mud and recommended for field trials.Item Fuel energy potential of pyrolyzed municipal solid wastes(Slovnaft VURUP, 2021) Okareh, O. T.; Adegoke, S. O.; Richard, R.; Akintola, S. A.; Adeleke, A. A.; Ikubanni, P. P.Municipal wastes have become a menace and the recycling of these wastes has been the focus of many researches. In this study, municipal plastic wastes were converted to energy fuel using pyrolysis using a locally fabricated vacuum pyrolyzer. 6 kg of municipal plastic wastes (PP, PET and PS) were collected, grounded into chips using a knife milling machine and were fed into the pyrolyzer to undergo thermal degradation at a temperature of 500oC with holding time of 4-5 hours. The pyrolyzed oil was collected into a Pyrex condenser unit and subjected to pseudo-distillation at 100oC to obtain the volatile components. The percentage pyrolyzed oil mass yield was calculated using mass balance equation. The liquid fuel was analyzed for its physical properties using ASTM methods, while the chemical properties were characterized using FTIR and GC-MS. The pyrolytic process showed the percentage mass yield of the pyrolyzed oil for the municipal plastic wastes oil, char, and non-condensable gas as 82.0, 16.0 and 2.0%, respectively. The derived energy fuel indicated a cloud point, pour point, density and flash point of -26.0oC, -28.0oC, 0.839 g/cc, and 50.0oC and -28.0oC, -35.0oC, 0.744 g/cc, and 30.0C for pyrolyzed oil and distillates oil, respectively. The FTIR and GC-MS results of the liquid pyrolyzed oil indicate the presence of aliphatic, alkane, alkene, and aromatic hydrocarbons of carbon number C9-C44 in the energy fuel. Physicochemical characterization of the recovered oil indicated similarities with the conventional fossil fuels. The technology has proven to be effective in solving the environmental problems.Item Optimization of drilling cost using artificial intelligence(Medwin Publishers, 2021) Akintola, S. A.; Olawoyin, A. B.Drilling operations in the oil and gas industry takes most of the well cost and how fast the drilling bit penetrate and bore the formation is termed the Rate of penetration (ROP). Since most of the cost incurred during drilling is related to the drilling operations, there is need not only to drill carefully, but also to optimize the drilling process. A lot of parameters are related to the rate of penetration which are actually interdependent on each other. This makes it difficult to predict the influence of every single parameter Drilling optimization techniques have been used recently to reduce drilling operation costs. There are different approaches to optimizing the cost of drilling oil and gas wells, some of which include static and /or real time optimization of drilling parameters. A potential area for optimization of drilling cost is through bit run in the well but this is particularly difficult due to its significance in both drilling time and bit cost. In this sense, as a particular bit gets used, it gets dull as its footage increases, resulting from the reduction in the bit penetration rate. The reduction in penetration rate increases total drill time. In order to optimize bit cost, it is desirable to find a trade-off between the two by a bit change policy This study is aimed at minimizing drilling time by use of artificial intelligent for the bit program. Data obtained from a well in the Niger delta region of Nigeria was used in this study and the cost optimization modelled as a Markov decision process where the intelligent agent was to learn the optimal timings for bit change by reinforcement policy Iteration learning. This study was able to achieve its objectives as the reinforcement learning optimization process performed very well with time as the computer agent was able to figure out how to improve drilling cost over time. Better results could be obtained with a better hardware and increased training time.Item Application of agro–waste materials for improved performance of water–based drilling fluid(Petroleum Technology Development Fund, 2021) Akintola, S. A.; Orisamika, B. O.; Odetola, K. O.Bio–resources and its derivatives have distinctive potential in various industrial applications and solutions especially for captivating usage in drilling fluid formulations for the petroleum industry. Drilling fluids formulations have tremendously advanced through increasing research and development of unique additives to improve their functionalities and meet specific properties in well design operations. In this article, water–based mud formulated with powdered and ash products derived from plantain and banana peels