Petroleum Engineering
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Item The rheological and filtration properties of black seed (Nigella Sativa L.) ester as a base fluid in drilling fluid(Springer Open, 2024) Olaniyan, D.D.; Akintola, A.S.The unceasing utilization of diesel oil, the regular base fluid, as the base fluid of drilling mud has brought about severe ecological worries and regulation because of its poisonousness, non-biodegradability, and similarity issues. Notwithstanding, drilling more complex wells is turning out to be progressively significant in satisfying the world’s need for oil and gas, bringing about increased commercial synthetic-based fluid importation. In light of the ecological worries associated with the usage of diesel-based drilling fluids as well as reducing commercial synthetic-based fluid imports, black seed oil (BSO) was utilized to make an ester for a new ecologically safe drilling fluid. This research explored the potential use of black seed ester in formulating oil-based muds with standard additives. It compares its qualities to that of diesel following a thorough mud check on the mud samples to evaluate the rheological properties and the impact of aging at test temperatures of 86°F, 120°F, and 150°F. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry technique affirmed that BSO ester is a natural compound. About the fow properties, the kinematic thickness at 40°C of the biodiesel is 4.31 mm2 /s and is higher than that of petroleum diesel, which is 3.52 mm2 /s. Densities for the ester and diesel oil-based mud tests were 7.9 ppg, 7.8 ppg, 7.3 ppg, and 6.8 ppg, respectively, at 70/30, 75/25, and 80/20, oil–water-proportion (OWR), as utilized in the mud formulation. The prepared mud was aged for 24 h under static conditions to guarantee total hydration. Black seed oil (BSO) ester mud exhibited lower viscosity at all temperatures, aging conditions, and shear rates analyzed, making it more suitable for oil-well drilling fuids when compared with Diesel. BSO being a naturally occurring seed oil could be important for drilling contractors and service companies due to its good ecological acceptability and its applicability.Item Application of micronized Carboxymethyl starch as additive in water–based mud(Vyskumny ustav pre ropu a uhlovodikove plyny (VURUP), 2023) Akintola, S. A.; Orisamika, O. B.Biodegradable natural products are increasingly investigated for different industrial applications mostly due to wider range of disposal options with minor health, safety and environmental impacts. In the petroleum industry, research into the products of natural polymeric materials to substitute synthetic chemical products used as additives in drilling fluids is aimed at reducing the overall cost and environmental impact of drilling operations. In this study, micronized carboxymethyl starch (CMS) was investigated and compared with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as additive in water–based mud. Natural starch obtained from yam, potato tubers, and rice was modified by carboxymethylation, micronized to different particle sizes, and analyzed using Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) Spectrometry. The rheological properties of the mud were determined at different micro–sizes (63µm and 75µm) and concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 grams) of the additives, and temperature ranging between 30⁰C to 85⁰C following the American Petroleum Institute recommended practice (API RP 13B–1). The major functional groups identified in the starch products are six–membered ring carbonyl group at 1735cm–1, carboxyl group at 1605cm–1 and 1650cm–1, and methyl group between 1450cm–1 to 1300cm–1. The CMS at 63µm compared favourably with CMC and had approximate average yield point/plastic viscosity ratio of 1.5 above 30oC. The results further showed that CMS is a suitable alternative viscosifier to CMC for water based mud and recommended for field trials.Item Evaluation of drilling muds enhanced with modified starch for HPHT well applications(Springer, 2020) Sulaimon, A.A.; Akintola, S.A.; Mohd Johari, A.B.M.; Isehunwa, S.O.The use of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in oil and gas well drilling operations has improved the filtration loss and mud cake properties of drilling muds. The introduction of starch has also reduced, for example, the viscosity, fluid loss, and mud cake properties of the drilling fluids. However, normal starch has some drawbacks such as low shear stress resistance, thermal decomposition, high retrogradation, and syneresis. Hence, starch modification, achieved through acetylation and carboxy-methylation, has been introduced to overcome these limitations. In this study, modified starches, from cassava and maize, were used to enhance the properties of water-based muds under high-pressure high temperature (HPHT) conditions, and their performances were compared with that of the CMC. The mud samples added with acetylated cassava or maize starch exhibited the smallest filtrate volumes and filtrate losses within the American Petroleum Institute specification. Therefore, these modified starch-added muds could replace CMC as fluid loss agents since, unlike it, they can withstand HPHT conditions.Item