Petroleum Engineering
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Item Comparative analysis of the effect of plant-based and petroleum-based wax inhibition additives on heavy crude oil in the Niger-Delta(Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, 2025) Magashi, T.; Akintola, S.A.; Ebere, F.O.; Magashi, L.N.; Fulalo, L.D.This study investigates the use of plant-based oils-soybean oil (SO), coconut oil (CO), and their biofuels, and petroleum distillates, namely automotive gas oil (AGO) and premium motor spirit (PMS) as potential wax inhibitors. At various volume concentrations (3 %, 5 %, 10 %), the impact of the additives on the pour point, rheology, and wax deposition of a heavy waxy crude oil sample from the Niger-Delta was investigated. The ASTM standard test procedures were used, using the cold finger apparatus for wax deposition test and paraffin inhibition efficiency determination. It was observed that though all the additives tested could reduce crude oil viscosity, SO and CO had the least effect compared with their biofuels and petroleum distillates (which had the greatest effect). PMS reduced the yield point (YP) significantly at all concentrations, while AGO reduced it only at a low concentration (3 %). The plant oils and biodieselts had a poor effect on YP. Again PMS had the most effect on pour point reduction, followed by AGO. SO and SO biodiesel (SOBD) showed a similar trend, raising the pour point at low concentrations, while reducing the same at higher concentrations. CO and COBD both reduced the pour point at all concentrations. The cold finger wax deposition test ultimately revealed that SO is a good wax crystal modifier. At a high concentration, its paraffin inhibition efficiency is almost comparable to that of AGO and PMS at reduced concentration. Its flow improvement property is however relatively poor, as it could not improve the YP and pour point of the crude oil significantly. In comparison with CO, however, SO shows greater potential for wax inhibition and flow improvement, while AGO and PMS show excellent results. The plant oil biodiesels (SOBD and COBD), however, showed more promise than the original plant oils (SO and CO) in flow improvement, but are less attractive in wax inhibition.Item Advancing sustainability of drilling fluid: coconut and shea butter oils as alternative to diesel(Sciencedomain International, 2024) Akintola, S.A.; Ehwarieme, F.; Amaechi, I.Drilling fluid is a key element in the drilling process because it lifts cuttings to the surface, maintains a stable wellbore, and generates sufficient hydrostatic pressure to prevent the influx of formation fluids into the wellbore. While oil-based drilling fluids offer advantages like wellbore stability, lubrication, and temperature resistance, disposing of oil-contaminated cuttings, particularly those using diesel, harms the environment. This study explores the use of coconut oil and shear butter oil, a renewable and biodegradable resource, as the base for oil-based drilling fluids. Two samples of coconut oil and shea butter oil-based mud samples were formulated and tested in the laboratory against the conventional crude oil-based mud. Laboratory tests compared each sample of coconut oil and shea butter oil-based mud against conventional diesel-based mud. Tests included FTIR characterization of additives, and evaluation of gel strengths, yield point, viscosity, and emulsion stability at 120°F and 300°F. Filtration loss and mud thickness were also measured. Results indicate that coconut oil and shea butter oil-based drilling fluids offer promising rheological properties and environmental benefits. Coconut oil-based sample (VCO I) exhibited superior viscosity and emulsion stability, though it produced a thicker mud cake, indicating a need for optimization. These alternatives present a viable solution to reduce the environmental impact of drilling operations. Further research and field trials are recommended for practical application.Item Sterilized chicken feather as eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in a water-based drilling mud–gravimetric and FTIR assessment(Sciencedomain International, 2024) Akintola, S.A.; Aleem, A.A.; Oki, M.; Ikubanni, P.P.; Adediran, A.A.; Esabunor, O.R.This research evaluated the corrosion performance of mild steel in sterilized and unsterilized alkaline mud corroding systems using chicken feather powder (CFP) obtained through the usual hydrolysis and acid neutralization protocol. Insightfully, gravimetric analysis revealed that bacterial infestation of the unsterilized environment caused its corrosion performance to be lower at 10.3% while the sterilized counterpart stood at 49% at 92 days of exposure to the environments respectively. The functional groups, C=N, O=C=O, H-C=O etc, revealed by FTIR to be present in the protein saturated feather were overwhelmed by microbial activities rendering them inactive to perform as inhibitors.Item Performance Evaluation of Delonix regia sawdust as cement retarder in oil and gas well(SCIENCEDOMAIN international, 2024) Akintola, S.A.; Kolajo, T.; Obande, A.Sawdust, a byproduct of wood exploitation and processing, poses environmental pollution risks if not managed appropriately. Its substantial carbon footprint can lead to pollution, habitat disruption, and fire hazards. However, repurposing sawdust as a chemical additive in cement slurry within the oil and gas industry offers an environmentally friendly solution. This practice aligns with sustainability goals, enhances cement slurry properties, promotes wellbore stability, and replaces more hazardous additives, thereby reducing environmental impact. This study is aimed at the production of a retarder (sodium lignin) from sawdust waste obtained from the Delonix regia species, and examining its effect on the thickening time/consistency, compressive strength, and rheological