were evaluated. The effects of varying concentrations of these additives and the blends on the performance of the mud were examined by comparison with Low Viscosity Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose (LV CMC) for rheology and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for pH control. The rheology of the mud improves with increasing concentration of the powdered products in a way similar to that of LV CMC. However, powdered banana peels most effectively improved the rheology of the mud to attain 10cp plastic viscosity (PV), 13lb/100sq.ft yield point (YP), 16lb/100sq.ft and 23lb/100sq.ft gel strength at 10seconds and 10minutes respectively. Plantain peel ashes compared favourably with NaOH in controlling the pH of the mud. Further modification of the products to achieve the same properties as LV CMC is recommended in subsequent studies.Item Economics of local materials as base fluids in the formulation of an oil-based mud(Petroleum Technology Development Fund, 2019) Akintola, S. A.; Atere, E. B.The use of drilling fluid is an important aspect in drilling operations as its critical to ensure a safe and productive oil or/ and gas well. In the bid to protect the environment and reduce environmental pollution resulting from drilling activities while using the No. 2 diesel, it is necessary to search for an alternative that will be suitable, locally available, easily affordable vegetable oils which is environmentally friendly and non-toxic as base fluid. This study is aimed at investigating the properties and economics analysis of the use of non-toxic, biodegradable locally obtainable oil from the palm kernel seed (Oil X) and coconut (Oil Y) as base fluid in the formulation of an Oil Based Mud. The rheological and filtration properties of the mud samples were evaluated using the API Recommended Standard, while the economics analysis was performed using the Net Present Value (NPV) and discounted profit to investment ratio (DPI) models. The results of the rheological, filtration and physiochemical properties for both X-OBM and Y-OBM, showed the possibility of the use of oil X or Y as base fluid as against No. 2 diesel. The result from the NPV model showed that the use of oil X or Y provided a higher NPV compared to those of No. 2 diesel mud even though the cost of No. 2 diesel was lower than those of X and Y oils. Also the discounted profit to investment ratio (DPI) was also better for mud formulated from the vegetable oil muds Although the initial cost of formulating mud samples using oil X or Y compared to No. 2 diesel Oil Base Muds (OBM) seems higher, consideration of their fire capacity resistance, nonimpact on the environmental and the cost of disposal of OBM the application of vegetable oil X or Y is more viable than No. 2 diesel in the industry.Item Valorized chicken feather as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in drilling mud(Elsevier B.V, 2019) Akintola, S. A.; Oki, M.; Aleem, A. A.; Adediran, A. A.; Akpor, O. B.; Oluba, O. M.; Ogunsemi, B.T.; Ikubanni, P. P.Modified chicken feather reduced the corrosion rate of mild steel in drilling mud as deduced from electrochemical potentiodynamic polarization technique, albeit, with observed infestation of the test environment by microbes over protracted exposure period of 92 days. The corrosion rates with and without the addition of 0.3g of hydrolyzed feather per 100 ml of drilling mud were 1.70 and 1.95 mm/yr, respectively; which corresponded to inhibition efficiency of 13% over the immersion period. The corresponding charge transfer resistances, a measure of corrosion rates were 1480.4 and 1780.0 Ω, respectively; in the uninhibited and hydrolyzed-feather inhibited environments. The voltage over the double layer capacitor as obtained from the polarization studies numerically increased from0.907 to 0.948 V which indicated adsorption of moieties in the inhibitor and probably some corrosion products on the surface of the mild steel specimen.Item The prospect of using modified local starches from cocoyam and wheat starches as fluid loss material in a water - based drilling(Nigerian Institute Of Industrial Engineers, 2017) Akintola, S. A.; Ogundipe, M.As an oil producing nation, Nigeria embarks on substantial drilling activities. The additives used for these activities are all imported as a result there is need to reduce the over dependency on foreign additives this has necessitated the sourcing locally for suitable substitute. During drilling, adequate filtration control is essential to prevent drilling problems such as excessive torque and drag; differential