Virology
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Item Demographic factors in HIV infected patients seen at UCH, Ibadan, Nigeria.(2005) Ola, S. O.; Ladipo, M. M. A.; Otegbayo, J. A.; Odaibo, G. N.; Bamgboye, E. A.; Nwaorgu, O. G. B.; Shokunbi, W.; Olaleye, O. D."There is a rising rate of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection in Nigeria. Good knowledge of the demographic characteristics of the patients with HIV/AIDS may be of great importance in understanding its epidemiology in Nigeria and could facilitate efforts at curtailing the spread of the infection. The study was planned to determine the demographic factors in Nigerian patients with HIV infection. The study was conducted at the University College Hospital (U.C.H), Ibadan, located in the South West of Nigeria. It was a retrospective study of patients with HIV infection attending the U.C.H. from 1988 to 2002. The data collected from the clinical records of the patients with HIV infection included age, sex, marital status, number of spouses, tribe, occupation, education and their religious affiliation. A total of 460 patients aged 1-76 years with peak at 30-34 years were studied. The male/female ratio was 1.06 and the males were the older group. Traders accounted for 40% with female preponderance while the artisans (19.9%) and the military (2.9%) were mostly males. The patients were of Yoruba (70.6%), Igbo (20.0%) and Hausa (9.1%) races. Among the patients with marital status, majority (71.4%) were married while those separated and widowed accounted for 3.5% and 2.6% respectively. Also, a higher proportion of the female HIV patients were Christians whereas the majority of the males were of Islamic religion. Although, there was a low frequency of records on education, the males had better formal education. In conclusion, the study shows that HIV infection is presently an adult disease affecting the most productive segment of the Nigerian population regardless of the individual occupation, educational status, tribe and religious affiliation. Also, it shows that the infection could be associated with heterosexual intercourse."Item Serum Hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B surface antigenaemia patients with acute icteric hepatitis(2002) Ola, S. O.; Otegbayo, G. N.; Odiabo, G. N.; Olaleye, O. D.; Olubuyide, O. I.Acute hepatitis is common in Nigeria and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been a major aetiological factor. However, the role of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is yet undetermined. Forty-five consecutive Nigerian patients with Acute Icteric hepatitis (AIH) attending the medical clinic of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria and 45 health adult Nigerians (controls) were studied for evidence of infection with both viruses. Questionnaire on risk procedures which predispose to acquisition of both HBV and HCV infections were administered to the patients. Blood samples were collected from all the subjects and tested for antibody to HCB (Anti-HCV) and Hepatitis B surface Antigen (HBsAg) using the second generation enzyme linked Immunoassay (Monosila-R, Sansofi, Pasteur;France). Anit-HCV was detected in 21(47%) and 17 (38%) of the patients and controls respectively. The corresponding prevalences of HBsAg were 38(84%) and 11(24%), p<0.001. Hepatitis B virus infection was found to occur more than the controls. Combined HBV and HCV infection occured more frequently among the patients(42.1%) than in the control (11%)(;<0.001). Although there was no significant difference in the HCV infection between the two groups, isolated HCV infection is commoner in the control than in the patients with AIH, (p<0.001). Similarly, single HCV infection is commoner than lone HBV infection among the control, p<0.05. In summary, this study shows that while both HBV and HCV infections are common in Nigeria, AIH may be more associated with HBV than HCV in the country.Item Prevalence of HIV-I subtypes in infected concordant and discordant couples in Nigera(Klober Academic Publishers, 2001-08) Odaibo, G. N.; Olaleye, O. D.; Ruppach, H.; Fasanmade, A. A.; Olubuyide, S. O.; Dietrich, U.The peptide binding immunoassay (PELISA) was used as previously described to determine HIV-I subtypes among 60 married HIV-I sero-positive individuals and their spouses identified at the University College Hospital, Ibadan in order to investigate the rate of heterosexual partners by different HIV-I subtypes in Nigeria. Out of the 60 couples whose blood samples were analyzed, 33 (55%) were both positive HIV while only one spouse of the couples was sero-positive among the other 27. Using the McNemer test for discordant paired samples, an insignificant (P=0.0636) differnce was obtained between male to female and female to male transmission. Subtypes A, B, C and E were dtected among these individuals. Most (82.3%) of the subtypes C and all of the subtype E(12) were detected among the tranmitters (couples with concordant sero-positive status). This study indicates that HIV-I subtypes C and E may be more efficiently transmitted heterosexually than the other subtypes.Item Multiple presence and heterogeneous distribution of HIV-I subtypes in Nigeria(Klober Academic Publishers, 2001) Odaibo, G. N.; Olaleye, O. D.; Ruppach, H.; Okafor, G. O.; Dietrich, U.Human immunodefiency virus types I(HIV) subtypes circulating in Nigeria was determined by using the Peptide based Enzymes Immuno-Assay (PELISA) to anlayze sera or plasma samples collected from 925 individuals in southeastern and nothern) of Nigeria. The synthetic peptides used as the capture antigens in the PELISA were design from the consensus sequence of the thrid hypervariable region. (V3 loop) of HIV-I subtypes A, B, C, D, E and O of HIV-I. The assay was initially validated using plasma samples from individuals infected with various genetically identified HIV-I subtypes in Europe and AFrica. Any serum or plasma samples that reacted with more than one peptide was re-tested using the same antigen panel in a limiting ELISA technique. The result co- circulation of multiple HIV-I subtypes including A, B, C, D, E and O in Nigeria. Varying prevalence of specific antibodies to the six HIV-I subtypes included in the PELISA panel were detected among infected individuals (74), B=2.5%(23) and group O, 2.4%(20). Thirty-six (3.9%) of the samples from the northen and southeastern regions reacted with HIV-I subtype O and B peptides respectively. As far as it can be ascertained, this is the first report of dtection of HIV-I subtypes B, D, and E in Nigeria. Furthermore, the result of this work indicated widespread circulation of multiple HIV-I subtypes in Nigeria. Therefore a polyvalent vaccine will be the best option for effective prophylactic immunization against HIV-I infection in Nigeria.