Investigating the effects of contaminants on the performance of oil based invert emulsion drilling fluid(Petroleum Technology Development Fund, 2014) Kumapayi, Y.; Bello, K.; Adekomaya, O.; Akintola, A.; Dala, J.; Mohammed, I.; Olafuyi, ODrilling fluid optimization is the main focus while drilling, this entails ensuring the fluid is at its right condition downhole at all time during drilling operation. The composition, including all additives added to the fluid must key into achieving the foremost goal of fluid optimization. Maintaining the integrity of drilling fluids downhole has become herculean especially at HTHP conditions. The possibility of fluid contamination at such prevalent downhole condition poses another major challenge to the fate of the drilling fluid. This work was undertaken to investigate the effect of clay and sea water (containing calcium and magnesium ions) contaminations on the rheology of the oil based invert emulsion fluid. Barite (Ba2SO4) was used as the weighting agent; the based fluid used for the oil based invert emulsion system was EDC-99, a specialized kind different from the conventional diesel oil. The fluid were analysed before and after aging using, rheometer, filtration and emulsion stability tests. From the experimental result, it was discovered that addition of contaminants lowered the electrical stability of the invert emulsion fluid. Fluid loss, Plastic viscosity, yield point and gel strength increased in the presence of contaminants. Only the plastic viscosity of the invert emulsion fluid was slightly out of API range for each set of contaminations, but this is still within the tolerance limit of an invert emulsion fluid with a S.G less than 1.61 [1]. Fluid Rheology stabilization after HT aging indicate the suitability of the fluid to be employed for downhole HTHP drilling that may take longer time.Item Modeling the effect of modified local polymer on the rheological and filtration properties of water-based drilling fluid(2021-10) Akintola, A. S.; Adeniji, A. A.; Mogbolu, U. J.In order to achieve a successful drilling operation, the drilling fluid used must be properly designed. Water based drilling muds that are formulated to suit drilling requirements include additives like clays for higher viscosity and starch for better filtration control properties. Locally available yams (Dioscorea) are a good source of starch, with good absorbent properties that give its good filtration control properties but poor gelling properties due to the easily soluble branched chained Amylopectin molecules which causes it to easily degrade. While mud samples treated with Carboxylmethyl cellulose (CMC) was used as control. Chemical modification of starch has been researched to be a good method of improving its gelling properties in water based mud which in turn improves the rheological properties of the mud. Cross linking agents like sodium acetate and ammonium phosphate are used to cross-link the Amylopectin and Amylose molecules in the starch thus making them less degradable. An experimental study was carried out to reduce the yams starch bio-degradable nature via chemical modification with some cross-linking agents (sodium acetate and ammonium phosphate). The results from the rheological and filtration control test carried out on the formulated mud samples treated with modified yams starch additive gave higher gel strength and yield point, exceptional shear thinning ability, lower plastic viscosity and a good but lower fluid loss control when compared to with the control samples. A Factorial design was developed to predict the rheological properties of the mud system at different temperatures and varying starch quantities. The results of the mud samples treated with the non-modified starches, modified yam starches and imported viscosifier (CMC) are indicators that the modified starches improved its gelling nature thereby giving the drilling mud a better rheological properties.Item Evaluation of drilling muds enhanced with modified starch for HPHT well applications(Springer, 2020-10) Sulaimon, A. A.; Akintola, S. A.; Johari, M. A. B. M.; Isehunwa, S. O.The use of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in oil and gas well drilling operations has improved the filtration loss and mud cake properties of drilling muds. The introduction of starch has also reduced, for example, the viscosity, fluid loss, and mud cake properties of the drilling fluids. However, normal starch has some drawbacks such as low shear stress resistance, thermal decomposition, high retrogradation, and syneresis. Hence, starch modification, achieved through acetylation and carboxymethylation, has been introduced to overcome these limitations. In this study, modified starches, from cassava and maize, were used to enhance the properties of water-based muds under high-pressure high temperature (HPHT) conditions, and their performances were compared with that of the CMC. The mud samples added with acetylated cassava or maize starch exhibited the smallest filtrate volumes and filtrate losses within the American Petroleum Institute specification. Therefore, these modified starch-added muds could replace CMC as fluid loss agents since, unlike it, they can withstand HPHT conditions.