properties on the slurry of a Class G cement At a Bottom Hole Circulating Temperature (BHCT) of 90°C, thickening time tests conducted on the slurry samples revealed that as the concentration of the locally synthesized retarder increases, the thickening time of the concrete also increases, with minimal effect on compressive strength. The optimal thickening time result of 6 hours and 13 minutes was achieved with 0.5% Sodium Lignin (Retarder from Delonix regia sawdust) replacing a portion of the cement. At a bottomhole static temperature (BHST) of 100°C, increasing the concentration of the formulated sample led to higher Plastic Viscosities (PV) and yield points in the slurries. The findings indicate that slurries formulated with sodium lignin maintain viscosities within recommended values, making them suitable for pumping.Item Performance evaluation and application of apparent viscosity models based on marsh funnel viscosity and mud density using high-temperature high-pressure field data(Melbourne Scientific Publishers, 2024) Ekanem, P.E.; Akintola, S.A.The exponential increase in global demand for energy has necessitated increased oil and gas operations in harsh terrains. This in turn requires high-level precision in operations as errors may lead to great implications on cost and resources. Drilling fluid plays a key role in the success of every oil and gas drilling operation. Therefore, monitoring and engineering of drilling fluid in real time to ensure its sustained suitability as it goes through different formations and conditions remain a priority. Different mathematical models have been researched to complement this effort. However, practical application of these models has not been addressed, creating a gap between theoretical solutions and practical applications. Field data from five different wells were used to evaluate the performance of five models in predicting the apparent viscosity of drilling fluids based on marsh funnel and mud density test results. The best prediction had root mean square errors of 2.57; R-squared of 0.71; mean absolute percentage error of 5%; and mean absolute error of 2.16. It was found that mathematical models could be used to predict apparent viscosity with high accuracy and that the models could be used to identify regions of concern during the drilling process by a simple history matching and comparing of the performance of the models on previous data using a particular model and comparing the result with results from other models to observe patterns. This work, for the first time, gives a practical application of mathematical models based on marsh funnel and mud density tests.Item Investigating the effect of palm kernel shell powder on the rheological and filtration properties of water based mud(Science Publishing Group, 2024) Akintola, S.A.; James, O.T.; Fatai, O.A.During drilling operations, the use of drilling fluid plays a critical role, and over time, there has been considerable interest in enhancing drilling fluid characteristics in order to improve performance, reduce costs, and prevent environmental pollution. Deviating from conventional additives, recent studies have explored the use of alternative materials, as drilling fluid additives. In line with this trend, this study focuses on the laboratory investigation of the rheological and filtration properties of water-based drilling fluid treated with Palm Kernel Shell Powder (PKSP) with high viscosity polyanionic cellulose (PAC HV), used as control. To assess the impact of PKSP in water-based mud, experiments were carried out using concentrations spanning from 0.5g to 2.5g, temperatures of 27°C, 40°C, 60°C, and 80°C, and aging of 24, 48, and 72 hours. From the results the plastic viscosity of mud samples treated with PKSP were temperature dependent and also with increasing aging. The addition of PKSP showed improved performance in terms of reducing the filtrate volume as well as the cake thickness with increasing concentration of the additives, and the concentration that gave the best results across all aging duration was 2.5g. The mud weight and pH of all samples remained relatively constant, with no significant changes observed. However, PAC HV showed better results in all the cases of fluid loss and mud cake thickness. It could be attributed to the soluble contents in the PAC HV which increased the viscosity significantly and thus, kept the solid particles in suspension.Item The rheological and filtration properties of black seed (Nigella Sativa L.) ester as a base fluid in drilling fluid(Springer Open, 2024) Olaniyan, D.D.; Akintola, A.S.The unceasing utilization of diesel oil, the regular base fluid, as the base fluid of drilling mud has brought about severe ecological worries and regulation because of its poisonousness, non-biodegradability, and similarity issues. Notwithstanding, drilling more complex wells is turning out to be progressively significant in satisfying the world’s need for oil and gas, bringing about increased commercial synthetic-based fluid importation. In light of the ecological worries associated with the usage of diesel-based drilling fluids as well as reducing commercial synthetic-based fluid imports, black seed oil (BSO) was utilized to make an ester for a new ecologically safe drilling fluid. This research explored the potential use of black seed ester in formulating oil-based muds with standard additives. It compares its qualities to that of diesel following a thorough mud check on the mud samples to evaluate the rheological properties and the impact of aging at test temperatures of 86°F, 120°F, and 150°F. