AGRICULTURAL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
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Item Cradle- to-gate life cycle assessment of poultry production system(2011) Ewemoje, T. A.; Omotosho, O. A.; Abimbola, O. P.The study assesses environmental impacts of hatchery production processes to point-of-lay and investigates effects of different scenarios on environmental load impacts in the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) results. Functional unit of this LCA study is one poultry bird at point of lay and the activities associated within the system boundary. Results obtained showed that total contributions of the egg-point of lay system to global warming was 9.708kg of CO2 equivalents, 11.34 kg of CH4 equivalent, 0.2kg of N02, acidification was 2,713 x10-4kg of SO2 equivalents, 1.948 x 10-3 kg of NH3 equivalents, 2.167 x 10-3 kg of NOx equivalents and energy consumption was computed at 59.79KJ per bird, Hatchery process accounted for the highest consumption of energy of about 543.2J per bird, waste disposal accounted for about 6J per bird, while water pumping process consumed about 16J per bird, while feed production process-required about 46.5Jof energy, The LCA results showed that minimizing energy consumption in the hatchery process is the way forward in reducing environmental impact loads in a poultry system.Scenario analysis showed that using 100% public power supply will reduce the CO2, NOx and SO2 equivalents by 95.56%, 10.64% and 15.58%, while using 50-50% diesel public power supply will reduce CO2, NOx and 502 equivalents by 47.78%, 5.22% and 21.50% respectively.Item Assessing environmental impact of wastes from animal husbandary practices in a tropical environment(Namik Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture., 2011) Ewemoje, T. A.; Ewemoje, O. E.Dumping of decaying wastes from animal pen as soil conditioners and pen wash water for irrigation is a common practice in developing countries. Releasing wastes to land and water may affect biological, chemical and physical properties of soils, plants and water. Hence, this paper assesses pollution effects of untreated animal husbandry wastes in tropical environment. Samplings were done on a daily basis over a 6-weeks period from the University of Ibadan Teaching and Research Farm which had been in operation for over 25-years. Assessing the degree of pollution was performed on the basis of Nitrate, Phosphorous, Potassium and Magnesium measurements in dump yard soil samples with average values ranging 0.38-0.40, 0.54-0.86, 0.16-0.37, and 0.58- 1.05 mg/I respectively. These values are higher than recommended FEPA standard, which makes the wastewater and slurries unsuitable for irrigated farming. Consumption of soluble nitrates and nitrites at this concentration could result to health problems such as methemoglobin. The pH of feacal discharge, wastewater, dump yard Soil being 6.5, 5.8, and 6.2 respectively were acidic. Heavy metals; Manganese and Iron ranged between 191-324 and 1.3-2.3 mg/kg respectively. Presence of heavy metals and trace elements in excess of FEPA/WHO recommended standards makes both feacal discharges and wastewater unsuitable for use as manure. Values of BODs, DO, and Temperature ranged 1350-1420mg/l, 0.55-0.75mg/l, and 27.0-0-33.5°C respectively. Observed high BODs and low DO values at an average temperature of 28-33°C fall short of the WHO water standard for irrigation, this is indicative of high polluting power of the wastewater.Item Simulating the sensitivity of maize crop propagation to seasonal weather change(2011) Ewemoje, T. A.; |Okanlawon, S. A.The paper simulmates the sensitivity of maize crop yield response to temperature increase with appropriate irrigation scheduling that may obviate the negative impact of temperature increase on crop yield. The model was run with weather records from International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Ibadan for the period 2000 to 2008 with the yearly weather records divided into quarterly records depicting maize crop growth seasons from planting to harvesting. Quarterly growth seasons of January -May (I), May - September (II), September- January (III), seasons respectively for maize crop were considered. Simulation results were analyzed using the SPSS statistical tool and the method of Least Square Deviation (LSD). The study revealed that an increase in the average temperature by 1°C, 2°C and 3°C for the growth seasons results in average yield reduction. Average yield reduction ranges were 5.3%-8.7% (season-I), 0% (season-II) and 0.5%-1.7% (season-III) when irrigation was done at interval of 3 days; 6.1%-8.4%(season-I) 0%(season-II) and 1.7%-0.8%(season-III) when irrigating at critical depletion of 2mm water application depth and at rainfed condition; 17%- 21%(season-1), 0%(season-II) and 3.6%-7.2%(season-III) respectively. This shows that in season-II, temperature