AGRICULTURAL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
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Item Proximate composition of Tannia (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) flour as influenced by pretreatment and drying temperature(LAUTECH, 2023) Oyefeso, B. O.; Akintola, A.; Akintunde, A. M.; Ayandokun, O. C.; Fadele, K.; Ogunlade, C. A.Drying is an important operation in processing fresh tannia cormel into flour with better storability. Product characteristics and drying variables could affect the final product's quality and consumers’ acceptability. This study was therefore designed to investigate the effects of blanching time (5, 10, and 15 minutes) and drying temperature (60, 70 and 80°C) on selected proximate composition of oven-dried tannia flour. Response Surface Method (RSM) of 2 factors, 3 levels Historical Data Design (HDD) second-order polynomial model was adopted for the experimental design. Flour was produced from fresh and pretreated tannia cormels and proximate analysis of the flour samples was carried out using standard methods. Data obtained were statistically analyzed at 5% level of significance. Moisture content (wet basis), carbohydrate, protein, ash, crude fibre and fat content of the flour samples were within the ranges 4.43-12.74, 77.34-84.71, 2.22-4.22, 2.47-4.69, 0.34-2.50 and 0.63-3.72%, respectively. Samples dried at 60oC and blanched for 12.74 minutes had the best quality attributes with the optimum response values of 83.19% carbohydrate, 3.56% protein, 3.80% ash, 0.98% crude fibre and 1.96% fat with 7.01% moisture content. Extended blanching period is recommended to obtain high-quality flour with improved storage stability. Proper combination of drying temperature and blanching period that will result in desired proximate composition of tannia flour can be achieved based on the findings of this study.Item Effect of blanching period and drying temperature on selected physicochemical properties of cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) flour(African Journals Online, 2021) Oyefeso, B. O.; Ayorinde, M. O.; Ogunlade, C. A.; Fadele, O. K.; Akintola, A.This study investigated the influence of Blanching Time (BT) and Drying Temperature (DT) on some selected physico-chemical properties of cocoyam flour including water absorption capacity, bulk density, swelling index, wettability and gelatinization point. The quality parameters of the flour were analysed using AOAC standard methods and procedures. Twofactors, 3-levels Historical Data Design of Response Surface Methodology was adopted for the analysis to determine the effects of BT and DT on the investigated parameters. Second order polynomial model was obtained at 5% level of significance. The flour samples had 1.60 to 4.00% water absorption capacity, 0.71 to 0.81 g/cm3 bulk density, 5.2 to 6.8 g/g swelling index, 7 to 16s wettability and 68 to 90 oC gelatinization point. Samples dried at 60oC and blanched for 9.05 mins had better quality with optimum response values of 3.37% water absorption capacity, 0.76 g/cm3 bulk density, 6.22 g/g swelling index, 12.71 s wettability, and 85.73oC gelatinization temperature. BT and DT had significant effects on water absorption and wettability while no significant influence was observed on the bulk density, swelling index and gelatinization temperature of the flour at p ≤ 0.05. These findings will serve as a guide in ensuring proper choice of blanching time and drying temperature based on end-use and desired physico-chemical properties of cocoyam flour.Item Influence of the moisture content and speed on the cutting force and energy of tannia cormels(Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), 2021) Oyefeso, B. O.; Akintola, A.; Afolabi, M. G.; Ogunlade, C. A.; Fadele, O. K.; Odeniyi, O. M.This study investigated the influence of the moisture content and speed on the cutting force and energy of tannia cormels using the response surface methodology (RSM). The moisture content and cutting speed were varied over five levels each [95.79, 113.68, 136.68, 168.42, 242.11% moisture content (dry basis) and 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 mm⋅min–1, respectively]. The highest and lowest cutting forces were 114.09 and 63.99 N at the corresponding moisture contents of 168.42 and 113.68% and at cutting speeds of 10 and 20 mm⋅min–1, respectively. The highest and lowest cutting energies of 0.92 and 0.49 J were both obtained at a 136.68% moisture content, at the 10 and 20 mm⋅min–1 cutting speeds, respectively. The regression models for predicting the cutting force and energy as a function of the cutting speed and moisture content showed that there was no linear relationship between the investigated properties and the independent variables considered which could be attributed to the non-homogeneous nature of tannia cormels. The optimum cutting force and energy were 72.89 N and 0.60 J, respectively, at a 95.79% moisture content and a 22.33 mm⋅min–1 speed with a desirability of 0.80. These findings could serve as a guide for the development of chipping and cutting machines for tannia cormels.Item Selected physical and thermal properties of Sheri mango see kernels(Nigerian Institution of Agricultural Engineers South West Zone, 2024) Oyefeso, B. O.; Abdulsalam, A. O.; Akintola, A.Sheri mango is a widely cultivated tropical fruit with economic and nutritional significance. However, post-harvest losses due to improper drying and storage are a major concern. The quest for sustainable and efficient use of agricultural by-products is ever growing, with mango seeds being no exception, studying selected thermal and physical properties of Sheri mango seed kernel will enhance its processing. This study was therefore aimed to investigate some physical and thermal properties of Sheri mango seeds to provide a database that can serve as a guide for its processing. Sheri mango seeds used in this study were obtained from overripe mango. The seeds were then carefully cracked to avoid