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry technique affirmed that BSO ester is a natural compound. About the fow properties, the kinematic thickness at 40°C of the biodiesel is 4.31 mm2 /s and is higher than that of petroleum diesel, which is 3.52 mm2 /s. Densities for the ester and diesel oil-based mud tests were 7.9 ppg, 7.8 ppg, 7.3 ppg, and 6.8 ppg, respectively, at 70/30, 75/25, and 80/20, oil–water-proportion (OWR), as utilized in the mud formulation. The prepared mud was aged for 24 h under static conditions to guarantee total hydration. Black seed oil (BSO) ester mud exhibited lower viscosity at all temperatures, aging conditions, and shear rates analyzed, making it more suitable for oil-well drilling fuids when compared with Diesel. BSO being a naturally occurring seed oil could be important for drilling contractors and service companies due to its good ecological acceptability and its applicability.Item Valorized rice husk as green corrosion inhibitor for Al 6061 in 1M HCl(MIM Research Group, 2024) Ikubanni, P.; Oki, M.; Adediran, A.; Akintola, S.A.; Adeleke, A.; Anyim, I.; Adesina, O.; Efenovwe, L.This study investigated the inhibition characteristics of rice husk (RH) on corrosion of Aluminum 6061 in 1M hydrochloric acid. Gravimetric analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)/ Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) as well as electrochemical studies revealed the potency of RH as a good inhibitor of the corrosion of Al 6061 in 1M HCl. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated that –OH, C=C, and C=O with signals at (3317.19, 2932.9, 2848.2), (1631.8) and (1105.73, 1030.2, 447.15), respectively in RH were the viable active functional groups which adsorbed on the metal surface to effect reduction of corrosion rates. However, literature suggested the presence of amorphous silica in RH which served as a complimentary corrosion inhibitor. The corrosion current density of Al 6061 was reduced to 3.46 × 10−7 A/cm2 at 24 h as against 9.27 × 10−7 A/cm2 at the commencement of the potentiodynamic polarization measurements in inhibited 1M HCl. The control specimens exhibited an average corrosion rate of 3.86 × 10−6 A/cm2 in HCl solution at the start of this investigation as compared to the corrosion rate of 3.46 × 10−7 A/cm2 at 24 h of exposure in 5 mg RH- inhibited HCl. The obtained results gave a corrosion inhibition efficiency of about 90 to 92%.Item Scanning and transmission electron microscopy examinations of composite hybrid chromate and chromate phosphate conversion coatings exposed in hot 100% relative humidity environments(Elsevier B. V., 2023) Ikubanni, P.P.; Oki, M.; Adediran, A.A.; Akintola, S.A.; Adeleke, A.A.Conversion coatings are sine qua non in the finishing of aluminium alloys. They may be put into service without coating of paints. However, for aesthetics in architectural applications, paint overcoat is common. Chromate phosphate coatings are relatively less toxic than chromate which gained the pride of place until recently. Thus, aluminium specimens coated with hybrid chromate/phosphate conversion coatings have been subjected to 100% relative humidity for 480 h at 313K in comparison to chromate coatings and bare aluminium. Scanning electron microscopy examination revealed that initial dried river bed morphologies on coated specimens were obliterated. The friable outer coatings collapsed into the cracks/environment leaving a relatively smooth surface after exposure. Additionally, transmission electron microscopy of sections before and after exposure revealed similar texture and morphological striations nearly parallel to each other throughout the length of the coatings to the metal/coating interface. These were not disrupted as well as the metal/coating interface which remained relatively smooth with no visible corrosion products after exposure. Thus, the coatings formed effective barrier between the substrate and the relatively harsh environment. From EDS, elemental compositions were the same albeit, spectral intensities remained relatively constant after humidity exposure regimes. The coatings are made up of either Cr, O and Al for chromate and Cr, P, O and Al for chromate/phosphate. At deliberately breached regions, the coatings prevented spread of corrosion and paint delamination over the substrates. On the other hand, bare aluminium was decorated with mounds of hydrated aluminium oxide/hydroxide after exposure as revealed in the SEM/TEM.Item Screening of ionic liquids for CO2 capture using data analytics techniques(UTP Press , Malaysia, 2023) Sulaimon, A.A.; Salang, A.R.T.; Qasim, A.; Akintola, S.A.; Wifred, C.D.A.P.Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most prominent greenhouse gas (GHG) present in the atmosphere, making it the most accountable for global warming. CO2 capture is capable of greatly reducing carbon emissions. The current method of CO2 capture by amine-based solvent has drawbacks, such as high demand for energy and intense corrosion, making it a less reliable method. More attention is given to ionic liquids (ILs) for their negligible vapour pressure, low melting point, and high chemical and thermal stability advantage. This study uses data analytics techniques to develop a predictive model for screening ILs for CO2 capture, moving away from the experimental approach, which is burdensome, costly, and less environmental-friendly. Data on the properties and parameters of ILs are collected from COSMO-RS software. CO2 solubility is the function of collected data and developed into 15 models of three different methods: Support Vector Machine (SVM), Neural Networks (NN), and Gaussian Process Regression (GPR). The use of data analytics in this field is new and can provide valuable insight towards CO2 solubility in ILs. The dataset is distributed randomly at 80/20% for training and testing. Each model is evaluated using R-squared and root mean square error (RMSE). The rational Quadratic GPR model shows the lowest RMSE of 0.0002 for training and testing, with R-squared the closest to one. Rational Quadratic GPR is the best model to be used for screening IL for CO2 capture.