rise has no effect on maize yield due to the availability of rainfall at optimum growth condition. However, temperature negatively impacted on the yield of maize crop in seasons I and III with little or no rainfall. Hence, interval of 3 days and 2mm water application depth is best suitable under the study conditions for the three seasonsItem Simulating effects of drainage design parameters on optimum crop yield using drainmod(Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, 2011) Ewemoje, T. A.; Akintola, O. A.; Ewemoje, O."Agricultural water management system aims to provide crop water requirement to sustain optimum yield. Some of the factors influencing optimum crop yield are drainage design parameters in water logged soils. Hence, the impact of drainage design parameters on optimum crop yield was examined, field experimentation was for 12 weeks which includes land preparation, planting to maturity of Corchorus olitorius ('Ewedu') on a poorly drained sandy loam of National Horticultural Research Institute, Ibadan 'fadama' field. Hourly rainfall and daily minimum and maximum temperature data for 32 years (1963-1994) for Ibadan was obtained from Nigerian Meteorological Station as DRAINMOD input data. Aluminum drainage pipes at 110cm drain spacing, 60cm drain depth and effective radius of 5.08cm was installed. Depth from drain to restrictive layer was 204.3cm while drainage coefficient was 1.3cm/day. Drainage system parameters, such as grain spacing, drain depth, effective drain pipe radius were varied and effects on crop yield observed. Field evaluation was conducted at 60cm and 110cm drain depth and spacing respectively, and relative crop yield of 36.39% was attained at 40cm, 45cm, and 55cm drain depth, corresponding to 120cm, 115cm and 105cm spacing respectively when drain depth was varied with drain spacing at constant drain pipe effective radius it was concluded that if land availability is limiting and there is availability of cheap labour typical of developing countries drain depth of 55cm, and drain spacing of 105cm and drain pipe effective radius of 2.54cm (i.e 1 inch pipe) corresponds with the optimum yield of Corchorus olitorius. However, shorter drain spacing requires more drainage pipes and land reformation; hence increase in production cost. "Item Simulating the impact of climate change on yield reduction of vegetable crop propagation(Department of Forestry Resources Management, Univeristy of Ibadan, 2010) Ewemoje, T. A.; Ashaolu, P. O .Effects of climate change on the yield reduction and prediction of vegetable crop was carried out using CROPWAT 8 with irrigation scheduling conditions; critical depletion at a water application depth of 2 mm, definite intervals of 3 days at a depth of 2 mm and no irrigation. The model was run with 9 year weather records for Ibadan, Nigeria spanning 2000 to 2008, the yearly weather records was divided into quarterly records depicting vegetable crop growth period from planting to harvesting. Quarterly growth season of January- April (1), April- July(II), July- October (III), October- January(IV) for the vegetable crop with an increase in temperature rise at each 1C. Simulation results analyses for 2000-2008 under critical depletion reveals that each 1C temperature rises from ambient condition to 3 C, yield reduction for season I ranges from 4.3% to 27.1%, 0%-0.2% for season II, 0% for season III and increasing to 7.1% to 15.9% for season IV. Also, from the prediction analysis (2009-2013) obtained from SPSS a statistical tool and the method of Least Square Deviation (LSD), for ambient weather condition of the study location there are higher yield reduction from 9% to 11.68% for season I, 0.1% to 0.77% for season II, 0% to 0.76% for season III and 12.2% to 12.0% for season IV respectively. Hence, climate change has impacted negatively on higher predicted yield reductions of three out of the four seasons considered from year 2009 to 2013.Item Life cycle assessment of point-of-lay birds to frozen chicken production in Southwestern Nigeria(2011) Ewemoje, T. A.; |Abimbola, O. P.; Omotosho, O. A.Item Hatchery production optimisation using Monte Carlo approach(2012) Ewemoje, T. A.; Ewemooje, O. S.Optimization of hatchery production processes was carried out using the Monte Carlo method. In the economics of engineering, decisions with the objective of the investor identifying an optimum solution. An investor chooses his or her optimal solution from the set of scenarios that offer maximum expected return for varying levels of risk. Outcomes associated with these random numbers are then analysed to determine the likely results and the associated risks. Taking a major day old hatchery as a case study, data were obtained from the daily production spreadsheet for a period of six years (2003-2008). Excel spreadsheet was used in simulating 6,631 iterations for each day old chick production quantity. Hatching 