damage. The moisture content was determined using the oven-drying method. The properties determined include the principal diameters, geometric and arithmetic mean diameters, mass, volume, density, thermal conductivity and thermal resistivity. An average moisture content (dry basis) of 46% was obtained for the seed kernel. The Sheri mango seed kernels had major, intermediate and minor diameters within the ranges of 47.2-62.70, 11.4-15.7 and 15.1-34.6 mm, respectively while the arithmetic and geometric mean diameters ranged between 21.80 and 37.10 mm. Gravimetric properties such as the average mass, volume and density were 25.024±1.23 g, 18.52±1.52 cm3 and 1.36±0.12 g/cm3, respectively. The average thermal conductivity and thermal resistivity were 0.2786 W/m-k and 395.781 °C-cm/W, respectively. The physical properties suggest that the kernels are relatively large, which could impact their drying time and method of processing. The size also implies that the kernels have a substantial volume, which may be beneficial if the kernels are being processed for oil extraction or other value-added products. The thermal properties of Sheri mango kernels obtained indicate a moderate ability to transfer heat which can be tailored towards adjusting the processing methods to ensure optimal quality and efficiencyItem Moisture sorption isotherm of Moringa (Moringa Oleifera Lam.) seed(Nigerian Institution of Agricultural Engineers South West Zone, 2023) Akintola, A.; Aremu, A. K.; Oyefeso, B. O.This study was designed to investigate and model the moisture sorption isotherm of moringaseed during storage. An important factor in the quality loss of dried moringa seeds during storage is the water activity (aw) which influences the stability of the product. Knowledge of sorption isotherms is necessary to correctly carry out drying and storage operations. Sorption Isotherms (SI) of moringa seed were obtained by determining the Equilibrium Moisture Content (EMC) at a temperature range of 20-40℃ and nine aw (0.09-0.92) levels using thermostatic water bath and concentrated H2SO4. The sorption data were fitted into four selected models namely: Brunauer- Emmett-Teller (BET), Guggenheim-Anderson-De Boer (GAB), Hailwood-Horrobin (HH) and Modified Henderson (MHM) models. The performance of the models was tested using Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), co-efficient of determination (R2) and Residual Sum of Squares (RSS). The SI curves generated were sigmoidal in shape indicating Type-II isotherm. The GAB was the best-fitted model and predicted the EMC at all temperatures with highest R2 (0.9994) in adsorption and (0.9994) in desorption processes. The BET and HH models did not fit well at all temperatures with R2 (0.6957) and (0.8439), respectively. The GAB gave the least RMSE and RSS and it ranged 0.0775-0.2124 and 0.0060-0.0431, respectively. Experimental isotherm obtained demonstrated Type-II behaviour, which is typical for most agricultural materials.Item Effect of temperature and hysteresis on Monolayer moisture content of Moringa see Grit during storage(Nigerian Society of Engineers, 2022) Akintola, A.; Aremu, A. K.; Oyefeso, B. O.The adsorption and desorption isotherm data of stored moringa (Moringa oleifera) seed grit within the water activity and temperature ranges of 0.09–0.92 and 20–40oC respectively were used to determine its monolayer moisture content (Mo) using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Guggenheim-Anderson-DeBoer (GAB) and Caurie equations. Results showed that Mo decreased from 3.03 to 2.064 %db (BET); 4.38 to 2.792 %db (GAB); 4.24 to 2.63 %db (Caurie) and 3.007 to 2.011 %db (BET); 4.346 to 2.621 %db (GAB); 4.215 to 2.545 % (Caurie) in adsorption and desorption processes respectively as temperature increases from 20–40oC at specified relative humidity. The GAB model gave the highest Mo values at various temperatures followed by Caurie equation while the BET model gave the lowest values. The Mo were lower in desorption process than the corresponding adsorption values for the three models, thereby indicating the presence of moisture sorption hysteresis. However, one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that there were no significant differences between adsorption and desorption Mo at (p≤0.05), thereby indicating that moisture hysteresis has a negligible effect on the monolayer moisture content of moringa seed grit.Item Solar energy as a tool for poverty reduction and economic recovery in Nigeria - A Review(Nigerian Society of Engineers, 2017) Ilori, A. O.; Oyefeso, B. O.; Ilori, F. O.; Akintola, A.This paper examined the link between provision of solar energy and its impact on poverty in Nigeria. Solar energy in the tropical countries is the most common and abundant form of all renewable energies and it is essential as an alternative to the present source of electricity in Nigeria as well as for the improvement of the living standards of both rural and urban dwellers in the area of job creations, provision of social amenities as well as boosting human and economic productivity. It enhances living conditions by providing better lighting for homes, alternative source of power for cooking, heating and even pumping of water for various use in agricultural production. This study found that, essential aspects of human welfare (leading to long and productive life, good health, access to knowledge and education opportunities, potential to carn sufficient income to supply ample nutrition, shelter and other materials and even to boast the economy) may improve only if an alternative source of energy to combat the present epileptic state of power supply is made available. The study also found that, solar energy can have major favourable effects in remote rural areas and as a very dependable form of renewable energy technologies, offer a key prospect in areas where the grid cannot reach. This paper is a contribution to a process towards the use of solar energy to be one of the instruments to reduce poverty in Nigeria.