pressure sticking; borehole instability; and formation damage. This study was aimed at a comparative analysis of the use of wheat starch and cocoyam chemically modified with ammonium phosphate and sodium acetate as suitable fluid loss additives in a water-based mud. The filtration properties of a water- base fluid formulated with variable quantities of the chemically modified starch were determined using the recommended standard API practice at different conditions of temperatures with Carboxymethylated Cellulose CMC used as control. Using Eviews 7, the statistical analysis showed drilling fluid formulated with starches treated with sodium acetate had a fluid loss value in the range of 4.0 - 8.9 mls, while those from starches modified with ammonium phosphate had a fluid loss of 4.3 - 8.3 mls; although, these values were lower than 9.1 - 11.1 mls for CMC formulated mud, the results show that mud sample treated with modified wheat starch and cocoyam starch can significantly reduce fluid loss in a water based drilling mud, thereby confirmed that polymer can be used as fluid loss control agent in the mud system.Item The prospect of using modified local starches from cocoyam and wheat starches as fluid loss material in a water - based drilling(Nigerian Institute Of Industrial Engineers, 2017) Akintola, S. A.; Ogundipe, M.As an oil producing nation, Nigeria embarks on substantial drilling activities. The additives used for these activities are all imported as a result there is need to reduce the over dependency on foreign additives this has necessitated the sourcing locally for suitable substitute. During drilling, adequate filtration control is essential to prevent drilling problems such as excessive torque and drag; differential pressure sticking; borehole instability; and formation damage. This study was aimed at a comparative analysis of the use of wheat starch and cocoyam chemically modified with ammonium phosphate and sodium acetate as suitable fluid loss additives in a water-based mud. The filtration properties of a water- base fluid formulated with variable quantities of the chemically modified starch were determined using the recommended standard API practice at different conditions of temperatures with Carboxymethylated Cellulose CMC used as control. Using Eviews 7, the statistical analysis showed drilling fluid formulated with starches treated with sodium acetate had a fluid loss value in the range of 4.0 - 8.9 mls, while those from starches modified with ammonium phosphate had a fluid loss of 4.3 - 8.3 mls; although, these values were lower than 9.1 - 11.1 mls for CMC formulated mud, the results show that mud sample treated with modified wheat starch and cocoyam starch can significantly reduce fluid loss in a water based drilling mud, thereby confirmed that polymer can be used as fluid loss control agent in the mud system.Item The prospect of using modified local starches from cocoyam and wheat starches as fluid loss material in a water - based drilling(Nigerian Institute Of Industrial Engineers, 2017) Akintola, S. A.; Ogundipe, M.As an oil producing nation, Nigeria embarks on substantial drilling activities. The additives used for these activities are all imported as a result there is need to reduce the over dependency on foreign additives this has necessitated the sourcing locally for suitable substitute. During drilling, adequate filtration control is essential to prevent drilling problems such as excessive torque and drag; differential pressure sticking; borehole instability; and formation damage. This study was aimed at a comparative analysis of the use of wheat starch and cocoyam chemically modified with ammonium phosphate and sodium acetate as suitable fluid loss additives in a water-based mud. The filtration properties of a water- base fluid formulated with variable quantities of the chemically modified starch were determined using the recommended standard API practice at different conditions of temperatures with Carboxymethylated Cellulose CMC used as control. Using Eviews 7, the statistical analysis showed drilling fluid formulated with starches treated with sodium acetate had a fluid loss value in the range of 4.0 - 8.9 mls, while those from starches modified with ammonium phosphate had a fluid loss of 4.3 - 8.3 mls; although, these values were lower than 9.1 - 11.1 mls for CMC formulated mud, the results show that mud sample treated with modified wheat starch and cocoyam starch can significantly reduce fluid loss in a water based drilling mud, thereby confirmed that polymer can be used as fluid loss control agent in the mud system.