45000 fertile eggs always yields the largest expected profit when compared with the profit margin of hatching 5000, 15000, 25000 or 35000 fertile eggs. Therefore it appears as if hatching 45000 fertile eggs is the optimum production decision. Producing below the optimum production quantity, the mean profit obtained is very much lowered compared to the mean profit of the optimum 45000 production quantity. Also, production risks are higher below the optimum 45000 production quantity. This situation implies underutilization of the hatchery production system.Item Evaluation of three methods for estimating leaf area index of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)(Kuwait University, Faculty of Engineering and Petroleum, 2011-03) Ewemoje, T. A.; Raji, A. O.Leaf Area Index (LAI) is a concept that cuts across agricultural sciences and agricultural engineering with an encapsulating feature in environmental engineering. It is one of the most difficult to quantify properly owing to large spatial and temporal variability. This paper discusses briefly LAI and the use of three methods which are non-destructive in determination of its value for cowpea, namely: the empirical formulae, the graphical and the image processing methods. Cowpea seeds were planted and samples were marked for determination of LAI by the three methods. The results showed that image processing as a more accurate and promising method compared to the other twoItem Comparative evaluation of climatic data observation methods in Ibadan, Nigeria(Kuwait University, 2010-06) Ewemoje, T. A.; Ewemooje, O. S.Sustainability of agriculture is dependent upon availability of reliable climatic data for planning. Daily and monthly data were obtained for Ibadan, Nigeria from International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) automatic weather station and Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NMA) manual weather station Two methods were employed to analyse the data. First method (M1) used daily data to generate sets of linear equations. Each equation represents linear relationship between the climate parameter measured at station X (manual) and that same measured at station Y (automatic}. Second method (M2) used monthly values to analyse the data. Accuracy of regression method was analysed by calculating Error Variance (EV) between manual and automatic stations. Errors associated with deviation-based statistics (RMSE) are generally higher than regression-based statistics (EV) for all climate parameters considered. Introduced deviation and correlation based statistics of Mean Squared Deviation (MSD) and its components do not explicitly eliminate error introduced from linearity assumption in regression analysis. Hence, discrepancies have not been adequately explained, but with r < 0.50 in all the climate parameters, the model is weakly correlated with measurement. Analyses have shown that manually observed climate data should not be substituted with automatically observed climate data without correcting data bias/errors prior to usageItem Best distribution and plotting positions of daily maximum flood estimation at Ona River in Ogun-Oshun River Basin, Nigeria(International Commission of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, 2011) Ewemoje, T. A.; Ewemooje, O. S.The paper discusses how Normal, Lognormal, and log-Pearson type 3 distributions were investigated as distributions for modelling at-site annual. maximum flood flows using the Hazen, Weibull, and California plotting positions at Ogun-Oshun river basin in Nigeria. All the probability distributions when matched with Weibull plotting position gave similar values near the center of the distribution but varied considerably in the tails. The Weibull plotting position when matched with Normal, Log-normal and Log Pearson Type III probability distributions gave the highest Coefficient of determinations of 0.967, 0.987, and 0.986 respectively. Hazen plotting position gave minimal errors with the RMSE of 6.988, 6.390, and 6.011 for Normal, Log-normal, and Log-Pearson Type III probability distributions respectively. This implies that, predicting statistically using Hazen plotting position, the central tendency of predicted values to deviate from observed flows will be minimal for the period under consideration. Minimum absolute differences of 2.3516 and 0.5763 at 25- and 50-year return periods' were obtained under the Log-Pearson Type III distribution when matched with Weibull plotting position, while an absolute difference of 0.2338 at 100-year return period was obtained under the Log-Pearson Type 1II distribution when matched with California .plotting position. Comparing the probability distributions, Log-Pearson Type III distribution with the least absolute differences for all the plotting positions is the best distribution among the three for Ona River under Ogun-Osun river basin study location.